Health Care Compact
| Health Care Compact | |
 | |
| Formation date: | 2011 |
| Member jurisdictions: | 7 |
| Issue(s): | Health Care |
| Compact website | |
The Health Care Compact has seven primary components:
- Pledge -- Member states pledge to take action to secure Congressional consent to the compact, and to improve health care policy within their respective jurisdictions.[1]
- Legislative power -- The legislature of each member state assumes primary responsibility for the regulation of health care in their respective state.[1]
- State control -- Member states are granted the authority to enact health care laws that supersede federal regulations within the state.[2]
- Funding -- Member states will receive federal funding appropriated by Congress, based on the federal funds spent in their respective states on health care in 2010.[2]
- Interstate Advisory Health Care Commission -- Member states appoint individuals to an advisory commission. The commission is tasked with collecting information relevant to the regulation of health care, and with making recommendations to member states.[2]
- Amendments -- Member states can amend the compact by unanimous agreement among themselves without additional Congressional consent.[3]
- Withdrawal -- Any member state can withdraw from the compact by adopting a law to that effect. The compact will be dissolved if all but one of the member states withdraws.[2]
History
The introduction of this legislation came less than a year after the passage of the controversial Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[4] While the HCC does not conflict with efforts to repeal the act, it effectively creates a "regulatory shield" for member states, rendering regulations contained in the Affordable Care Act ineffective in HCC member states. The purpose of the HCC is three-fold: to give member states primary responsibility for health care regulation; to ensure that relevant state laws supersede conflicting federal laws and regulations; and to secure federal funding for states that choose to invoke their authority under the compact.[5]
On April 20, 2011, Georgia became the first state to adopt the HCC, as Gov. Nathan Deal signed HB 461[6] into law. Indiana, Oklahoma, Missouri, Texas, Utah and South Carolina have since joined the compact, and similar resolutions have been introduced in several other states.
Timeline of events
2011
- February 23: The Health Care Compact Alliance publishes final language of the Health Care Compact.
- April 20: Georgia becomes the first state to adopt the HCC.[6]
- April 28: Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer (R) vetoes a bill that would have adopted the HCC.[7]
- May 12: Montana Gov. Brian Schweitzer (D) vetoes a bill that would have had the state join the HCC.[8]
- May 18: Oklahoma becomes the second state to adopt the HCC.[9]
- July 14: Missouri adopts the HCC when Gov. Jay Nixon (D) allows the legislation to become law without his signature.[10]
- July 18: Texas Gov. Rick Perry (R) signs a measure into law allowing Texas to join the HCC.[11]
2012
- April 30: Minnesota Gov. Mark Dayton (D) vetoes the HCC.[12]
- March 20: Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels (R)[13] and Utah Gov. Gary Herbert sign measures to allow their states to join the HCC.[14]
- June 7: South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley (R) signs a bill to allow the state to join the HCC.[15]
State action
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
HB 43 was introduced in the Alabama House of Representatives on February 7, 2012 and referred to the Health Committee. An identical bill, SB 258, was introduced in the Alabama State Senate and also referred to its Health Committee. Both bills were indefinitely postponed on May 9, 2012.[16][17]
External links
Alaska has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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On February 1, 2011, Arizona Senate Bill 1592 was introduced with 14 sponsors. It would have allowed the state to join the HCC. It was passed by the Senate on March 3, 2011, and by the House on April 11. It was sent to Gov. Jan Brewer (R) the next day, and she vetoed it on April 18.[18]
External links
Arkansas has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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California has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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On May 4, 2011, the Colorado House of Representatives passed HB 11-1273, a bill allowing the state to join the HCC.[19] It was sent to the Senate State, Veterans, and Military Affairs Committee, where it was postponed indefinitely on May 11, 2011.[20]
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Connecticut has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Delaware has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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On January 9, 2012, State Senator Stephen Wise (R) introduced SB 1828, a bill that would have allowed Florida to join the HCC. It died in the Senate Health Regulation Committee on March 9, 2012[21]
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State Rep. Rick Jasperse (R) introduced House Bill 461 in March 2011 to allow Georgia to join the HCC.[22] The House[23] quickly passed the bill by a vote of 108-63, followed by the Senate, who approved by a vote of 35-19.[24]
Georgia officially became the first state to join the HCC on April 20, 2011, when Gov. Nathan Deal (R) signed the bill into law. He stated, “Georgia is the first state to have this health care compact legislation signed into law. A large majority of Georgians believe that we here are better equipped to manage our state’s health care needs than a one-size-fits-all plan under ‘Obamacare.'"[25]
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Hawaii has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Idaho has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Illinois has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Rep. Tim Neese's (R) bill to allow Indiana to join the Health Care Compact was approved by a vote of 61-35 on January 31 2012, with four Democrats supporting it.[26] It was initially passed by the Senate on February 29 with a 37-13 vote and signed by Gov. Mitch Daniels (R) on March 19.[27]
Neese stated, “We passed the Health Care Compact because health care is simply too vast and complicated for a one-size-fits-all federal policy. The Health Care Compact acknowledges that state authority over this issue means voters will have a voice in how their health care is managed so that customized solutions can be developed to solve Indiana's unique health care problems."[28]
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Iowa has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Rep. Jim Denning (R) sponsored HB 2520 to allow Kansas to join the HCC. It was introduced on January 24, 2012 and passed by a vote of 86-37 on February 22. It was sent to the Senate and last action on March 15, when it was referred to the Committee on Federal and State Affairs.[29] They declined to take up the bill.[30]
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Kentucky has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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The HCC was introduced into the Louisiana Senate as SB 206 by Sen. Elbert Guillory (D) in April 2011.[31][32]
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Maine has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Maryland has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Massachusetts has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Rep. Tom McMillin (R) introduced HB 4693, a bill to join the HCC, into the Michigan House of Representatives on May 26, 2011, where it was referred to the House Health Policy Committee.[33] Sen. Jim Marleau (R) introduced SB 973 in the Senate on February 16, 2012. It was referred to the Senate Health Policy Committee and reported in the Senate on March 20, 2012, with the recommendation that it pass.[34]
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Rep. Steve Gottwalt (R) introduced HF 2339, a bill to join the HCC, in the Minnesota House of Representatives in February 2012. It was approved by the Health and Human Services Committee on March 14 and sent to the Government Operations and Elections Committee.[35] It was passed by the House by a vote of 70-58 on March 25.[36]
Sen. David Hann (R) sponsored SF 1933, the companion bill, in the Senate. It passed on March 26, 2012, by a vote of 37-28 but was vetoed by Governor Mark Dayton (D).[37]
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Mississippi has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Missouri adopted the HCC when Gov. Jay Nixon (D) allowed the legislation to become law without his signature On July 14, 2011. It was sponsored in the Missouri House of Representatives by Eric Burlison.[38]
Nixon stated, "Every Missourian should have access to quality, affordable medical care, and it's vital that every health-care dollar is spent wisely. House Bill 423, which passed with bipartisan support, reflects the shared principle of greater flexibility for Missouri. But such flexibility can't be at the expense of limiting access to health care funding for Missourians.”[39]
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On May 12, 2011, Gov. Brian Schweitzer (D) vetoed a bill that would have had the state join the HCC.[40]
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Nebraska has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Nevada has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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In late March 2012, the New Hampshire House of Representatives approved HB 1560 to join the HCC by a vote of 221-131, sending it to the Senate. The bill was sponsored by House Republican Leader D.J. Bettencourt.[41][42] On May 9, the Senate tabled the bill, meaning it was dead for the session.[43]
2012 gubernatorial candidate Maggie Hassan (D) said the plan was wrong for the state, stating, "Seniors pay their whole working lives for Medicare. Under this plan, workers would still pay a tax for Medicare health insurance, but now they would not be guaranteed Medicare coverage once they reach 65."[44]
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New Jersey has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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New Mexico has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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New York has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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North Carolina has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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HB 1291, a bill to join the HCC, was sponsored in the North Dakota House of Representatives by Rep. Jim Kasper (R). It failed on a vote of 36–56 in February 2011.[45]
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Sen. Tim Grendell (R) introduced SB 189, a bill to join the HCC, into the Ohio State Senate in June 2011. It did not pass.[46]
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Oregon has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Pennsylvania has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Rhode Island has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Sponsored by Sen. Larry Grooms and others, S.836, a bill to join the HCC, was passed by the South Carolina State Senate by a vote of 24-13 on April 11, 2012. Grooms stated, “This is a chance to make Washington’s failure South Carolina’s success. I encourage other states that believe in the free market to join South Carolina in passing the Healthcare Compact.”[48]
The bill was sent to the House, where it was passed on June 5 by a vote of 81-31 and signed into law by Gov. Nikki Haley (R) on June 7.[49]
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House Bill 1191 was introduced in January 2012. It was last acted on February 7, 2012 when the Health and Human Services Committee deferred it to the 41st legislative day.[50]
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A measure to allow Tennessee to join the HCC passed the Senate by a vote of 22-9 in 2011. The companion bill, sponsored by Mark Pody (R), was approved in the House Finance Subcommittee on April 23, 2012 by a vote of 8-3.[51] On May 1, the Senate voted along party lines 45-26 to approve the bill, but that was five votes short of the majority needed. Twenty-eight representatives did not vote.[52]
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On July 18, 2011, Gov. Rick Perry (R) signed a measure into law allowing Texas to join the HCC.[53] It was introduced as SB 7 by Rep. Lois Kolkhorst.
Perry stated, “Texas faces unique challenges when it comes to health care delivery, and Washington’s one-size-fits-all approach doesn’t fit our needs. SB 7 provides state-based solutions to rising health care costs by providing millions in savings, rewarding innovation and improving the health care of Texans."[54]
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On March 20, 2012, Gov. Gary Herbert signed a measure to allow Utah to join the HCC. It was sponsored by Sen. Stuart Adams (R) and introduced as SB208.[55]
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Vermont has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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On May 25, 2011, HB 2125 was introduced in the Washington State House of Representatives, sponsored by Republicans Kevin Parker, Joe Schmick and Susan Fagan. The bill, by resolution, was reintroduced and retained in present status on April 11, 2012[56]
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West Virginia has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Wisconsin has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Wyoming has not introduced any legislation related to the Health Care Compact.
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Role of Congress
One of the major legal debates surrounding enactment of the Health Care Compact has to do with the role of Congress and the President. To what extent is Congress necessary to implement the HCC? Is the President's signature needed? Ultimately these issues may have to be resolved in the courts.
Supporters of the compact point to the 10th Amendment of the United States Constitution, which states, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
Additionally they reference the Commerce Clause of Article I, section 10, which reads in part, "No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, ... enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State." Under this, they argue, Congress is only required to vote on the measure without ever sending it to the President.[57]
Some, including the Heritage Foundation, have gone as far to argue that the Commerce Clause does not even apply in this case. Rick Sherwood states, "So long that a state does not restrict commerce in other states, they are not restricted by the commerce clause. Interstate compacts in health insurance markets expand options outside their jurisdiction. In health insurance markets, states are the supreme authority."[58]
However, Adam Winkler, professor of law at UCLA School of Law argues that the HCC requires the approval of Congress and must be presented to the President for his signature, citing the Presentment Clause of Article I, Section 7. It states in part that "Every Bill" as well as "Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary . . . shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him..."[57]
In his article, however, Winkler leaves out the rest of the sentence, which goes on to say, "being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill." Thus, some argue that it is possible that the compact may have to be sent to the President, but could still be passed without his signature.
Another question involving Congress and the HCC is whether the Medicare and Medicaid block-grant provisions of the compact would result in fixed spending amounts for those programs. Supporters of the compact say this is not the case. Jack McHugh, a legislative analyst for The Mackinac Center, states, "No Congress — and no previously approved multi-state compact — can decree how much any future Congress must spend. A sitting Congress can always vote to cut appropriations, and to revise the formulas by which any program’s spending levels are determined."[59]
Attorneys general challenge the Affordable Care Act
The Health Care Compact is separate from a challenge the state attorneys general are bringing through the court system.
Following its passage on Christmas Eve in 2009, fifteen state attorneys general questioned the constitutionality of a specific controversial provision within the Senate version of the bill, and began exploring potential legal challenges to the measure as well. The stipulation in question was the back room deal Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid struck with Nebraska Senator Ben Nelson to recruit him as the 60th vote needed to pass the measure, an arrangement "dubbed the "Nebraska Compromise" or the "Cornhusker Kickback" by Republican critics." The agreement gave Nebraska exemption from its share of the Medicaid expansion, "a carve out that is expected to cost the federal government $100 million over 10 years."[60]
In April 2010, 13 state attorneys general filed a lawsuit in Florida seeking to repeal the law and by June at least 20 states supported the challenge. The case centered on the mandate that most Americans would have to purchase insurance starting in 2014. On September 28, 2011, both sides petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to take up the case during its next term.[61]
On March 26-28, 2012, the Court heard lawsuits challenging the law filed by 26 states and the National Federation of Independent Business.[62]
Support
Supporters
The Health Care Compact Alliance is the main sponsor of the Health Care Compact. The Alliance is headed by Chairman Eric O'Keefe, a private investor from Wisconsin, and Vice Chairman Leo Linbeck III, president and CEO of Aquinas Companies, LLC.[63] The alliance is working to introduce the HCC in state legislatures across the country.
Organizations
Other organizations who support the health care compact include:
- the Tea Party Patriots
- the Texas chapter of Americans for Prosperity,[64]
- The Heritage Foundation [58]
- The Alliance for Self-Government[65]
Illinois
- Illinois Tea Party[66]
New Hampshire
- Josiah Bartett Center for Public Policy[67]
Ohio
- Buckeye Lake Tea Party Patriots[68]
- Cleveland Tea Party Patriots[68]
- Firelands Patriots [68]
- Geauga/Lake County Tea Party Patriots[68]
- Mansfield Tea Party Patriots[68]
- Medina Tea Party Patriots[68]
- Morrow County Tea Party Patriots[68]
- New American Patriots (Ashland (TPP)[68]
- Newark Campus Tea Party Patriots[68]
- North Ridgeville Tea Party Patriots[68]
- Stark County Tea Party Patriots[68]
- Zanesville Tea Party Patriots[68]
- Lorain County 9.12 / Tea Party[68]
- Portage County TEA Party[68]
- Burton 9.12 Project[68]
- Cleveland 9.12 Project[68]
- Grassroots Rally Team of OH[68]
- Heritage Club N/E Ohio[68]
- Lorain County TEA Party [68]
Texas
Individuals
Individuals have also voiced their support for the health care compact initiative:
- Lee Habeeb, Vice President of Content at Salem Radio Network
- Nick Dranias, Goldwater Institute
- The Honorable Thomas C. Feeney, a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida and a former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives[58]
- Fred Barnes, a columnist in the Weekly Standard
Colorado
- State Rep. B.J. Nikkel (R)[70]
- State Rep. Amy Stephens (R)[70]
- State Sen. Mike Kopp (R)[70]
Kansas
- State Rep. Jim Denning (R)[71]
Louisiana
- State Sen. Elbert Guillory (D)[72]
Michigan
- State Sen. Jim Marleau (R)[73]
New Hampshire
- State Rep. D.J. Bettencourt (R)[74]
- State Sen. Chuck Morse (R)[74]
Oklahoma
- Gov. Mary Fallin (R)[75]
- Commissioner of Insurance John Doak (R)[75]
- State Sen. Clark Jolley (R)[75]
- State Rep. Glen Mulready (R)[75]
South Carolina
- State Sen. Larry Grooms (R)[76]
- S.C. Department of Health and Human Services Director Tony Keck[76]
Tennessee
- State Sen. Mae Beavers (R)[77]
- State Rep. Mark Pody (R)[78]
Texas
- State Rep. Sylvester Turner (D)[79]
- State Rep. Lois Kolkhorst (R)[80]
Utah
- State Sen. Stuart Adams (R)[81]
Virginia
- State Rep. Christopher K. Peace (R)[82]
Arguments in favor
Some of the arguments that have been made for the adoption of the Health Care Compact include:
- Healthcare is too complex to manage at the federal level.[83]
- States will be more efficient in the regulation and oversight of their health care systems than the federal government.[83]
- A health care compact would not mandate its member states to implement one particular health care system; the states would be free to choose the system that works best in their jurisdiction.[84]
- This increased flexibility given to states will drive health care reform[84] and "stimulate greater competition in the insurance markets."[85]
- The health care compact will end states' dependence on federal funding support for programs like Medicare and Medicaid.[86]
Opposition
Opponents
A single, national group standing in opposition to the Health Care Compact has yet to emerge, but there are several statewide organizations working to prevent HCC legislation from passing in their respective legislatures.
Organizations
- On May 10, 2011, Bob Semro of the Bell Policy Center offered testimony to the Colorado State Senate Local Government Committee opposing House Bill 11-1273.[87]
- The Tennessee Health Care Campaign published a list of talking points on their website for voters to use when talking to their state representatives, and identified the Health Care Compact as one if its' state legislative focus areas.
- Community Catalyst, a non-profit advocacy organization, said, "Compacts are a threat to the Affordable Care Act and to the expanded access to quality, affordable care that it is already providing to many Americans. Compacts may also threaten other federal health programs. They are likely to perpetuate the extreme differences from state-to-state that currently exist in access to quality, affordable health care."[88]
Individuals
Arizona
- Gov. Jan Brewer (R) vetoed Senate Bill 1088 which would have joined the HCC. She said she believed the compact would violate constitutional separation of powers.[7]
Montana
- Gov. Brian Schweitzer (D)[82]
New Hampshire
- State Rep. Gary Richardson (D)[89]
- 2012 Governor candidate Maggie Hassan (D)[90]
- 2012 Governor candidate Jackie Cilley (D)[90]
Utah
- State Sen. Patricia Jones (D)[91]
Arguments against
Arguments made by opponents of the Health Care Compact include:
- The compact is about politics rather than health care, and "only provides an ideological statement about government reform. ... [It presents] no detail or direction on how to improve health care.[92]
- The compact only serves to reinforce the unequal, state-by-state access to quality and affordable health care.[93]
- Current Medicare recipients' health care services could be in jeopardy.[93]
Governance
The compact created the Interstate Advisory Health Care Commission to oversee administration of the compact. The commission is comprised of members appointed by each member state. Each state is responsible for determining the exact process by which its commissioners (no more than 2 per state) are chosen.
The commission is granted specific powers to:
- study the issues of Health Care regulation of particular concern to the Member States
- make non-binding recommendations to the Member States
- collect information and data to assist the Member States in their regulation of Health Care, including, but not limited to, assessing the performance of various state Health Care programs and compiling information on the cost of Health Care. The Commission shall then make this information available to the legislatures of the Member States
- elect from among its membership a Chairman
- adopt and publish bylaws and policies which are not inconsistent with the compact
- meet at least once a year, and may meet more frequently, as its bylaws direct
Text of the compact
The legislature of each member state passes the laws with certain and modifications, but the core of the legislation remains the same.
Whereas, the separation of powers, both between the branches of the federal government and between federal and state authority, is essential to the preservation of individual liberty; Whereas, the Constitution creates a federal government of limited and enumerated powers, and reserves to the States or to the people those powers not granted to the federal government; Whereas, the federal government has enacted many laws that have preempted state laws with respect to Health Care, even though Health Care regulation is properly the authority and responsibility of the States; Whereas, the Member States seek to increase individual liberty and control over personal Health Care decisions, and believe the best method to secure that control is by vesting regulatory authority over Health Care in the States; Whereas, by acting in concert, the Member States may express and inspire confidence in the ability of each Member State to effectively govern Health Care; and Whereas, the Member States recognize that consent of Congress may be more easily secured if the Member States collectively seek consent through an interstate compact; NOW THEREFORE, the Member States hereto resolve, and by the adoption into law under their respective state constitutions of the present Health Care Compact, agree, as follows: Section 1: Definitions For purposes of this Compact:
Section 2: Pledge All Member States pledge themselves to take joint and separate action to secure the consent of Congress to this Compact in order to return the authority to regulate Health Care to the Member States, consistent with the goals and principles articulated herein. All Member States further pledge themselves to improve Health Care policy within their respective jurisdictions and according to the judgment and discretion of each Member State. Section 3: Legislative Power The legislatures of the Member States have the primary responsibility to regulate Health Care in their respective states. Section 4: State Control By consenting to this Compact, Congress agrees that each Member State shall have the authority to enact state laws that supersede any federal regulations within the state in the area of Health Care. Federal law will remain in effect unless a Member State expressly invokes its authority under this Compact. Section 5: Funding Each Member State shall have the right to federal funds, appropriated by Congress pursuant to the formula described in Attachment A, to support the exercise of Member State authority under this Compact. Section 6: Interstate Advisory Health Care Commission The Member States hereby create the Interstate Advisory Health Care Commission.
Section 7: Congressional Consent This Compact shall be effective upon its adoption by the Member States and consent of Congress. This Compact shall not be effective unless Congress, in consenting to this Compact, does not alter the fundamental purposes of this Compact:
Section 8: Amendments This Compact may be amended by agreement among the Member States and adoption of such agreement into the laws of the Member States. By consenting to this Compact, Congress also consents to any amendments that directly or indirectly impact the regulation of Health Care in the Member States. For all other amendments, further consent of Congress is expressly required. Variations in Attachment A between Member States will not prevent this Compact from becoming an effective and operation agreement between the states. Section 9: Withdrawal; Dissolution Any Member State may withdraw from this Compact by adopting a law to that effect. This Compact shall be dissolved upon the withdrawal of all but one of the Member States. |
See also
Ballotpedia news articles
- Utah state Senate approves bill to join interstate Health Care Compact March 7, 2012
- New Hampshire, Indiana legislatures considering joining Health Care Compact February 9, 2012 </small>
- Health care compact gains momentum with Texas and Missouri July 19, 2011
- Oklahoma becomes second state to join health care compact May 19, 2011
- Health Care Compact wants states, not feds, to handle health care January 3, 2011
External links
- Official Health Care Compact website
- Health Care Compact's Facebook page
- Health Care Compact on Twitter
- Physicians for the Health Care Compact (run by Health Care Compact Alliance)
- Democrats for the Health Care Compact (run by Health Care Compact Alliance)
- Republicans for the Health Care Compact (run by Health Care Compact Alliance)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Health Care Compact.org, "The Health Care Compact (2)," May 5, 2011
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Health Care Compact.org, "The Health Care Compact (3)," May 5, 2011
- ↑ Health Care Compact.org, "The Health Care Compact (4)," May 5, 2011
- ↑ Health Care.gov, "Understanding the Affordable Care Act," May 5, 2011
- ↑ Health Care Compact.org, "The Health Care Compact (4)," May 5, 2011
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Georgia General Assembly, "HB461: Health Care Compact; adopt," May 5, 2011
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Arizona Central, "Brewer signs 28 Arizona bills into law, vetoes 4," April 28, 2011
- ↑ Office of the Montana Governor, "Veto of HB 526," May 12, 2011
- ↑ Health Care Compact Blog, "Oklahoma Second State To Sign Health Care Compact Into Law," May 18, 2011
- ↑ Columbia Missourian, "Missouri enacts health care compact," July 14, 2011
- ↑ Reuters, "Perry signs bill allowing Texas healthcare "compact"," July 18, 2011
- ↑ Healthcare Coalition, "Minnesota Governor Vetoes Health Care Compact," May 1, 2012
- ↑ Health Care Compact Blog, "Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels Signs Health Care Compact Into Law," March 21, 2012
- ↑ Salt Lake Tribune, "Utah fifth state to join Health Care Compact," March 20, 2012
- ↑ SC State House, "A221, R249, S836 STATUS INFORMATION," accessed June 23, 2012
- ↑ Alabama Legislature, "History for HB 43 (Regular Session 2013)," accessed July 6, 2012
- ↑ Alabama Legislature, "History for SB 258 (Regular Session 2013)," accessed July 6, 2012
- ↑ Arizona State Legislature, "Bill Status Overview - SB1592," accessed May 26, 2012
- ↑ Health Care Compact, "Colorado House Passes Health Care Compact," May 4, 2011
- ↑ Colorado State Legislature, "Summarized History for Bill Number HB11-1273," accessed May 26, 2012
- ↑ Lobby Tools, "SB 1828 Relating to Health Care Compact (2012 Session)," accessed May 26, 2012
- ↑ Dacula Patch, "‘Health Care Compact’ Legislation Introduced," March 14, 2011
- ↑ Georgia General Assembly, "House Vote #210," accessed May 26, 2012
- ↑ Georgia General Assembly, "Senate Vote #177," accessed May 26, 2012
- ↑ Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "Deal signs health compact bill into law," April 20, 2011
- ↑ WSBT, "Bill would free state from health care law," February 6, 2012
- ↑ Indiana General Assembly, "House Bill 1269 Action List," accessed June 16, 2012
- ↑ Health Care Compact Blog, "Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels Signs Health Care Compact Into Law," March 21, 2012
- ↑ Kansas Legislature, "HB 2520," accessed June 16, 2012
- ↑ KHI, "Health Care Compact bill not taken up by conference committee," March 28, 2012
- ↑ Healthcare Compact, "Health Care Compact Introduced in Louisiana," April 22, 2011
- ↑ The Pelican Post, "Inter-State Health Care Agreements Set to Negate ObamaCare," May 2, 2011
- ↑ Michigan Votes, "2011 House Bill 4693: Join multi-state Health Care Compact," accessed June 23, 2012
- ↑ Michigan Votes, "2012 Senate Bill 973: Join multi-state Health Care Compact," accessed June 23, 2012
- ↑ Health Care Compact, "Minnesota Warms to Health Care Compact," March 19, 2012
- ↑ Minnesota House of Representatives, "Interstate Health Care Compact Passes the Minnesota House," March 25, 2012
- ↑ Minnesota State Legislature, "SF 1933," accessed June 23, 2012
- ↑ Columbia Missourian, "Missouri enacts health care compact," July 14, 2011
- ↑ Healthcare Compact, "Missouri Becomes Third State To Make Health Care Compact Law," July 14, 2011
- ↑ Office of the Montana Governor, "Veto of HB 526," May 12, 2011
- ↑ Boston.com, "House passes health care compact bill," March 28, 2012
- ↑ Health Leaders Media, "Proposed bills address NH healthcare," April 9, 2012
- ↑ SeaCoastOnline, "'Chambersanship' enters Concord fray," May 13, 2012
- ↑ The Republic, "Dem gubernatorial candidate Hassan calls health compact bill risky, wrong for NH," April 24, 2012
- ↑ Plains Daily, "ND Interstate Freedom Health Care Compact Fails," February 17, 2011
- ↑ Cleveland Tea Party, "Health Care Compact introduced in Ohio Senate," June 17, 2011
- ↑ Health Care Compact Blog, "Oklahoma Second State To Sign Health Care Compact Into Law," May 18, 2011
- ↑ Crescent, "SC Senate Passes Healthcare Compact," April 12, 2012
- ↑ SC State House, "A221, R249, S836 STATUS INFORMATION," accessed June 23, 2012
- ↑ Legiscan, "Legislative Detail: SD House Bill 1191 - 2012 Regular Session," accessed June 23, 2012
- ↑ Memphis Daily News, "Bill Allows Tenn. to Join Health Care Compact," April 24, 2012
- ↑ NewsChannel5, "Health Care Compact Falls Short In Tenn. House," May 1, 2012
- ↑ Reuters, "Perry signs bill allowing Texas healthcare "compact"," July 18, 2011
- ↑ Health Care Compact, "Health Care Compact Signed Into Law In Texas," July 18, 2011
- ↑ Salt Lake Tribune, "Utah fifth state to join Health Care Compact," March 20, 2012
- ↑ MyGov365, "HB 2512 Current status," accessed July 5, 2012
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 ACS, "Republicans’ Latest Effort to Circumvent the Constitution: Interstate Compacts," March 10, 2011
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 The Heritage Foundation, "Interstate Compacts for Health Insurance is Yet Another Sound Idea," March 19, 2010
- ↑ Free Republic, "Health Care Compact Bill Would Shift Power Back To The States," March 6, 2012
- ↑ Politico "GOP AGs may sue over health bill" 24 Dec. 2009
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Legislation and Actions Challenging Certain Health Reforms, 2011-2012," accessed April 28, 2012
- ↑ USA Today, "High Court health care arguments," March 26, 2012
- ↑ Health Care Compact.org, "About us," May 14, 2011
- ↑ Americans for Prosperity.org, "AFP supports Texas health care compact legislation," March 8, 2011
- ↑ Alliance for Self-Government, "Put health care in your hands," accessed April 28, 2012
- ↑ Illinois Tea Party, "Health Care Compact," accessed April 28, 2012
- ↑ Nashua Telegraph, "Health care compact would jeopardize stafey net, argue advocates for seniors, poor," April 20, 2012
- ↑ 68.00 68.01 68.02 68.03 68.04 68.05 68.06 68.07 68.08 68.09 68.10 68.11 68.12 68.13 68.14 68.15 68.16 68.17 68.18 Ohio Health Care Compact, "Supporters," accessed April 28, 2012
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 69.5 Texas Public Policy Foundation, "Health Care Compact shifts power from federal government to states," March 8, 2011
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 Colorado Health Insurance Insider, "Colorado Bill Would Allow State To Opt Out Of Federal Healthcare Laws," March 4, 2011
- ↑ Kansas Health Institute, "Health care compact bill approved by House committee," February 14, 2012
- ↑ Health Care Compact, "Health Care Compact Introduced in Louisiana," April 22, 2011
- ↑ Michigan Votes, "2012 Senate Bill 973," accessed May 11, 2012
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Union Leader, "Health care compact bill meets public opposition," April 19, 2012
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 Capitol Beat OK, "Governor Mary Fallin, touting health care compact as method to meet citizens’ needs, signs S.B. 722," May 19, 2011
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 The Post and Courier, "Senators approve measure to opt out of health care law, keep funding," April 16, 2012
- ↑ Memphis Daily News, "Health Care Compact Falls Short in Tenn. House," May 3, 2012
- ↑ Memphis Daily News, "Bill Allows Tenn. to Join Health Care Compact," April 24, 2012
- ↑ Business Week, "Texas gives preliminary OK to health care compact," June 16, 2011
- ↑ Kaiser Health News, "Some States Seeking Health Care Compact," September 18, 2011
- ↑ Salt Lake Tribune, "Utah fifth state to join Health Care Compact," March 20, 2012
- ↑ 82.0 82.1 Washington Times, "Bill would add Virginia to health care opponents," January 17, 2012
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 Health Care Compact.org, "The solution," May 14, 2011
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 John W. Pope Civitas Institute, "Health care compact gives healthcare back to states," May 10, 2011
- ↑ The Heritage Foundation "Interstate Competition and Choice in Health Insurance: The American Way" 16 March, 2010
- ↑ Townhall, "Forget Repeal and Replace"
- ↑ The Bell Policy Center, "Concerning the health care opportunity and patient empowerment act," May 10, 2011
- ↑ Community Catalyst, "Health Care Compact: The Latest Challenge to the Affordable Care Act," March 2011
- ↑ Concord Monitor, "Representatives approbate health care compact," February 16, 2012
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Nashua Telegraph, "Health care reform key issue in New Hampshire governor race," April 25, 2012
- ↑ Desert News, "Democrats denounce Healthcare Compact legislation," March 6, 2012
- ↑ Health Policy Solitions.org, "Opinion: The false promise of health care compacts," May 9, 2011
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 The Tennessee Health Care Campaign, "Why the health care compact bill is bad for Tennessee," May 14, 2011
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