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Ketanji Brown Jackson
2022 - Present
3
Ketanji Brown Jackson is an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. President Joe Biden (D) nominated her to the Supreme Court on Feb. 28, 2022, and the U.S. Senate confirmed her 53-47 on April 7, 2022.[1][2][3] Jackson received her judicial commission on April 8, 2022, and was sworn in as an associate justice of the court on June 30, 2022.[4] Jackson was one of 235 Article III judges nominated by President Joe Biden (D) and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Click here for more information on Jackson's U.S. Supreme Court nomination.
Jackson received a bachelor's degree and J.D. from Harvard University. After Jackson received admission to Harvard Law School, she worked as a reporter for a year at Time Magazine. During law school, Jackson served as a supervising editor for the Harvard Law Review.[5]
After law school, Jackson clerked for Judge Patti Saris on the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Judge Bruce Marshall Selya on the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, and Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer. Jackson also worked for a year as an associate at a litigation firm and in private practice, before serving as an assistant special counsel to the United States Sentencing Commission. Former President Barack Obama (D) appointed her as the commission's vice chair in 2012.[5]
In 2012, Obama nominated Jackson to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson by voice vote on March 23, 2013. Jackson served on the District Court from 2013-2021.[6][7][4] On April 19, 2021, Biden nominated Jackson to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson 53-44, and Jackson served on the Court from 2021-2022.[8][9][10]
In the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 terms, Jackson agreed most with Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan and disagreed most with Justice Clarence Thomas.[11][12]
In November 2022, Jackson wrote her first Supreme Court opinion–the dissenting argument in Chinn v. Shoop in which Jackson said the Court should have ruled for the defendant who was convicted of a murder in 1989. Sotomayor joined Jackson's dissent, which said the state suppressed evidence that undermined the defendant's credibility.[13] Jackson delivered her first majority opinion for the Supreme Court in February 2023 in the case of Delaware v. Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, in which the Court ruled against Delaware, after several states sued Delaware in U.S. District Court for the acquisition of unclaimed funds from MoneyGram official checks, a Delaware based financial services company.[14]
On her political philosophy, Jackson said, "My judicial philosophy is to approach all cases with professional integrity, meaning strict adherence to the rule of law, keeping an open mind, and deciding each issue in a transparent, straightforward manner, without bias or any preconceived notion of how the matter is going to turn out."[15]
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the federal government. To learn more about the court, click here.
Judicial nominations and appointments
Supreme Court of the United States (2022-present)
- See also: Federal judges nominated by Joe Biden
On February 28, 2022, President Joe Biden (D) nominated Jackson as a justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.[16] She was confirmed by a 53-47 vote of the U.S. Senate on April 7, 2022.[2][3]
To read more about Jackson's nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, click here.
To read more about the federal nominations process, click here.
 |
| Nominee Information |
| Name: Ketanji Brown Jackson |
| Court: Supreme Court of the United States |
| Progress |
| Confirmed 38 days after nomination. |
 Nominated: February 28, 2022
|
| ABA Rating: Unanimously Well Qualified
|
| Questionnaire: Questionnaire |
| Hearing: March 21-24, 2022
|
| QFRs: (Hover over QFRs to read more) |
| Reported: April 4, 2022[17]
|
| Confirmed: April 7, 2022
|
| Vote: 53-47
|
Confirmation vote
The U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson by a vote of 53-47 on April 7, 2022.[2] To see a full breakdown of the vote on the official U.S. Senate website, click here.
| Jackson confirmation vote (April 7, 2022) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Yea | Nay | No vote | ||||||
 Democratic |
48 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
 Republican |
3 | 47 | 0 | ||||||
 Independent |
2 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Total | 53 | 47 | 0 | ||||||
Senate Judiciary Committee hearings
The Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings on Jackson's nomination over a four-day period from March 21 to March 24, 2022. On April 4, 2022, the committee cast an 11-11 tie vote to report Jackson to the full United States Senate for a confirmation vote. As a result, Jackson was not reported favorably to the Senate.[18] On a 53-47 vote that same day, the Senate discharged her nomination from the committee.[19] As of April 4, she was awaiting a confirmation vote from the full U.S. Senate. For more information on Jackson's confirmation hearings, click here.
Below is a brief overview of the hearings:
- Day four (3/24/2022): Witnesses supporting and opposing Jackson's confirmation spoke during the final day of hearings. Witnesses included the American Bar Association, five witnesses brought by Democrats, and five witnesses brought by Republicans.
- Day three (3/23/2022): Members of the judiciary committee questioned the judge, with each senator allotted 20 minutes. Topics in the questioning included Jackson's approach to sentencing, Jackson's recusal from Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard, and the Supreme Court's use of emergency orders. Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) also announced the committee would vote on advancing Jackson's nomination on April 4.[20]
- Day two (3/22/2022): Members of the judiciary committee questioned the judge, with each senator allotted 30 minutes. Recurring themes in the questioning included abortion, Jackson's experience representing Guantanamo Bay detainees, LGBT issues, Jackson's sentencing record as a trial court judge, and Supreme Court expansion.
- Day one (3/21/2022): Senate Judiciary Chairman Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) and ranking member Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) provided opening statements, followed by members of the committee. After the introductions, Jackson gave her opening statement.
Nomination
On February 28, 2022, President Joe Biden (D) nominated Jackson to the Supreme Court of the United States.[1] She was nominated to succeed Justice Stephen Breyer, who planned to retire at the start of the court's summer recess, which typically takes place in late June or early July.[16]
During Breyer's January 27 retirement announcement, Biden said he would select a nominee who: "[W]ill be someone of extraordinary qualifications, character, experience and integrity. And that person will be the first Black woman ever nominated to the United States Supreme Court."[21] On February 12, the Associated Press reported that Biden's shortlist included Jackson, J. Michelle Childs, and Leondra Kruger.[22] Jackson was also mentioned by two or more media outlets as a possible nominee to fill Breyer's seat on the court.[23][24][25][26]
Click here to read more about the vacancy and nomination process.
The American Bar Association rated Jackson unanimously well qualified.[27] To read more about ABA ratings, click here.
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2021-2022)
- See also: Federal judges nominated by Joe Biden
On April 19, 2021, President Joe Biden (D) nominated Jackson to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. She was confirmed by a 53-44 vote of the U.S. Senate on June 14, 2021. Jackson received commission on June 17, 2021.[8] To read more about the federal nominations process, click here.
Confirmation vote
The U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson on June 14, 2021, on a vote of 53-44.[28] To see a full breakdown of the vote on the official U.S. Senate website, click here.
| Ketanji Brown Jackson confirmation vote (June 14, 2021) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Yea | Nay | No vote | ||||||
| Democratic |
48 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Republican |
3 | 44 | 3 | ||||||
| Independent |
2 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Total | 53 | 44 | 3 | ||||||
Senate Judiciary Committee hearing
The committee voted to advance Jackson's nomination to the full Senate on May 20, 2021.
Nomination
On March 30, 2021, President Joe Biden (D) announced his intent to nominate Jackson to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The president officially nominated Jackson on April 19.[8][10]
Jackson was nominated to replace Judge Merrick Garland, who retired from the court to become attorney general of the United States on March 10, 2021.[10]
The American Bar Association rated Jackson well qualified.[29] To read more about ABA ratings, click here.
United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2013-2021)
- See also: Federal judges nominated by Barack Obama
On September 20, 2012, President Barack Obama (D) nominated Jackson to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.[30] The U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson by voice vote on March 23, 2013.[6] She received commission on March 26.[4] To read more about the federal nominations process, click here.
Confirmation vote
The U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson on March 23, 2013, by voice vote.[6]
Senate Judiciary Committee hearing
The Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings on Jackson's nomination on December 12, 2012.[30] The committee voted to advance her nomination to the full Senate on February 24, 2013.[31]
Nomination
President Barack Obama (D) nominated Jackson to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia on September 20, 2012, to the seat previously held by Henry Kennedy.[32] Jackson's nomination was returned to the president at the sine die adjournment of the 112th United States Congress on January 3, 2013. President Obama resubmitted Jackson's nomination on January 4, 2013.[30][6]
Jackson was rated unanimously qualified for the nomination by the American Bar Association.[33] To read more about ABA ratings, click here.
Possible nomination to U.S. Supreme Court (2016)
Before President Barack Obama's (D) nomination of Merrick Garland to the U.S. Supreme Court, Jackson was mentioned as a possible nominee to replace former Justice Antonin Scalia, who died on February 13, 2016.[34]
Interview
On March 9, 2016, National Public Radio reported Jackson was interviewed by President Barack Obama as a candidate to succeed deceased Justice Antonin Scalia on the United States Supreme Court.[35]
On March 16, 2016, President Barack Obama nominated Judge Merrick Garland of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to succeed Justice Antonin Scalia on the Supreme Court of the United States.[36][37]
Biography
Early life and education
Jackson was born in 1970 in Washington, D.C.[38] She then moved with her family to Florida, where she graduated from Miami Palmetto High School in 1988.[39] She received a bachelor's degree in government, magna cum laude, and a J.D., cum laude, from Harvard University in 1992 and 1996, respectively.[4][40][38] She served as the supervising editor of the Harvard Law Review from 1995 to 1996.[38]
Professional career
- 2022-present: Justice, United States Supreme Court
- 2021-2022: Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
- 2013-2021: Judge, United States District Court for the District of Columbia
- 2010-2014: Vice chair/Commissioner, United States Sentencing Commission
- 2007-2010: Of counsel (Private practice), Morrison & Foerster LLP, Washington, D.C.
- 2005-2007: Assistant federal public defender, Office of the Federal Public Defender
- 2003-2005: Assistant special counsel, United States Sentencing Commission
- 2002-2003: Associate, The Feinberg Group, LLP
- 2000-2002: Associate, Goodwin Procter LLP, Boston, Mass.
- 1999-2000: Law clerk, Hon. Stephen Breyer, Supreme Court of the United States
- 1998-1999: Associate, Miller, Cassidy, Larroca & Lewin LLP, Washington, D.C.
- 1997-1998: Law clerk, Hon. Bruce Marshall Selya, U.S. Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit
- 1996-1997: Law clerk, Hon. Patti Saris, U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts[38]
Awards and associations
Awards
- 2021: Constance Baker Motley Award, Empowering Women of Color, Columbia Law School
- 2020: Distinguished Visiting Jurist, Third Annual Judge James B. Parsons Legacy Award, Black Law Students Association, University of Chicago Law School
- 2019:
- Stars of the Bar Award, Women's Bar Association of the District of Columbia
- David T. Lewis Distinguished Jurist-in-Residence, The University of Utah, S.J. Quinney College of Law
- 2014-2015: Edward H. Levi Distinguished Visiting Jurist, The University of Chicago Law School[38]
Associations
- American Bar Association Criminal Justice Section, Sentencing Task Force
- American Law Institute, Council
- Edward Bennett Williams Inn of Court
- Harvard Alumni Association
- Harvard Black Alumni Society
- Harvard Club of Washington, D.C. (2002-2016)
- Judicial Conference Committee on Defender Services
- Montrose Christian School Advisory School Board member (2010-2011)
- Supreme Court Fellows Commission
- Supreme Court Institute, Georgetown University, Moot Court Jurist (2003 -2009)
- Women's Bar Association of the District of Columbia, Amicus Committee co-chair (2006)[38]
Approach to the law
Martin-Quinn score
Jackson's Martin-Quinn score following the 2023-2024 term was -1.98, making her the third-most liberal justice on the court at that time. Martin-Quinn scores were developed by political scientists Andrew Martin and Kevin Quinn from the University of Michigan, and measure the justices of the Supreme Court along an ideological continuum. The further from zero on the scale, the more conservative (>0) or liberal (<0) the justice. The chart below details every justice's Martin-Quinn score for the 2023-2024 term. These are preliminary scores provided by Kevin Quinn that may differ slightly from the final version of the scores that Martin and Quinn will make publicly available at a later date.
About the courts
U.S. Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the country and leads the judicial branch of the federal government. It is often referred to by the acronym SCOTUS.[41]
The Supreme Court consists of nine justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices. The justices are nominated by the president and confirmed with the "advice and consent" of the United States Senate per Article II of the United States Constitution. As federal judges, the justices serve during "good behavior," which means that justices have tenure for life unless they are removed by impeachment and subsequent conviction.[42]
The Supreme Court is the only court established by the United States Constitution (in Article III); all other federal courts are created by Congress.
The Supreme Court meets in Washington, D.C., in the United States Supreme Court building. The Supreme Court's yearly term begins on the first Monday in October and lasts until the first Monday in October the following year. The court generally releases the majority of its decisions in mid-June.[42]
To read opinions published by this court, click here.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
| District of Columbia Circuit |
|---|
| Court of Appeals |
|
| Judgeships |
| Posts: 11 |
| Judges: 11 |
| Vacancies: 0 |
| Judges |
| Chief: Sri Srinivasan |
| Active judges: Julianna Michelle Childs, Bradley Garcia, Karen Henderson, Greg Katsas, Patricia Ann Millett, Florence Pan, Cornelia T. L. Pillard, Neomi Rao, Srikanth Srinivasan, Justin Walker, Robert Leon Wilkins Senior judges: |
The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit is a federal appellate court with appellate jurisdiction. It hears appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia and its rulings may be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
This court should not be confused with the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which is equivalent to a state supreme court in the District of Columbia, or with the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals, whose jurisdiction is limited by subject matter. Appeals are heard in the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse in Washington, D.C.
Eight judges of the District of Columbia Circuit went on to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States: Fred M. Vinson, Wiley Rutledge, Warren Burger, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, John Roberts, and Brett Kavanaugh.
The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has appellate jurisdiction over cases heard by the D.C. Circuit. These cases can include civil and criminal matters that fall under federal law. Appeals of rulings by the D.C. Circuit are petitioned to the Supreme Court of the United States.
To read opinions published by this court, click here.
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
| District of Columbia |
|---|
| District of Columbia Circuit |
|
| Judgeships |
| Posts: 15 |
| Judges: 15 |
| Vacancies: 0 |
| Judges |
| Chief: James E. Boasberg |
| Active judges: Amir Ali, Loren AliKhan, James E. Boasberg, Tanya S. Chutkan, Jia Cobb, Rudolph Contreras, Christopher Reid Cooper, Dabney Friedrich, Timothy J. Kelly, Trevor McFadden, Amit Priyavadan Mehta, Randolph D. Moss, Carl Nichols, Ana C. Reyes, Sparkle Sooknanan Senior judges: |
The United States District Court for the District of Columbia is one of 94 United States district courts. Cases dealing with the laws of the District of Columbia are heard by this court only under the same circumstances that would cause a case under state law to come before a federal court. Appeals from this court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
The court sits in the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse located on Constitution Avenue NW. The District has no local district attorney or equivalent, and so prosecutorial matters fall under the jurisdiction of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. The District Court for the District of Columbia has original jurisdiction over cases filed in the District of Columbia. These cases can include civil and criminal matters that fall under federal law. The D.C. District Court hears federal cases within the District of Columbia. Its appellate court is the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
To read opinions published by this court, click here.
Supreme Court statistics
Opinions by year
Below is a table of the number of opinions, concurrences, and dissents that Jackson has issued since joining the Supreme Court according to a dataset provided by Dr. Adam Feldman, author of Empirical SCOTUS. Data for the 2022-2023 term does not include concurrences and dissents in part. Information for the 2023-2024 term is from the Empirical SCOTUS 2023 Stat Review.
| Opinions written by year, Jackson | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-2023 | 2023-2024 | ||||||||||||
| Opinions | 6 | 5 | |||||||||||
| Concurrences | 5 | 11 | |||||||||||
| Dissents | 5 | 7 | |||||||||||
| Totals | 16 | 23 | |||||||||||
Justice agreement
An agreement rate indicates how often two justices were on the same side of the court's decision. A disagreement rate indicates how often two justices were on opposite sides of the court's decision.
In the 2023-2024 term, Jackson had the highest agreement rates with Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan. She had the lowest agreement rate with Clarence Thomas.[11] In the 2022-2023 term, Jackson had the highest agreement rate with Sonia Sotomayor. She had the lowest agreement rate with Clarence Thomas.[12] This does not include agreements in part.
| Ketanji Brown Jackson agreement rates by term, 2020 - Present | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Justice | 2022-2023 | 2023-2024 | |||||
| John Roberts | 78% | 69% | |||||
| Clarence Thomas | 64% | 53% | |||||
| Samuel Alito | 87% | 59% | |||||
| Sonia Sotomayor | 64% | 92% | |||||
| Elena Kagan | 89% | 92% | |||||
| Neil Gorsuch | 69% | 63% | |||||
| Brett Kavanaugh | 80% | 71% | |||||
| Amy Coney Barrett | 91% | 68% | |||||
Frequency in majority
In the 2023-2024 term, Jackson was in the majority in 73 percent of decisions. She was in the majority more often than two other justices.[11] In the 2022-2023 term, Jackson was in the majority in 84 percent of decisions. She was in the majority more often than four other justices.[12]
Since the 2022-2023 term, Jackson has been in the majority more than 80 percent of the time once. Across these terms, she has been in the majority on average 79 percent of the time.[11][12]
Noteworthy Supreme Court cases
The noteworthy cases listed in this section include any case where the justice authored a 5-4 majority opinion or an 8-1 dissent. Other cases may be included in this section if they set or overturn an established legal precedent, are a major point of discussion in an election campaign, receive substantial media attention related to the justice's ruling, or based on our editorial judgment that the case is noteworthy. For more on how we decide which cases are noteworthy, click here.
Since she joined the court through the 2023-2024 term, Jackson has authored one majority opinion in 5-4 decisions, and has authored two dissents in 8-1 decisions.
The table below details these cases by year.
| Ketanji Brown Jackson noteworthy cases | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 5-4 majority opinion | 8-1 dissenting opinion | ||
| Total | 1 | 2 | ||
| 2023-2024 | 1 | 1 (in part) | ||
| 2022-2023 | 0 | 1 | ||
U.S. Supreme Court noteworthy opinions
Hewitt v. United States (2024)
- See also: Hewitt v. United States
Justice Brown Jackson authored a 5-4 majority opinion in Hewitt v. United States, holding that all first-time offenders including those who were sentenced before the First Step Act then needed to be resentenced after the Act, are subject to its revised penalties. Brown Jackson was joined in the majority by Justices Chief Justice John Roberts, Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, and Neil Gorsuch.[43]
| “ | Under the interpretation of §403(b) we adopt today, all first-time §924(c) offenders who appear for sentencing after the First Step Act’s enactment date—including those whose previous §924(c) sentences have been vacated and who thus need to be resentenced—are subject to the Act’s revised penalties. The Fifth Circuit’s contrary reading of §403(b) is reversed, and its judgment in these cases is remanded for further proceedings.[44] | ” |
| —Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson | ||
See also
- Supreme Court vacancy, 2022
- Supreme Court of the United States
- United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
- United States District Court for the District of Columbia
External links
- Search Google News for this topic
- Biography from the Federal Judicial Center
- Supreme Court of the United States website
- White House press release announcing President Biden's intent to nominate Jackson
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 White House, "Nominations Sent to the Senate," February 28, 2022
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Congress.gov, "PN1783 — Ketanji Brown Jackson — Supreme Court of the United States," accessed April 7, 2022
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Washington Post, "Senate confirms Jackson as first Black woman on Supreme Court," April 7, 2022
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Federal Judicial Center, "Biography of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson," accessed May 10, 2017
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Harvard Law Today, "Ketanji Brown Jackson ’96 confirmed as U.S. Supreme Court justice," April 7, 2022
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Congress.gov, "PN18 — Ketanji Brown Jackson — The Judiciary," accessed February 26, 2022
- ↑ Oyez, "Ketanji Brown Jackson," accessed September 16, 2024
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Congress.gov, "PN391 — Ketanji Brown Jackson — The Judiciary," accessed June 15, 2021
- ↑ Senate Committee on the Judiciary, "Nominations," accessed April 28, 2021
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 The White House, "President Biden Announces Intent to Nominate 11 Judicial Candidates," March 30, 2021
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Empirical SCOTUS, "2023 Stat Review," July 1, 2024
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Empirical SCOTUS, "Another One Bites the Dust: End of 2022/2023 Supreme Court Term Statistics," November 16, 2023
- ↑ NBC News, "Ketanji Brown Jackson sides with death row inmate in first opinion," November 7, 2022
- ↑ NBC News, "Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson issues her first majority opinion for the Supreme Court," February 28, 2023
- ↑ Judiciary.Senate.gov, "Response of Ketanji B. Jackson, Nominee to be United States District Judge for the District of Columbia to the Written Questions of Senator Amy Klobuchar," accessed September 16, 2024
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 White House, "President Biden Nominates Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to Serve as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court," February 25, 2022
- ↑ Jackson received an 11-11 tie committee vote and was not reported favorably to the full Senate. The Senate then voted to discharge her nomination from the committee. Click here for more details.
- ↑ CBS News, "Senate panel splits vote on sending Ketanji Brown Jackson's nomination to floor," April 4, 2022
- ↑ Office of U.S. Senator Dick Durbin, "Durbin Statement On The Successful Discharge Vote For Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson, Nominated To Be An Associate Justice Of Supreme Court," April 4, 2022
- ↑ The Hill, "Senate panel to hold Supreme Court vote April 4," March 23, 2022
- ↑ YouTube, "President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Retirement of Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer," January 27, 2022
- ↑ The Guardian, "Biden’s supreme court short list narrows to three names," February 12, 2022
- ↑ CNN, "Biden said he'd put a Black woman on the Supreme Court. Here's who he may pick to replace Breyer," January 26, 2022
- ↑ Vox, "Who is on Biden’s shortlist to replace retiring Justice Breyer?" January 26, 2022
- ↑ Fox News, "Who could replace Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer?" January 26, 2022
- ↑ The Associated Press via the Hartford Courant, "President Biden has long been preparing for a Supreme Court pick," January 26, 2022
- ↑ American Bar Association, "Nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to the United States Supreme Court," March 18, 2022
- ↑ U.S. Senate, "Roll Call Vote 117th Congress - 1st Session: Vote Summary: Question: On the Nomination (Confirmation: Ketanji Brown Jackson, of the District of Columbia, to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the District of Columbia Circuit)," accessed June 15, 2021
- ↑ American Bar Association, "Ratings of Article III and Article IV judicial nominees, 117th Congress," updated June 17, 2021
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedc1960 - ↑ Senate Judiciary Committee, "Results of Executive Business Meeting," February 14, 2013
- ↑ "Presidential Nominations Sent to the Senate" 9/20/2012
- ↑ American Bar Association, "Ratings of Article III judicial nominees, 112th Congress," accessed May 10, 2017
- ↑ San Antonio-Express News, "Senior U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia found dead at West Texas ranch," accessed February 13, 2016
- ↑ National Public Radio, "President Obama meets with Supreme Court candidates," March 9, 2016
- ↑ ABC News, "President Obama to Nominate Merrick Garland for Supreme Court," March 16, 2016
- ↑ The White House, "Nomination sent to the Senate," March 16, 2016
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 Senate Judiciary Committee, "Questionnaire," accessed February 7, 2022
- ↑ Miami Herald, "Supreme Court prospect Brown Jackson was ‘star in the making’ at Miami’s Palmetto High," January 27, 2022
- ↑ "President Obama Nominates Two to the United States District Courts" 9/20/2012
- ↑ The New York Times, "On Language' Potus and Flotus," October 12, 1997
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 SupremeCourt.gov, "A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court," accessed April 20, 2015
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Hewitt v. United States," June 26, 2025
- ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Stephen Breyer |
Supreme Court of the United States 2022-Present |
Succeeded by - |
| Preceded by Merrick Garland |
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 2021-2022 |
Succeeded by Florence Pan |
| Preceded by Henry Kennedy |
United States District Court for the District of Columbia 2013-2021 |
Succeeded by Florence Pan |
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Commissioned in 2025 | |||
| Commissioned in 2024 |
John Kazen • John Russell • Margaret Garnett • Cristal Brisco • Jacquelyn Austin • Gretchen Hess Lund • Micah Smith • Joshua Kolar • Karoline Mehalchick • Kirk Sherriff • Lisa Wang • David Leibowitz • Jacqueline Becerra • Julie Sneed • Melissa Damian • Kelly H. Rankin • Nicole Berner • Sunil Harjani • Leon Schydlower • Ernesto Gonzalez • Susan Bazis • Robert White • Ann Marie McIff Allen • Eumi Lee • Krissa Lanham • Eric Schulte • Camela Theeler • Angela Martinez • Jasmine Yoon • Nancy Maldonado • Meredith Vacca • Georgia Alexakis • Joseph Saporito • Amy Baggio • Stacey Neumann • Mary Kay Lanthier • Adam Abelson • Laura Provinzino • Mary Kay Costello • Dena Coggins • Kevin Ritz • Shanlyn A. S. Park • Byron Conway • Jeannette Vargas • Michelle Williams Court • Jonathan E. Hawley • April Perry • Mustafa Kasubhai • Sarah Russell • Amir Ali • Rebecca Pennell • Anthony Brindisi • Elizabeth Coombe • Cynthia Valenzuela • Anne Hwang • Brian Murphy • Noël Wise • Sanket Bulsara • Tiffany Johnson • Sparkle Sooknanan • Gail Weilheimer • Embry Kidd • Melissa DuBose • Sharad Desai • Serena R. Murillo • Benjamin Cheeks • Sarah Davenport | ||
| Commissioned in 2023 | Kai Scott • Tamika Montgomery-Reeves • Margaret R. Guzman • Daniel Calabretta • Matthew Garcia • DeAndrea G. Benjamin • Cindy Chung • Adrienne Nelson • Lindsay Jenkins • Gina Méndez-Miró • Araceli Martínez-Olguín • Jamar Walker • Ana Reyes • Jamal Whitehead • Gordon Gallagher • Matthew Brookman• Maria Araujo Kahn• James Simmons • Robert Ballou• Andrew Schopler • Jonathan Grey• Colleen Lawless • Arun Subramanian • Jessica Clarke • Robert Kirsch • Michael Farbiarz • Anthony Johnstone • Orelia Merchant • Wesley Hsu • Bradley Garcia • LaShonda A. Hunt • Nancy Gbana Abudu • Amanda Brailsford • Darrel Papillion • Jeremy Daniel • Hernan D. Vera • Julie Rikelman • Nusrat Choudhury • P. Casey Pitts • Myong Joun • Kymberly Evanson • Tiffany Cartwright • Rachel Bloomekatz • Natasha Merle • Dale Ho • Philip Hadji • Rita Lin • Brendan Hurson • Vernon D. Oliver • Matthew Maddox • Julia Munley • Brandy McMillion • Susan DeClercq • Julia Kobick • Ramon Reyes, Jr. • Ana de Alba • Kenly Kiya Kato • Mónica Ramírez Almadani • Jeffrey M. Bryan • Jamel Semper • Irma Ramirez • Richard Federico • Loren AliKhan • Brandon Long • Jerry Edwards Jr.• Sara Hill • Joseph Laroski | ||
| Commissioned in 2022 |
David Herrera Urias • Gabriel Sanchez • Holly Thomas • Maame Ewusi-Mensah Frimpong • David Ruiz • Charles Fleming • Bridget Brennan • Leonard Stark • Alison J. Nathan • John Chun • Julie Rubin • Jacqueline Scott Corley • Ruth Bermudez Montenegro • Victoria Calvert • Georgette Castner • Anne Traum • Cristina Silva • Ketanji Brown Jackson (Supreme Court) • Sarah Geraghty • Hector Gonzalez • Fred Slaughter • Jennifer Rochon • Robert Huie • Sunshine S. Sykes • Stephanie Dawkins Davis • Evelyn Padin • Sherilyn P. Garnett • Ana de Alba • J. Michelle Childs • Trina Thompson • Elizabeth Hanes • Nancy Maldonado • Nina Morrison • Gregory Williams • John Z. Lee • Sal Mendoza, Jr. • Lara Montecalvo • Florence Pan • Andre Mathis • Sarah A.L. Merriam • Jennifer Rearden • Roopali Desai • María Antongiorgi-Jordán • Camille Vélez-Rivé • Doris Pryor • Frances Kay Behm • Dana Douglas • Mia Roberts Perez • Anne Nardacci • Jeffery P. Hopkins | ||
| Commissioned in 2021 |
Ketanji Brown Jackson • Zahid Quraishi • Julien Xavier Neals • Deborah Boardman • Regina Rodriguez • Candace Jackson-Akiwumi • Lydia Kay Griggsby • Tiffany Cunningham • Eunice Lee • Angel Kelley • Florence Pan • Veronica Rossman • David G. Estudillo • Sarah A.L. Merriam • Gustavo Gelpí • Christine O'Hearn • Margaret Strickland • Karen McGlashan Williams • Patricia Tolliver Giles • Toby Heytens • Michael Nachmanoff • Sarala Nagala • Beth Robinson • Omar A. Williams • Myrna Pérez • Jia Cobb • Tana Lin • Lauren King • Lucy H. Koh • Jennifer Sung • Samantha Elliott • Katherine Menendez • Mary Dimke • Linda Lopez • Shalina Kumar • Jane Beckering • Jinsook Ohta • Jennifer L. Thurston • Stephen Locher • Charlotte Sweeney • Nina Nin-Yuen Wang • Arianna Freeman • Jerry Blackwell | ||
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| Nominated | |||
