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Alabama's 5th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 21 Republican primary runoff)
- Runoff date: June 21, 2022
- Mail-in registration deadline: June 6, 2022
- Online registration deadline: June 6, 2022
- In-person registration deadline: June 3, 2022
- Early voting starts: N/A
- Early voting ends: N/A
- Poll times: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
- Absentee/mail-in voting deadline: June 21, 2022
2024 →
← 2020
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Alabama's 5th Congressional District |
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Democratic primary Republican primary Republican primary runoff General election |
Election details |
Filing deadline: January 28, 2022 |
Primary: May 24, 2022 Primary runoff: June 21, 2022 General: November 8, 2022 |
How to vote |
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Voting in Alabama |
Race ratings |
Cook Political Report: Solid Republican Inside Elections: Solid Republican Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Republican |
Ballotpedia analysis |
U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2022 |
See also |
U.S. Senate • 1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th • 5th • 6th • 7th Alabama elections, 2022 U.S. Congress elections, 2022 U.S. Senate elections, 2022 U.S. House elections, 2022 |
Dale Strong (R) defeated Casey Wardynski (R) in the Republican primary runoff for Alabama's 5th Congressional District on June 21, 2022. Republican Rep. Mo Brooks represented this district for more than a decade. In 2022, he ran for the U.S. Senate rather than seeking re-election, creating an open seat. Brooks did not make an endorsement in this race.[1][2][3]
In Alabama, a candidate must receive over 50% of the vote to advance directly to the general election. Since no candidate received a majority of votes in the May 24, 2022, Republican primary, the top two finishers (Strong and Wardynski) advanced to a June 21, 2022, runoff election. According to the results of this runoff election, Strong earned 63.4% of the vote, followed by Wardynski with 36.6%. Strong will face Kathy Warner-Stanton (D) in the general election on Nov. 8, 2022.
Strong served as the chairman of the Madison County Commission in 2022 and has held this position since 2012. He was a volunteer firefighter and emergency medical technician (EMT) in the Monrovia area. Strong described himself as “a pro-life Christian who will stand up for the unborn and fight for our Christian values.”[4] He said, “These values are under attack today by those who want to control what we read on social media and what our children are taught in school.”[5][4]Strong was the first candidate to enter this primary race and held the lead in polling and fundraising in the weeks before the election.[2][3]
Wardynski served as the assistant secretary of the Army for manpower and reserve affairs under former President Donald Trump (R) from 2019 to 2020. He also served as the superintendent of Huntsville city schools from 2011 to 2016. Wardynski described himself as “a proud, pro-Trump conservative Republican who answered the call when President Trump asked me to be his Assistant Secretary of the Army.” He said, “I am committed to advancing the America First Agenda. I am not afraid to take on The Swamp and the special interests who fought President Trump at every turn. I will fight Joe Biden when he tries to roll back the progress created under President Trump.”[6][7]
This page focuses on Alabama's 5th Congressional District Republican primary runoff. For more in-depth information on the district's Democratic primary, Republican primary, and the general election, see the following pages:
- Alabama's 5th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 24 Democratic primary)
- Alabama's 5th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 24 Republican primary)
- Alabama's 5th Congressional District election, 2022

Candidates and election results
Republican primary runoff election
Republican primary runoff for U.S. House Alabama District 5
Dale Strong defeated Casey Wardynski in the Republican primary runoff for U.S. House Alabama District 5 on June 21, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Dale Strong | 63.4 | 48,138 |
![]() | Casey Wardynski | 36.6 | 27,794 |
Total votes: 75,932 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Candidate comparison
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles that may be created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff may compile a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Biography: Strong earned a B.S. in business administration from Athens State University and received his emergency medical technician (EMT) license from the University of Alabama in Huntsville. He was an active member of the Monrovia Volunteer Fire Department in 2022, serving as both a firefighter and EMT. He also served as chairman of the Madison County Commission, becoming the first Republican ever elected to the position in 2012.
Show sources
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Alabama District 5 in 2022.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Biography: Wardynski served as Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs from 2019 to 2021. After a thirty-year career in the U.S. Army, he also served as an associate professor of economics in the department of social sciences at the United States Military Academy at West Point from 1995 to 2010. He later served as the superintendent of Huntsville city schools from 2011 to 2016.
Show sources
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Alabama District 5 in 2022.
Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses
Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
No candidate in this race completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey.
Campaign advertisements
This section includes a selection of up to three campaign advertisements per candidate released in this race, as well as links to candidates' YouTube, Vimeo, and/or Facebook video pages. If you are aware of other links that should be included, please email us.
Dale Strong
Mar. 29, 2021 |
View more candidate videos here:
Casey Wardynski
April 29, 2021 |
View more candidate videos here:
Endorsements
Click the links below to see official endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites for any candidates that make that information available. If you are aware of a website that should be included, please email us.
Election competitiveness
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
Polls
We provide results for polls that are included in polling aggregation from FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, when available. No polls were available for this election. To notify us of polls published in this election, please email us.
General election race ratings
- See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Ballotpedia provides race ratings from four outlets: The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and DDHQ/The Hill. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:
- Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
- Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
- Lean ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.[8]
- Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.
Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[9][10][11]
Race ratings: Alabama's 5th Congressional District election, 2022 | |||||||||
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Race tracker | Race ratings | ||||||||
November 8, 2022 | November 1, 2022 | October 25, 2022 | October 18, 2022 | ||||||
The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | |||||
Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | |||||
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | |||||
Note: Ballotpedia reviews external race ratings every week throughout the election season and posts weekly updates even if the media outlets have not revised their ratings during that week. |
Election spending
Campaign finance
This section contains campaign finance figures from the Federal Election Commission covering all candidate fundraising and spending in this election.[12] It does not include information on fundraising before the current campaign cycle or on spending by satellite groups. The numbers in this section are updated as candidates file new campaign finance reports. Candidates for Congress are required to file financial reports on a quarterly basis, as well as two weeks before any primary, runoff, or general election in which they will be on the ballot and upon the termination of any campaign committees.[13]
Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dale Strong | Republican Party | $1,994,354 | $1,975,308 | $19,045 | As of December 31, 2022 |
Casey Wardynski | Republican Party | $777,338 | $777,338 | $0 | As of August 2, 2022 |
Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2022. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
Satellite spending
- See also: Satellite spending
Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[14][15][16]
If available, this section includes links to online resources tracking satellite spending in this election. To notify us of a resource to add, email us.
By candidate | By election |
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District analysis
Click the tabs below to view information about voter composition, past elections, and demographics in both the district and the state.
- District map - A map of the district before and after redistricting.
- Effect of redistricting - How districts in the state changed as a result of redistricting following the 2020 census.
- Competitiveness - Information about the competitiveness of 2022 U.S. House elections in the state.
- Presidential elections - Information about presidential elections in the district and the state.
- Demographics - Information about the state's demographics and how they compare to the country as a whole.
- State party control - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
District map
Below was the map in use at the time of the election, enacted as part of the 2020 redistricting cycle, compared to the map in place before the election.
Alabama District 5
before 2020 redistricting cycle
Click a district to compare boundaries.
Alabama District 5
after 2020 redistricting cycle
Click a district to compare boundaries.
Effect of redistricting
The table below details the results of the 2020 presidential election in each district at the time of the 2022 election and its political predecessor district.[17] This data was compiled by Daily Kos Elections.[18]
2020 presidential results by Congressional district, Alabama | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
District | 2022 district | Political predecessor district | ||
Joe Biden ![]() |
Donald Trump ![]() |
Joe Biden ![]() |
Donald Trump ![]() | |
Alabama's 1st | 35.3% | 63.6% | 35.3% | 63.7% |
Alabama's 2nd | 34.8% | 64.2% | 35.1% | 63.9% |
Alabama's 3rd | 32.5% | 66.6% | 33.7% | 65.3% |
Alabama's 4th | 18.6% | 80.4% | 17.8% | 81.2% |
Alabama's 5th | 35.6% | 62.7% | 35.7% | 62.7% |
Alabama's 6th | 34.4% | 64.4% | 31.8% | 67.0% |
Alabama's 7th | 65.6% | 33.6% | 70.8% | 28.5% |
Competitiveness
This section contains data on U.S. House primary election competitiveness in Alabama.
Post-filing deadline analysis
The following analysis covers all U.S. House districts up for election in Alabama in 2022. Information below was calculated on April 28, 2022, and may differ from information shown in the table above due to candidate replacements and withdrawals after that time.
In 2022, 22 candidates ran for Alabama’s seven U.S. House districts, including 13 Republicans and eight Democrats. That’s 3.14 candidates per district, less than the 3.57 candidates per district in 2020 and 3.28 in 2018.
This was the first election to take place under new district lines following the 2020 census. Alabama was apportioned the same number of congressional districts as after the 2010 census.
One district — the 5th — was open, with incumbent Rep. Mo Brooks (R) running for the U.S. Senate. Brooks was first elected in 2010 after defeating Steve Raby (D) 57.9% to 42.1%. The open seat in 2022 was one more than in 2012, the previous post-redistricting election year. There were two open seats in 2020, no open seats in 2018 and 2016, and one open seat in 2014.
There were three contested Democratic primaries and two contested Republican primaries. Five incumbents - four Republicans and one Democrat - didn't face any primary challengers. Two districts — the 1st and the 6th — were guaranteed to Republicans since no Democrats filed for election. There were no districts guaranteed to Democrats because no Republicans filed. Eight candidates — two Democrats and six Republicans — ran in the 5th district, more than in any other.
Presidential elections
Partisan Voter Index
Heading into the 2022 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+17. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 17 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Alabama's 5th the 66th most Republican district nationally.[19]
2020 presidential election results
The table below shows what the vote in the 2020 presidential election would have been in this district. The presidential election data was compiled by Daily Kos.
2020 presidential results in Alabama's 5th based on 2022 district lines | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Joe Biden ![]() |
Donald Trump ![]() | |||
35.6% | 62.7% |
Presidential voting history
- See also: Presidential election in Alabama, 2020
Alabama presidential election results (1900-2020)
- 16 Democratic wins
- 13 Republican wins
- 2 other wins
Year | 1900 | 1904 | 1908 | 1912 | 1916 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1944 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960[20] | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winning Party | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | SR[21] | D | D | D | R | AI[22] | R | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Demographics
The table below details demographic data in Alabama and compares it to the broader United States as of 2019.
Demographic Data for Alabama | ||
---|---|---|
Alabama | United States | |
Population | 4,779,736 | 308,745,538 |
Land area (sq mi) | 50,646 | 3,531,905 |
Race and ethnicity** | ||
White | 68.1% | 72.5% |
Black/African American | 26.6% | 12.7% |
Asian | 1.4% | 5.5% |
Native American | 0.5% | 0.8% |
Pacific Islander | 0% | 0.2% |
Other (single race) | 1.4% | 4.9% |
Multiple | 1.9% | 3.3% |
Hispanic/Latino | 4.3% | 18% |
Education | ||
High school graduation rate | 86.2% | 88% |
College graduation rate | 25.5% | 32.1% |
Income | ||
Median household income | $50,536 | $62,843 |
Persons below poverty level | 16.7% | 13.4% |
Source: population provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "Decennial Census" (2010). Other figures provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2014-2019). | ||
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. |
State party control
Congressional delegation
The table below displays the partisan composition of Alabama's congressional delegation as of November 2022.
Congressional Partisan Breakdown from Alabama, November 2022 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | U.S. Senate | U.S. House | Total |
Democratic | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Republican | 2 | 6 | 8 |
Independent | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vacancies | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 2 | 7 | 9 |
State executive
The table below displays the officeholders in Alabama's top four state executive offices as of November 2022.
State executive officials in Alabama, November 2022 | |
---|---|
Office | Officeholder |
Governor | ![]() |
Lieutenant Governor | ![]() |
Secretary of State | ![]() |
Attorney General | ![]() |
State legislature
The tables below highlight the partisan composition of the Alabama State Legislature as of November 2022.
Alabama State Senate
Party | As of November 2022 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 8 | |
Republican Party | 27 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 35 |
Alabama House of Representatives
Party | As of November 2022 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 28 | |
Republican Party | 73 | |
Vacancies | 4 | |
Total | 105 |
Trifecta control
As of November 2022, Alabama was a Republican trifecta, with majorities in both chambers of the state legislature and control of the governorship. The table below displays the historical trifecta status of the state.
Alabama Party Control: 1992-2022
Six years of Democratic trifectas • Twelve years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | R | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
House | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Election context
Ballot access requirements
The table below details filing requirements for U.S. House candidates in Alabama in the 2022 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Alabama, click here.
Filing requirements for U.S. House candidates, 2022 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | Office | Party | Signatures required | Filing fee | Filing deadline | Source |
Alabama | U.S. House | Ballot-qualified party | N/A | Fixed by party | 2/11/2022 | Source |
Alabama | U.S. House | Unaffiliated | 3% of all votes cast for governor in the district in the last election | N/A | 5/24/2022 | Source |
District election history
2020
General election
General election for U.S. House Alabama District 5
Incumbent Mo Brooks won election in the general election for U.S. House Alabama District 5 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mo Brooks (R) | 95.8 | 253,094 |
Other/Write-in votes | 4.2 | 11,066 |
Total votes: 264,160 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Alabama District 5
Incumbent Mo Brooks defeated Chris Lewis in the Republican primary for U.S. House Alabama District 5 on March 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mo Brooks | 74.9 | 84,013 |
![]() | Chris Lewis ![]() | 25.1 | 28,182 |
Total votes: 112,195 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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2018
General election
General election for U.S. House Alabama District 5
Incumbent Mo Brooks defeated Peter Joffrion in the general election for U.S. House Alabama District 5 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mo Brooks (R) | 61.0 | 159,063 |
![]() | Peter Joffrion (D) | 38.9 | 101,388 | |
Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 222 |
Total votes: 260,673 (100.00% precincts reporting) | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Alabama District 5
Peter Joffrion advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Alabama District 5 on June 5, 2018.
Candidate | ||
✔ | ![]() | Peter Joffrion |
![]() | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Butler Cain (D)
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Alabama District 5
Incumbent Mo Brooks defeated Clayton Hinchman in the Republican primary for U.S. House Alabama District 5 on June 5, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mo Brooks | 61.3 | 54,928 |
Clayton Hinchman | 38.7 | 34,739 |
Total votes: 89,667 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Bill Holtzclaw (R)
- Michael Sweeney (R)
2016
Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Republican. Incumbent Mo Brooks (R) defeated Will Boyd (D) in the general election on November 8, 2016. They were both uncontested in the primary.[23][24][25]
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | ![]() |
66.7% | 205,647 | |
Democratic | Will Boyd | 33.2% | 102,234 | |
N/A | Write-in | 0.1% | 445 | |
Total Votes | 308,326 | |||
Source: Alabama Secretary of State |
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See also
- Alabama's 5th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 24 Democratic primary)
- Alabama's 5th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 24 Republican primary)
- Alabama's 5th Congressional District election, 2022
- United States House elections in Alabama, 2022 (May 24 Democratic primaries)
- United States House elections in Alabama, 2022 (May 24 Republican primaries)
- United States House Democratic Party primaries, 2022
- United States House Republican Party primaries, 2022
- United States House of Representatives elections, 2022
- U.S. House battlegrounds, 2022
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ AL.com, "Alabama congressman Mo Brooks launches U.S. Senate campaign," May 3, 2022
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Yellow Hammer News, “Fifth congressional district poll: Strong 29%, Sanford 7%, Wardynski 6%,” May 2, 2022
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 AL.com, “Dale Strong maintains fundraising lead for Alabama’s open congressional seat,” May 3, 2022
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 ‘’Dale Strong’s campaign website’’, “Where I Stand,” May 3, 2022
- ↑ Dale Strong’s campaign website, “About,” May 3, 2022
- ↑ Association of the United States Army website, “Dr. E. Casey Wardynski,” May 11, 2022
- ↑ Casey Wardynski’s campaign website, “Issues,” May 3, 2022
- ↑ Inside Elections also uses Tilt ratings to indicate an even smaller advantage and greater competitiveness.
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
- ↑ Fundraising by primary candidates can be found on the race's respective primary election page. Fundraising by general election candidates can be found on the race's general election page.
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2022 Quarterly Reports," accessed March 2, 2022
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," December 12, 2021
- ↑ Political predecessor districts are determined primarily based on incumbents and where each chose to seek re-election.
- ↑ Daily Kos Elections, "Daily Kos Elections 2020 presidential results by congressional district (old CDs vs. new CDs)," accessed May 12, 2022
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed February 6, 2023
- ↑ Although he was not on the ballot, Harry F. Byrd (D) won six unpledged electoral votes in Alabama's 1960 election against Richard Nixon (R) and Democratic Party nominee John F. Kennedy. Kennedy won Alabama's popular vote and received five electoral votes.
- ↑ States' Rights Democratic Party
- ↑ American Independent Party
- ↑ The New York Times, "Alabama Primary Results," accessed March 1, 2016
- ↑ Alabama Republican Party, "2016 Qualified Alabama Republican Candidates," accessed November 10, 2015
- ↑ Alabama Democrats, "Qualified Democratic Candidates as of November 6, 2015," accessed November 10, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1996," accessed March 28, 2013