American Indian issues ballot measures

Voters have decided on American Indian issues ballot measures across the U.S. As a state ballot measure topic, American Indian issues include measures related to American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and other Native American groups. These measures may address state-tribal relations, compacts and treaties, voting rights and elections, and other related matters. The topic is grouped within the social issue policy area.

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Upcoming ballot measures

See also: 2026 ballot measures and 2027 ballot measures

The following is a list of state ballot measures related to this topic that are certified or potential for this year and future elections:

There are no ballot measures related to this topic that have qualified for the ballot.

List of state ballot measures

Click the tabs to view state ballot measures related to this topic, organized by year or state.

Years

States

2023

1. Maine Question 6, Require Indian Treaty Obligations and Other Constitutional Provisions Included in Official Printing Amendment (2023)

2022

1. Alaska State Recognition of American Indian Tribes Initiative (2022)
2. California Proposition 26, Legalize Sports Betting on American Indian Lands Initiative (2022)

2014

1. California Proposition 48, American Indian Gaming Compacts Referendum (2014)
2. Washington Leasehold Excise Tax on Tribal Property, Advisory Vote No. 9 (2014)

2012

1. North Dakota University "Fighting Sioux" Referendum, Measure 4 (June 2012)

2008

1. California Proposition 94, Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians Gaming Compact Referendum (February 2008)
2. California Proposition 95, Morongo Band of Mission Indians Gaming Compact Referendum (February 2008)
3. California Proposition 96, Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation Gaming Compact Referendum (February 2008)
4. California Proposition 97, Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians Gaming Compact Referendum (February 2008)

2007

1. Maine Question 1, Gaming and Racing Facility Initiative (2007)

2004

1. California Proposition 68, Tribal Gaming Compacts Initiative (2004)
2. California Proposition 70, Tribal Gaming Compacts Initiative (2004)
3. Oklahoma State Question 712, State-Tribal Gaming Measure (2004)

2003

1. Maine Question 3, Permit Passamaquoddy Tribe and Penobscot Nation to Open a Casino Initiative (2003)

2002

1. Arizona Proposition 200, Tribal Gaming Compacts Initiative (2002)
2. Arizona Proposition 201, Expansion of Slot Machines and Tribal Gaming Compacts Initiative (2002)
3. Arizona Proposition 202, Tribal Gaming Compacts Initiative (2002)
4. Idaho State-Tribal Gambling Compact Initiative, Initiative 1 (2002)

2000

1. California Proposition 1A, Gambling on Tribal Lands Amendment (March 2000)
2. California Proposition 29, Pala Tribal Gaming Compacts Referendum (March 2000)

1998

1. California Proposition 5, the Tribal-State Gaming Compacts Initiative (1998)

1996

1. Arizona Proposition 201, Uniform Gaming Compacts with Indian Tribes Initiative (1996)
2. Washington Initiative 671, Gaming on Native American Lands Measure (1996)

1995

1. Washington Initiative 651, Unrestricted Gambling on Tribal Land Measure (1995)

1992

1. Montana Native Americans on Board of Regents, C-24 (1992)

1986

1. Wisconsin Question 3, Delete Obsolete Provision Regarding Voting on Indian Lands Amendment (April 1986)

1984

1. Washington Initiative 456, Steelhead Game Fish Classification, State Control of Natural Resources, and Treaty Rights Measure (1984)

1978

1. Hawaii Discrimination and Hawaiian Studies, Amendment 20 (1978)
2. Hawaii Traditional and Customary Rights, Amendment 29 (1978)

1972

1. Maine Question 2, Vocational Technical and Reservation Schools Funding Bond Measure (June 1972)
2. Maine Question 4, State Guaranteed Loans for Native American Housing Amendment (1972)

1969

1. Maine Question 5, Native American Reservation Water and Sewage Facilities Bond Measure (1969)
2. Maine Question 9, Educational Facilities and Land Acquisition Bond Measure (1969)

1968

1. Maine Question 1, Native American Reservation School, Water and Sewage Facilities Bond Measure (June 1968)

1964

1. New Mexico Proposed Amendment, Absentee Voting, Removal of Voting Restrictions for Women and Indians (1964)
2. South Dakota Referred Law 1, Native American Reservation Jurisdiction (1964)

1962

1. New York Amendment 2, Repeal of Ownership of Lands Amendment (1962)
2. Washington HJR 19, Shorten Residency Requirement for Voting and Repeal Restriction on Native American Voting Amendment (1962)

1960

1. Minnesota Amendment 4, Residency Voting Requirements and Indian Voting Rights Amendment (1960)

1958

1. North Dakota Jurisdiction U. S. and Indian Lands, Referendum 1 (1958)

1956

1. North Dakota Jurisdiction U.S. and Indian Lands, Referendum 4 (1956)

1954

1. Arizona Proposition 100, Prohibiting Resale of Alcohol on Indian Reservations Amendment (1954)
2. Maine Question 2, Suffrage for Native Americans Amendment (September 1954)

1950

1. Idaho Indian Right to Vote, HJR 2 (1950)

1927

1. Arizona Measure Nos. 100-101, Repeal Tax Exemption for Property within Indian Reservations Amendment (May 1927)

1920

1. North Dakota Elective Franchise Referendum (1920)

1890

1. South Dakota Native American Suffrage Amendment (1890)

Alaska

1. Alaska State Recognition of American Indian Tribes Initiative (2022)

Arizona

1. Arizona Measure Nos. 100-101, Repeal Tax Exemption for Property within Indian Reservations Amendment (May 1927)
2. Arizona Proposition 100, Prohibiting Resale of Alcohol on Indian Reservations Amendment (1954)
3. Arizona Proposition 200, Tribal Gaming Compacts Initiative (2002)
4. Arizona Proposition 201, Expansion of Slot Machines and Tribal Gaming Compacts Initiative (2002)
5. Arizona Proposition 201, Uniform Gaming Compacts with Indian Tribes Initiative (1996)
6. Arizona Proposition 202, Tribal Gaming Compacts Initiative (2002)

California

1. California Proposition 1A, Gambling on Tribal Lands Amendment (March 2000)
2. California Proposition 26, Legalize Sports Betting on American Indian Lands Initiative (2022)
3. California Proposition 29, Pala Tribal Gaming Compacts Referendum (March 2000)
4. California Proposition 48, American Indian Gaming Compacts Referendum (2014)
5. California Proposition 5, the Tribal-State Gaming Compacts Initiative (1998)
6. California Proposition 68, Tribal Gaming Compacts Initiative (2004)
7. California Proposition 70, Tribal Gaming Compacts Initiative (2004)
8. California Proposition 94, Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians Gaming Compact Referendum (February 2008)
9. California Proposition 95, Morongo Band of Mission Indians Gaming Compact Referendum (February 2008)
10. California Proposition 96, Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation Gaming Compact Referendum (February 2008)
11. California Proposition 97, Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians Gaming Compact Referendum (February 2008)

Hawaii

1. Hawaii Discrimination and Hawaiian Studies, Amendment 20 (1978)
2. Hawaii Traditional and Customary Rights, Amendment 29 (1978)

Idaho

1. Idaho Indian Right to Vote, HJR 2 (1950)
2. Idaho State-Tribal Gambling Compact Initiative, Initiative 1 (2002)

Maine

1. Maine Question 1, Gaming and Racing Facility Initiative (2007)
2. Maine Question 1, Native American Reservation School, Water and Sewage Facilities Bond Measure (June 1968)
3. Maine Question 2, Suffrage for Native Americans Amendment (September 1954)
4. Maine Question 2, Vocational Technical and Reservation Schools Funding Bond Measure (June 1972)
5. Maine Question 3, Permit Passamaquoddy Tribe and Penobscot Nation to Open a Casino Initiative (2003)
6. Maine Question 4, State Guaranteed Loans for Native American Housing Amendment (1972)
7. Maine Question 5, Native American Reservation Water and Sewage Facilities Bond Measure (1969)
8. Maine Question 6, Require Indian Treaty Obligations and Other Constitutional Provisions Included in Official Printing Amendment (2023)
9. Maine Question 9, Educational Facilities and Land Acquisition Bond Measure (1969)

Minnesota

1. Minnesota Amendment 4, Residency Voting Requirements and Indian Voting Rights Amendment (1960)

Montana

1. Montana Native Americans on Board of Regents, C-24 (1992)

New Mexico

1. New Mexico Proposed Amendment, Absentee Voting, Removal of Voting Restrictions for Women and Indians (1964)

New York

1. New York Amendment 2, Repeal of Ownership of Lands Amendment (1962)

North Dakota

1. North Dakota Elective Franchise Referendum (1920)
2. North Dakota Jurisdiction U.S. and Indian Lands, Referendum 4 (1956)
3. North Dakota Jurisdiction U. S. and Indian Lands, Referendum 1 (1958)
4. North Dakota University "Fighting Sioux" Referendum, Measure 4 (June 2012)

Oklahoma

1. Oklahoma State Question 712, State-Tribal Gaming Measure (2004)

South Dakota

1. South Dakota Native American Suffrage Amendment (1890)
2. South Dakota Referred Law 1, Native American Reservation Jurisdiction (1964)

Washington

1. Washington HJR 19, Shorten Residency Requirement for Voting and Repeal Restriction on Native American Voting Amendment (1962)
2. Washington Initiative 456, Steelhead Game Fish Classification, State Control of Natural Resources, and Treaty Rights Measure (1984)
3. Washington Initiative 651, Unrestricted Gambling on Tribal Land Measure (1995)
4. Washington Initiative 671, Gaming on Native American Lands Measure (1996)
5. Washington Leasehold Excise Tax on Tribal Property, Advisory Vote No. 9 (2014)

Wisconsin

1. Wisconsin Question 3, Delete Obsolete Provision Regarding Voting on Indian Lands Amendment (April 1986)

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Footnotes

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