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Arkansas' 3rd Congressional District election, 2024 (March 5 Republican primary)
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Arkansas' 3rd Congressional District |
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Democratic primary Republican primary General election |
Election details |
Filing deadline: November 14, 2023 |
Primary: March 5, 2024 Primary runoff: April 2, 2024 General: November 5, 2024 |
How to vote |
Poll times: 7:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. Voting in Arkansas |
Race ratings |
DDHQ and The Hill: Safe Republican Inside Elections: Solid Republican Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Republican |
Ballotpedia analysis |
U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024 |
See also |
1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th Arkansas elections, 2024 U.S. Congress elections, 2024 U.S. Senate elections, 2024 U.S. House elections, 2024 |
Incumbent Steve Womack (R) won the Republican primary for Arkansas' 3rd Congressional District on March 5, 2024. He defeated Clint Penzo (R). The general election was on November 5, 2024.
Womack had, at the time of the election, represented the district in the U.S. House since being elected in 2010. He earlier served as mayor of Rogers, Arkansas, and on the Rogers City Council. Penzo was, at the time of the election, a first-term member of the Arkansas Senate who earlier served three terms in the Arkansas House of Representatives. Since Womack was first elected, he had faced two other primary challengers. In 2022, Womack defeated Neil Kumar (R) 78.7%-21.3%. In 2018, he defeated Robb Ryerse (R) 84.2%-15.8%.
Penzo said he was running because Womack had fallen out of touch with the district, adding, "I have had so many people reach out to me and express their displeasure. I wouldn't run if I didn't think I could win."[1] Womack said he would seek to continue "advancing our shared conservative values, supporting our nation’s military, and answering to the needs of my constituents."[2]
Womack criticized House Freedom Caucus-aligned representatives who opposed a package of spending bills the House majority had been advancing in 2023 and said the caucus prioritized making cuts to spending over avoiding a government shutdown: "It’s one thing if what you’re demanding has a chance to become the law of the land, but it’s a whole other thing if you’re doing it just to be stubborn."[3] Penzo criticized Womack for his role in the budgetary process, saying Womack "continues to vote with Democrats to increase deficit spending. The national debt has doubled since he’s been in Congress. We deserve better."[4]
As of March 4, 2024, The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter, Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales, and Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball all rated the general election Solid/Safe Republican. A Daily Kos analysis of congressional districts following redistricting after the 2020 census found that Donald Trump (R) won 60.2% of the 2020 presidential vote in the 3rd District to Joe Biden's (D) 36.8%. The last Democrat to represent the district was James William Trimble (D) in 1964.
This page focuses on Arkansas' 3rd Congressional District Republican primary. For more in-depth information on the district's Democratic primary and the general election, see the following pages:
- Arkansas' 3rd Congressional District election, 2024 (March 5 Democratic primary)
- Arkansas' 3rd Congressional District election, 2024
Candidates and election results
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3
Incumbent Steve Womack defeated Clint Penzo in the Republican primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3 on March 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Steve Womack | 53.9 | 35,768 |
![]() | Clint Penzo | 46.1 | 30,545 |
Total votes: 66,313 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Voting information
- See also: Voting in Arkansas
Candidate comparison
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles that may be created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff may compile a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: Yes
Political Office:
- U.S. House Arkansas District 3 (Assumed office: 2011)
- Mayor of Rogers, Arkansas (1999-2010)
- Rogers, Arkansas, City Council (1983-1984, 1997-1998)
Biography: Womack graduated from Arkansas Tech University with a bachelor's degree in 1979. Before entering elected office, Womack worked as a radio station manager and a consultant. Womack served in the Arkansas National Guard from 1979 until 2009, retiring with the rank of colonel.
Show sources
Sources: Steve Womack campaign website, "About Steve," accessed December 12, 2023, Arkansas Democrat Gazette, "State Sen. Clint Penzo to challenge Womack in Republican primary," November 14, 2023, Steve Womack campaign website, "Congressman Womack Seeks Eighth Term in Congress," September 13, 2023; Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "WOMACK, Steve," accessed December 12, 2023, Office of Representative Steve Womack, "Biography," accessed December 12, 2023
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Arkansas District 3 in 2024.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office:
- Arkansas State Senate District 31 (Assumed office: 2023)
- Arkansas House of Representatives District 88 (2017-2023)
Biography: Penzo graduated from NorthWest Arkansas Community College with an associate's degree in physical therapy and from the University of Arkansas with a bachelor's degree in earth science. After working for five years in stroke and orthopedic rehabilitation at HealthSouth, Penzo started practice as a real estate agent. As of the 2024 election, Penzo had worked in real estate for 19 years.
Show sources
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Arkansas District 3 in 2024.
Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses
Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
No candidate in this race completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey.
Campaign advertisements
This section includes a selection of up to three campaign advertisements per candidate released in this race, as well as links to candidates' YouTube, Vimeo, and/or Facebook video pages. If you are aware of other links that should be included, please email us.
Steve Womack
Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for Steve Womack while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.
Clint Penzo
Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for Clint Penzo while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.
Endorsements
Ballotpedia researchers did not identify any candidate websites that provide endorsement information. If you are aware of a website that should be included, please email us.
Election competitiveness
Polls
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
We provide results for polls that are included in polling aggregation from FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, when available. No polls were available for this election. To notify us of polls published in this election, please email us.
Race ratings
- See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Ballotpedia provides race ratings from four outlets: The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and DDHQ/The Hill. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:
- Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
- Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
- Lean ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.[5]
- Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.
Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[6][7][8]
Race ratings: Arkansas' 3rd Congressional District election, 2024 | |||||||||
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Race tracker | Race ratings | ||||||||
November 5, 2024 | October 29, 2024 | October 22, 2024 | October 15, 2024 | ||||||
The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | |||||
Decision Desk HQ and The Hill | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | |||||
Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | |||||
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | |||||
Note: Ballotpedia reviews external race ratings every week throughout the election season and posts weekly updates even if the media outlets have not revised their ratings during that week. |
Election spending
Campaign finance
Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steve Womack | Republican Party | $2,474,938 | $2,703,359 | $1,715,894 | As of December 31, 2024 |
Clint Penzo | Republican Party | $123,159 | $116,706 | $6,453 | As of December 31, 2024 |
Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2024. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
Satellite spending
- See also: Satellite spending
Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[9][10][11]
If available, this section includes links to online resources tracking satellite spending in this election. To notify us of a resource to add, email us.
By candidate | By election |
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District analysis
Click the tabs below to view information about voter composition, past elections, and demographics in both the district and the state.
- District map - A map of the district in place for the election.
- Competitiveness - Information about the competitiveness of 2024 U.S. House elections in the state.
- Presidential elections - Information about presidential elections in the district and the state.
- State party control - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
Below was the map in use at the time of the election. Click the map below to enlarge it.

This section contains data on U.S. House primary election competitiveness in Arkansas.
Arkansas U.S. House competitiveness, 2014-2024 | ||||||||||||||
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Office | Districts/ offices |
Seats | Open seats | Candidates | Possible primaries | Contested Democratic primaries | Contested Republican primaries | % of contested primaries | Incumbents in contested primaries | % of incumbents in contested primaries | ||||
2024 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 12.5% | 1 | 25.0% | ||||
2022 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 12 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 37.5% | 3 | 75.0% | ||||
2020 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | ||||
2018 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 13 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 37.5% | 2 | 50.0% | ||||
2016 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 12.5% | 1 | 25.0% | ||||
2014 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 25.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Post-filing deadline analysis
The following analysis covers all U.S. House districts up for election in Arkansas in 2024. Information below was calculated on 1/22/2024, and may differ from information shown in the table above due to candidate replacements and withdrawals after that time.
Nine candidates filed to run for Arkansas' four U.S. House districts—four Democrats and five Republicans. That's 2.25 candidates per district, fewer than the three candidates per district in 2022, but more than the 1.75 candidates in 2020. In 2018, 3.25 candidates ran per district, the most this decade.
Incumbents filed to run in every district. The last year there was an open seat in Arkansas was 2014, when two incumbents didn’t run.
The Republican primary in the 3rd district was 2024's only contested primary. Three primaries—all Republican—were contested in 2022, tying 2018 as the most this decade. No primaries were contested in 2020.
Rep. Steve Womack (R), the incumbent in the 3rd district, was the only incumbent facing a primary challenger this cycle.
Democratic and Republican candidates ran in all four districts, meaning no districts were guaranteed to either party.Partisan Voter Index
Heading into the 2024 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+15. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 15 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Arkansas' 3rd the 83rd most Republican district nationally.[12]
2020 presidential election results
The table below shows what the vote in the 2020 presidential election would have been in this district. The presidential election data was compiled by Daily Kos.
2020 presidential results in Arkansas' 3rd based on 2024 district lines | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Joe Biden ![]() |
Donald Trump ![]() | |||
36.8% | 60.2% |
Inside Elections Baselines
- See also: Inside Elections
Inside Elections' Baseline is a figure that analyzes all federal and statewide election results from the district over the past four election cycles. The results are combined in an index estimating the strength of a typical Democratic or Republican candidate in the congressional district.[13] The table below displays the Baseline data for this district.
Inside Elections Baseline for 2024 | ||||
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Democratic Baseline ![]() |
Republican Baseline ![]() |
Difference | ||
34.4 | 62.6 | R+28.2 |
Presidential voting history
- See also: Presidential election in Arkansas, 2020
Arkansas presidential election results (1900-2020)
- 20 Democratic wins
- 10 Republican wins
- 1 other win
Year | 1900 | 1904 | 1908 | 1912 | 1916 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1944 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winning Party | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | AI[14] | R | D | R | R | R | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Congressional delegation
The table below displays the partisan composition of Arkansas' congressional delegation as of May 2024.
Congressional Partisan Breakdown from Arkansas | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | U.S. Senate | U.S. House | Total |
Democratic | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Republican | 2 | 4 | 6 |
Independent | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vacancies | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 2 | 4 | 6 |
State executive
The table below displays the officeholders in Arkansas' top four state executive offices as of May 2024.
State executive officials in Arkansas, May 2024 | |
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Office | Officeholder |
Governor | ![]() |
Lieutenant Governor | ![]() |
Secretary of State | ![]() |
Attorney General | ![]() |
State legislature
Arkansas State Senate
Party | As of February 2024 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 6 | |
Republican Party | 29 | |
Independent | 0 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 35 |
Arkansas House of Representatives
Party | As of February 2024 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 18 | |
Republican Party | 82 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 100 |
Trifecta control
The table below shows the state's trifecta status from 1992 until the 2024 election.
Arkansas Party Control: 1992-2024
Eleven years of Democratic trifectas • Ten years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
House | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Election context
Ballot access
The table below details filing requirements for U.S. House candidates in Arkansas in the 2024 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Arkansas, click here.
Filing requirements for U.S. House candidates, 2024 | ||||||
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State | Office | Party | Signatures required | Filing fee | Filing deadline | Source |
Arkansas | U.S. House | Ballot-qualified party | N/A | Fixed by party | 11/14/2023 | Source |
Arkansas | U.S. House | Unaffiliated | 3% of qualified voters in the district, or 2,000, whichever is less | N/A | 11/14/2023 | Source |
District election history
2022
General election
General election for U.S. House Arkansas District 3
Incumbent Steve Womack defeated Lauren Mallett-Hays and Michael Kalagias in the general election for U.S. House Arkansas District 3 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Steve Womack (R) | 63.7 | 142,401 |
Lauren Mallett-Hays (D) | 32.9 | 73,541 | ||
![]() | Michael Kalagias (L) | 3.4 | 7,646 |
Total votes: 223,588 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Lauren Mallett-Hays advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3.
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3
Incumbent Steve Womack defeated Neil Kumar in the Republican primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3 on May 24, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Steve Womack | 78.7 | 60,814 |
![]() | Neil Kumar ![]() | 21.3 | 16,414 |
Total votes: 77,228 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Libertarian convention
Libertarian convention for U.S. House Arkansas District 3
Michael Kalagias advanced from the Libertarian convention for U.S. House Arkansas District 3 on February 20, 2022.
Candidate | ||
✔ | ![]() | Michael Kalagias (L) |
![]() | ||||
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2020
General election
General election for U.S. House Arkansas District 3
Incumbent Steve Womack defeated Celeste Williams and Michael Kalagias in the general election for U.S. House Arkansas District 3 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Steve Womack (R) | 64.3 | 214,960 |
![]() | Celeste Williams (D) ![]() | 31.8 | 106,325 | |
![]() | Michael Kalagias (L) ![]() | 3.9 | 12,977 |
Total votes: 334,262 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Celeste Williams advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3.
Republican primary election
The Republican primary election was canceled. Incumbent Steve Womack advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3.
2018
General election
General election for U.S. House Arkansas District 3
Incumbent Steve Womack defeated Joshua Mahony and Michael Kalagias in the general election for U.S. House Arkansas District 3 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Steve Womack (R) | 64.7 | 148,717 |
![]() | Joshua Mahony (D) | 32.6 | 74,952 | |
![]() | Michael Kalagias (L) | 2.6 | 5,899 | |
Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 140 |
Total votes: 229,708 (100.00% precincts reporting) | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Josh Moody (Independent)
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3
Joshua Mahony advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3 on May 22, 2018.
Candidate | ||
✔ | ![]() | Joshua Mahony |
![]() | ||||
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Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3
Incumbent Steve Womack defeated Robb Ryerse in the Republican primary for U.S. House Arkansas District 3 on May 22, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Steve Womack | 84.2 | 47,757 |
![]() | Robb Ryerse | 15.8 | 8,988 |
Total votes: 56,745 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Earlier results
To view the electoral history dating back to 1990 for the office of Arkansas' 3rd Congressional District, click [show] to expand the section. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2016 Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Republican. Incumbent Steve Womack (R) ran unopposed in the Republican primary on March 1, 2016. Womack defeated Libertarian party candidate Steve Isaacson in the general election on November 8, 2016. No Democratic candidates filed to run for the seat.[15][16]
2014 The 3rd Congressional District of Arkansas held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. Incumbent Steve Womack (R) defeated Grant Brand (L) in the general election.
2012 The 3rd Congressional District of Arkansas held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 6, 2012. Steve Womack won re-election in the district.
2010
2008
2006
2004 2002
2001 special
2000 1998
1996 1994
1992 1990
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2024 battleground elections
- See also: Battlegrounds
This was a battleground election. Other 2024 battleground elections included:
- Oregon's 5th Congressional District election, 2024 (May 21 Democratic primary)
- United States Senate election in Nebraska, 2024
- Washington Treasurer election, 2024
See also
- Arkansas' 3rd Congressional District election, 2024 (March 5 Democratic primary)
- Arkansas' 3rd Congressional District election, 2024
- United States House elections in Arkansas, 2024 (March 5 Democratic primaries)
- United States House elections in Arkansas, 2024 (March 5 Republican primaries)
- United States House Democratic Party primaries, 2024
- United States House Republican Party primaries, 2024
- United States House of Representatives elections, 2024
- U.S. House battlegrounds, 2024
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ Arkansas Democrat Gazette, "State Sen. Clint Penzo to challenge Womack in Republican primary," November 14, 2023
- ↑ Steve Womack campaign website, "Congressman Womack Files for Re-Election, " November 7, 2023
- ↑ Arkansas Advocate, "Split in U.S. House GOP raises potential for government shutdown this fall," August 2, 2023
- ↑ Little Rock Public Public Radio, "State Sen. Clint Penzo to challenge U.S. Rep. Womack in GOP primary," November 14, 2023
- ↑ Inside Elections also uses Tilt ratings to indicate an even smaller advantage and greater competitiveness.
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," December 12, 2021
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed January 10, 2024
- ↑ Inside Elections, "Methodology: Inside Elections’ Baseline by Congressional District," December 8, 2023
- ↑ American Independent Party
- ↑ Arkansas Secretary of State, "Candidate Information," accessed November 10, 2015
- ↑ CNN, "Election Results," accessed November 8, 2016
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1996," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1992," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1990," accessed March 28, 2013