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City council recall, Flint, Michigan (2023-2025)

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Flint city council recall
Ballotpedia Election Coverage Badge.png
Officeholders
Judy Priestley
Allie Herkenroder
Ladel Lewis
Eva Worthing
Eric Mays
Dennis Pfeiffer
Jerri Winfrey-Carter
Quincy Murphy
Tonya Burns
Recall status
Resigned (Herkenroder & Murphy)
Recall approved (Worthing)
Did not go to a vote (Mays, Winfrey-Carter, Burns, Lewis, Priestley, & Pfeiffer)
Recall election date
May 7, 2024 (Worthing)
November 5, 2024 (Murphy)
Signature requirement
25% of ward voters from the preceding gubernatorial election
See also
Recall overview
Political recall efforts, 2025
Recalls in Michigan
Michigan recall laws
City council recalls
Recall reports

An election to recall City Councilman Quincy Murphy was scheduled for November 5, 2024, in Flint, Michigan. Murphy's death was announced on September 29, 2024. The recall election appeared on the ballot, but the results were not certified.[1][2][3][4]

An election to recall City Councilwoman Eva Worthing was scheduled for May 7, 2024. The filing deadline was January 23, 2024. Worthing announced on December 19, 2023, that she was withdrawing from the race. Her name did not appear on the ballot.[5][6]

Efforts to recall City Councilmembers Eric Mays, Jerri Winfrey-Carter, Tonya Burns, Judy Priestley, Ladel Lewis, and Dennis Pfeiffer did not go to a vote.[7] Mays died on February 24, 2024.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

City Councilwoman Allie Herkenroder was also the subject of a recall effort. On June 8, 2023, Herkenroder announced her resignation. Her last day as a member of the council was July 1.[14]

Recall vote

Murphy recall

An election to recall Murphy was scheduled for November 5, 2024. Murphy died on September 29, 2024, but the election still appeared on the ballot. Beverly Biggs Leavy received 589 votes, AC Dumas received 548, Murphy received 309, Kerry Nelson received 296, and Richard Jones received 205. LaShawn Johnson had filed for the race but withdrew. The results of the election were not certified.[4][15]

The Flint City Charter states that in the event of a vacancy on the city council, the remaining council members will appoint a replacement either for the remainder of the unexpired term if less than 12 months remain, or until a special election is held if more than 12 months remain.[16]

Worthing recall

General election

Special general election for Flint City Council Ward 9

Jonathan Jarrett defeated Page Brousseau and Kathryn Irwin in the special general election for Flint City Council Ward 9 on May 7, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Submit photo
Jonathan Jarrett (Nonpartisan)
 
51.8
 
247
Image of Page Brousseau
Page Brousseau (Nonpartisan)
 
30.4
 
145
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Submit photo
Kathryn Irwin (Nonpartisan)
 
17.8
 
85

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 477
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Recall supporters

Priestley recall

May 23, 2023 petition

The recall petition filed on May 23, 2023, by 4th Ward resident Adam Ford gave "Failing to work effectively with her Flint City Council colleagues" as the reason for the recall effort.[17][18] The petition was not approved for circulation.[19]

June 27, 2023 petition

The recall petition filed on June 27, 2023, by Dontá Goodlow read, "4th Ward City Councilperson, Judy Priestley, did not attend the Special City Council meeting on May 20, 2023 at 12:00 pm at the Dome Auditorium, Flint City Hall, South Building (Basement Level) 1101 South Saginaw Street, Flint, which was properly noticed for the purpose to update the public and answer questions regarding the process for organizations and individuals applying for community grant program funding through the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) subsidies alloted by the City of Flint; and other General City Business."[20][21]

The petition was approved for circulation. Sufficient signatures were not turned in by the deadline to do so.[22][23]

December 2, 2024 petitions

Nine petitions were filed on December 2, 2024, by Deborah Clark. The reasons for the recall effort on each petition read as follows:[13]

  • "Judith Priestley Approved Resolution #240227, Resolution Approving Reallocation of ARPA Funds To Proceed With Grants for You Job Training For Faith Foundation Resources in the amount of $200,000.00."[24]
  • "Resolution Approving The Appointment of Leon El-Alamin, To The Flint City Council Representing Ward 1."[25]
  • "Judith Priestley Approved Resolution #240113, Resolution Approving The Appointment of Leon El-Alamin To The Flint City Council, Representing Ward 1."[26]
  • "Judith Priestley owes fees, for her campaign finance, to Genesee County in the amount of $4,325.00."[27]
  • "Judith Priestley, Committee To Elect Judith Priestley, City Council Member, owes campaign finance fees in the amount of $4,325.00 to Genesee County, who is the campaign filing Agent for campaign finance."[28]
  • "On September 23, 2024, Judith Priestley voted "yes" on Resolution #240144, Administrative Consent Order/City of Flint/State of Michigan/Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy [EGLE] Drinking water and Environmental Health Division."[29]
  • "On September 23, 2024, Judith Priestley voted "yes" to approve Resolution #240324, Reallocation of A.R.P.A Funds/Sarvis Park Neighborhood Association (SPNA) Alternative Uses of Vacant Lots/Neighborhood Engagement Hub (NEH) as fiduciary."[30]
  • "Judith Priestley Aproved Resolution #240324 Reallocation of ARPA Funds to Award Funds To The Neighborhood Engagement Hub To Serve As The Fiduciary For Sarvis Park Neighborhood Association for Alternate Uses of Vacant Lots."[31]
  • "Judith Priestley owes campaign finance fees in the amount of $4325.00."[32]

The petitions were not approved for circulation.[7]

Herkenroder recall

June 2, 2023 petition

The recall petition filed on June 2, 2023, by 7th Ward resident Ebony Coleman read, "7th ward city councilperson Allie Herkenroder did not attend the special city council meeting on May 20, 2023, at 12:00 pm at the Dome Auditorium Flint City Hall, South Building (Basement Level) 1101 S. Saginaw Street, Flint, which was properly noticed for the purpose to update the processes for organizations and individuals applying for community grant program funding through the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) subsidies allocated by the City of Flint and other General City Business."[33][34]

The petition was approved for circulation. Herkenroder resigned effective July 1, 2023, prior to the deadline to submit signatures to trigger a recall election.[35]

Lewis recall

June 6, 2023 petition

The petition filed on June 6, 2023, by Sherry Allen read, "2nd Ward City Councilperson, Ladel Lewis, did not attend the special city council meeting on May 20, 2023, at 12:00 pm at the Dome Auditorium, Flint City Hall, South Building (Basement Level) 1101 S. Saginaw Street, Flint, which was properly noticed for the purpose to update the public and answer questions regarding the processes for organizations and individuals applying for community grant program funding through the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) subsidies allocated by the City of Flint, and other General City Business."[36][37]

The petition was approved for circulation.[35] Sufficient signatures to trigger a recall election were not collected.[38]

October 5, 2023 petitions

Two petitions were filed on October 5, 2023, by Sherry Allen. The reasons given on the petitions for the recall effort were:[39]

  • "2nd Ward City Councilperson Ladel Lewis, did not attend the special city council meeting on May 20, 2023 at 12:00 pm at the Dome Auditorium, Flint City Hall, South Building (Basement Level) 1101 S. Saginaw Street Flint, which was properly noticed for the purpose to update the public and answer questions regarding the process for organizations and individuals applying for community grant program funding through the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) subsidies allocated by the City of Flint, and other General City Business."[40]
  • "2nd ward city councilperson Ladel Lewis in her capacity as President of Sarvis Neighborhood Association in 2022 accepted a gift of $1500 from Ashley Capital and subsequently voted yes to resolution 23022.5 approving the Brownfield Plan submitted by Ashley Capital to the City of Flint."[41]

The latter recall petition was approved for circulation during a clarity and factual hearing on October 20, 2023. The first recall petition was not voted on.[42]

February 26, 2024 petitions

Two petitions were filed on February 26, 2024, by Joyce Johnson-Haney. The reasons given on the petitions for the recall effort were:[43]

  • "2nd Ward City Councilperson, Ladel Lewis in her capacity as President of Sarvis Park Association in 2022, accepted a gift of $1500 from Ashley Capital and subsequently voted yes to resolution 23022.5 approving the Brownfield Plan submitted by Ashley Capital to the City of Flint."[44]
  • "2nd Ward Councilperson Ladel Lewis, the Incorporator of Sarvis Park Neighborhood Association voted yes to City of Flint Resolution 240058, approving the reallocation of $50,000 of American Rescue Plan Act Funds (ARPA) to the Neighborhood Engagement Hub to serve as the fiduciary for Sarvic Park Neighborhood Association."[45]

Neither petition was approved for circulation.[7]

March 14, 2024 petitions

Two petitions were filed on March 14, 2024, by Joyce Johnson-Haney. The reasons given on the petitions for the recall effort were:[46]

  • "2nd Ward Councilperson, Ladel Lewis voted yes on Resolution number 230464.1, presented on December 20, 2023 allocating A.R.P.A funding for revenue replacement in the amount of $40,587,919.85 of the city's remaining A.R.P.A funding."[47]
  • "2nd Ward City Councilperson Ladel Lewis, the Incorporator of Sarvis Park Association, voted yes to City of Flint Resolution number 240058, approving the reallocation of $50,000.00 of American Rescue Plan Act funds (A.R.P.A) to Neighborhood Engagement Hub to serve as the fiduciary for Sarvis Park Neighborhood Association."[48]

The first petition was approved for circulation, but sufficient signatures to trigger a recall election were not submitted. The second petition was not approved for circulation.[7]

December 2, 2024 petitions

Six petitions were filed on December 2, 2024, by Ward 2 resident Arthur Woodson. The reasons given on the petitions for the recall effort were:[13]

  • "On September 23, 2024, Ladel Lewis voted "yes" on Resolution #240144, Administrative Consent Order, City of Flint/State of Michigan/Department of Environment, Great Lakes And Energy [EGLE] Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division."[49]
  • "Councilmember Ladel Lewis voted "yes" on Resolution #240058, February 19, 2024, Approving Reallocation of A.R.P.A Funds to Neighborhood Engagement Hub to serve as fiduciary for Sarvis Park Neighborhood Association."[50]
  • "Councilmember Ladel Lewis voted "yes" on Resolution #240058, February 19, 2024, Approving Reallocation of A.R.P.A Funds to Neighborhood Engagement Hub to serve as fiduciary for Sarvis Park Neighborhood Association for the amount of $50,000.00."[51]
  • "Councilmember Ladel Lewis voted "yes" on Resolution #240324, Approving Reallocation of ARPA Funds/Sarvis Park Neighborhood Association (SPNA)/Alternative Uses of Vacant Lots/Neighborhood Engagement (NEH) as Fiduciary for the amount of $25,000.00, on September 23, 2024."[52]
  • "Councilmember Ladel Lewis voted "yes" on Resolution #240324, Approving Reallocation of A.R.P.A Funds/Sarvis Park Neighborhood Association (SPNA) Alternative Uses of Vacant Lots/Neighborhood Engagement Hub (NEH) as Fiduciary on September 23, 2024."[53]
  • "On February 19, 2024, Councilwoman Ladel Lewis voted "yes" on Resolution #240050, Approving Reallocation of A.R.P.A Funds to the Neighborhood Engagement Hub, to serve as fiduciary for Sarvis Park Neighborhood Association."[54]

The petitions were not approved for circulation.[7]

Worthing recall

June 7, 2023 petition

The reason for recall included on the petition filed on June 7, 2023, by Mary Alice Hawkins read, "9th Ward City Councilperson, Eva Worthing, did not attend the Special City Council meeting on May 20, 2023 at 12:00 pm at the Dome Auditorium, Flint City Hall, South Building (basement Level) 1101 S. Saginaw Street, Flint, which was properly noticed for the purpose to update the public and answer questions regarding the process for organizations and individuals applying for community grant program funding through the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) subsidies allocated by the City of Flint, and other General City Business."[37][55]

The petition was approved for circulation. Sufficient signatures were collected to trigger a recall election. Worthing withdrew from the race, and her name did not appear on the ballot.[6][35]

Mays recall

June 21, 2023 petition

The reason for the recall effort given on the petition filed by Dione Freeman on June 21, 2023, was "Eric Mays was charged with a misdemeanor for disorderly conduct."[56][57] The petition was not approved for circulation.[21]

July 11, 2023 petition

The reason for the recall effort given on the petition filed by Dione Freeman on July, 11, 2023, was "Eric Mays was charged with a misdemeanor for disorderly conduct. He was sentenced April 25, 2023."[58][59] The petition was not approved for circulation.[60]

August 1, 2023 petitions

Dione Freeman filed three petitions on August 1, 2023. The reasons given on the petitions for the recall effort were:[61]

  • "On July 31, 2023 Eric Mays was suspended from the City of Flint Council pursuant to its authority under section 3-103 of the Flint City Charter."[62]
  • "Eric Mays was convicted of disorderly conduct in Genesee County district court on March 10, 2023."[63]
  • "March 10, 2023 He was found guilty of disorderly conduct during a City of Flint Council meeting held on April 25, 2022."[64]

The first two petitions were approved for circulation. The third was withdrawn.[65]

Pfeiffer recall

July 6, 2023 petition

The petition filed by Joelana Freeman on July 6, 2023, read, "8th ward City Councilperson Dennis Pfeiffer did not attend the Special City Council meeting on May 20, 2023, at 12:00 pm at the Dome Auditorium Flint City Hall, South Building (Basement Level) 1101 S. Saginaw Street, Flint, which was properly noticed for the purpose to update the public and answer questions regarding the processes for organizations and individuals applying for community grant program funding through the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) subsidies allocated by the City of Flint; and other General City Business."[66][67]

The petition was approved for circulation. Pfeiffer appealed the decision to approve the language.[68]

April 4, 2024 petition

The petition filed by Lisa Pasbjerg on April 4, 2024, which was withdrawn, read, "Unproffessional behavior in Council, bullying, posting inappropriate + homophobic content online, impeding City Council business + failing to represent 8th ward residents in a professional + effective manor."[69][70]

April 5, 2024 petition

The petition filed by Lisa Pasbjerg on April 5, 2024, read, "On Monday March 25th 2024 8th ward councilman Dennis Pfeiffer was censured according to Resolution 240112 for conduct unbecoming a council member."[70][71]

The petition was approved for circulation. Sufficient signatures to trigger a recall election were not submitted.[7]

October 22, 2024 petition

The petition filed by Lisa Pasbjerg on October 22, 2024, read, "Councilman Dennis Pfeiffer was censured by the city council for calling another member a 'fake ass Republican' another a 'biggest piece of shit' and told other colleagues to 'shut up'."[72][73]

The petition was not approved for circulation.[7]

November 7, 2024 petition

The petition filed by Lisa Pasbjerg on November 7, 2024, read, "On 3/25/24, Mr. Pfeiffer was censured for conduct unbecoming a city councilmember, Resolution Number 240112."[74][75]

The petition was approved for circulation. To trigger a recall election, organizers would need to collect 883 valid signatures.[7]

Winfrey-Carter recall

September 11, 2023 petition

The petition filed by Wantwaz Davis on September 11, 2023, read, "At the flint city council special meeting held on June 8, 2023 5th ward counilwoman Jerri Winfrey Carter abstained from voting on Resolution #230167."[76][77] The recall petition was not approved for circulation.[78]

September 27, 2023 petition

The petition filed by Wantwaz Davis on September 27, 2023, read, "At flint Michigan city council special meeting held on June 8, 2023 5th ward Councilwoman Jerri Winfrey Carter abstained from voting on resolution #230167 wich is the yearly fiscal budget."[79][80] The recall petition was not approved for circulation.[81]

October 10, 2023 petition

The petition filed by Wantwaz Davis on October 10, 2023, read, "At flint city council special meeting, held on June 8, 2023, 5th ward councilwoman Jerri Winfrey Carter abstained from voting on resolution 230167, the yearly fiscal budget."[82][83] The recall petition was not approved for circulation.[42]

October 20, 2023 petition

The petition filed by Wantwaz Davis on October 20, 2023, read, "At Flint City Council, Special Meeting, held on June 8th, 2023, 5th Ward Councilperson Jerri Winfrey-Carter abstained from voting on resolution 230167, yearly fiscal budget, that is, Resolution Adopting the FY2024 City of Flint Budget."[84][85]

The recall petition was approved for circulation.[86]

Murphy recall

February 6, 2024 petitions

Two petitions seeking Murphy's recall were submitted by Beverly Biggs-Leavy on February 6, 2024. They read as follows:[87]

  • "3rd Ward Councilman Quincy Murphy, voted yes on Resolution 230464.1. Presented on December 20, 2023, allocating A.R.P.A Funding for revenue replacement in the amount of $40,567,919.85 of the city's remaining A.R.P.A Funding."[88]
  • "Tom Hutchinson, Executive Director of Habitat for Humanity, acknowledged that Quincy Murphy accepted a lawnmower paid for by Richard Morton, CEO of Ashley Capital in the amount of $11,000.00, as a donation on June 12, 2023 and subsequently voted yes to approve resolution 230225.2, approving the Brownfield Plan submitted by Ashley Capital to the City of Flint."[89]

Both petitions were approved for circulation. Signatures were submitted for the latter petition.[90]

Burns recall

November 22, 2024 petitions

Sandra L. Smith filed four petitions seeking the recall of Burns on November 22, 2024. They read as follows:[91]

  • "On Monday, March 25, 2024, (according to resolution 240111) 6th Ward Councilwoman Tonya Burns was suspended for 30 days for conduct unbecoming of a Council Member."[92]
  • "On Monday, November 28, 2023, (according to resolution 230450) 6th Ward Councilwoman Tonya Burns was Censured for behavior unbecoming of a Council person."[93]
  • "On October 29, 2024, 6th Ward Councilwoman Tonya Burns did not attend a special meeting to interview and appoint a 3rd Ward Councilperson."[94]
  • "On Monday, November 18, 2024 and Wednesday, November 20th, 2024, 6th Ward Councilperson Tonya Burns refused to take her elected seat for a special meeting called by Mayor Sheldon Neeley."[95]

The petitions were not approved for circulation.[7]

Recall opponents

Priestley and Herkenroder have both declined to offer a comment to MLive-The Flint Journal regarding the recall efforts, and Worthing could not be reached for comment.[18][34][37]

In a statement to MLive-The Flint Journal, Lewis said, "I remain committed to moving Flint forward.” Additionally, she said, "Many thanks to the residents, partners and friends who’ve worked with me for many years. Let’s continue to work together for the good of our amazing city.”[37]

Pfeiffer has said that the language of the initial recall petition filed against him against him is untrue. He filed an appeal on August 4, 2023.[96][97]

Burns has said, "Decisions that I make are always based on the city charter, state law, and council rules."[98]

Path to the ballot

See also: Laws governing recall in Michigan

No specific grounds are required for recall in Michigan. To get a recall on the ballot in Michigan, recall supporters must collect signatures equal in number to 25% of voters in the jurisdiction in the last gubernatorial election. They have 60 days between the collection of the first signature and the collection of the last signature on the petition. Recall petitions are eligible to collect signatures for 180 days.[99][100][101]

Recall context

See also: Ballotpedia's Recall Report

Ballotpedia covers recall efforts across the country for all state and local elected offices. A recall effort is considered official if the petitioning party has filed an official form, such as a notice of intent to recall, with the relevant election agency.

The chart below shows how many officials were included in recall efforts from 2012 to 2024 as well as how many of them defeated recall elections to stay in office and how many were removed from office in recall elections.

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ City of Flint, "City of Flint mourns the loss of Flint City Councilman Quincy Murphy," September 29, 2024
  2. ↑ MLive, "Flint Councilman Quincy Murphy will face recall election," June 12, 2024
  3. ↑ MLive, "Two Flint wards have City Council races on Nov. 5 ballot but results will only count in one," October 3, 2024
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 MLive, "Michigan Supreme Court won’t take up Flint council recall election case," November 20, 2024
  5. ↑ Flint Beat, "County Clerk announces recall election for Flint Councilwoman Eva Worthing," December 15, 2023
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 MLive, "Flint councilwoman facing recall withdraws from special election," December 19, 2023
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Genesee County, MI, "Recalls," accessed March 24, 2025
  8. ↑ WNEM, "Family opens up about death of legendary Flint City Councilman," February 26, 2024
  9. ↑ MLive, "Election Commission rejects proposed recall drive against Flint council member Tonya Burns," December 11, 2024
  10. ↑ Mid-Michigan NOW, "Recall language against Flint Mayor and two Councilmembers denied," December 18, 2024
  11. ↑ MLive, "Fourth attempted recall of Flint City Council president fails for lack of signatures," September 6, 2024
  12. ↑ WNEM, "Recall petition language filed against 6th Ward Flint City Councilmember," November 22, 2024
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 MLive, "Recall frenzy continues in Flint. New petitions target two more council members," December 3, 2024
  14. ↑ Flint Beat, "Flint City Council President Allie Herkenroder announces resignation," June 9, 2023
  15. ↑ MLive, "Path still murky for filling vacancy created by Flint council member’s death," November 11, 2024
  16. ↑ American Legal Publishing, "Sec. 2-410 VACANCY IN THE OFFICE OF COUNCIL MEMBER." accessed November 12, 2024
  17. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judy Priestley, 5/23/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 MLive, "Recall language filed against Flint City Council member Judy Priestley," May 24, 2023
  19. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language fails against Flint Councilwoman Judy Priestley," June 8, 2023
  20. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judy Priestley, 6/27/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Flint Beat, "More recall language filed against Flint City Councilwoman Judy Priestley," June 28, 2023
  22. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language approved against Flint Councilwoman Priestley, denied for Councilman Mays," July 12, 2023
  23. ↑ Flint Beat, "Flint City Council members face more recall attempts as the year ends," December 5, 2024
  24. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judith Priestley (1), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  25. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judith Priestley (2), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  26. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judith Priestley (3), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  27. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judith Priestley (4), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  28. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judith Priestley (5), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  29. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judith Priestley (6), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  30. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judith Priestley (7), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  31. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judith Priestley (8), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  32. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Judith Priestley (9), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  33. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Allie Herkenroder, 6/2/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 MLive, "Flint City Council president becomes second member targeted for recall," June 5, 2023
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Flint Beat, "Recall language approved against three city councilmembers," June 27, 2023
  36. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis, 6/6/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 MLive, "Two more Flint City Council recall attempts target Lewis, Worthing," June 5, 2023
  38. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall effort falls short against Flint City Council VP Ladel Lewis," October 3, 2023
  39. ↑ Flint Beat, "New recall petition language filed against Flint City Council vice president," October 6, 2023
  40. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (1), 10/5/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  41. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (2), 10/5/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Flint Beat, "Recall language approved against Flint City Council VP, voted down against Councilwoman Winfrey-Carter," October 20, 2023
  43. ↑ MLive, "Flint council president targeted a third time with two more recall petitions," February 27, 2024
  44. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (1), 2/26/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  45. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (2), 2/26/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  46. ↑ MLive, "Flint City Council president faces fourth recall attempt in six months," March 14, 2024
  47. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (1), 3/14/24 (INSUFFICIENT SIGNATURES)," accessed March 11, 2025
  48. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (2), 3/14/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  49. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (1), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  50. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (2), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  51. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (3), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  52. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (4), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  53. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (5), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  54. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Ladel Lewis (6), 12/2/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 11, 2025
  55. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Eva Worthing, 6/7/23," March 11, 2025
  56. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Eric Mays, 6/21/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  57. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language filed against Flint City Councilman Eric Mays," June 22, 2023
  58. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Eric Mays, 7/11/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  59. ↑ Flint Beat, "Resident files second attempt at recall language for Flint City Councilman Eric Mays," July 13, 2023
  60. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language approved against Flint Councilman Dennis Pfeiffer, denied against Councilman Eric Mays," July 27, 2023
  61. ↑ Flint Beat, "Resident files three more recall petitions for Flint City Councilman Eric Mays," August 2, 2023
  62. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Eric Mays (1), 8/1/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  63. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Eric Mays (2), 8/1/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  64. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Eric Mays (3), 8/1/23," accessed March 11, 2025
  65. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language approved against Flint Councilman Eric Mays," August 14, 2023
  66. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Dennis Pfeiffer, 7/6/23," accessed March 17, 2025
  67. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language filed against Flint City Councilman Dennis Pfeiffer," July 7, 2023
  68. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language approved against Flint Councilman Dennis Pfeiffer," April 18, 2024
  69. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Dennis Pfeiffer, 4/4/24 (WITHDRAWN)," accessed March 17, 2025
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 MLive, "Two new recalls target Flint council member Dennis Pfeiffer," April 8, 2024
  71. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Dennis Pfeiffer, 4/5/24 (EXPIRED)," accessed March 17, 2025
  72. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Dennis Pfeiffer, 10/22/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 17, 2025
  73. ↑ MLive, "New recall effort targets Flint Councilman Dennis Pfeiffer for removal," October 23, 2024
  74. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Dennis Pfeiffer, 11/7/24 (APPROVED)," accessed March 17, 2025
  75. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language denied against Flint City Councilman, more submitted," November 8, 2024
  76. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Jerri Winfrey-Carter, 9/11/23," accessed March 18, 2025
  77. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language filed against Flint City Councilwoman Jerri Winfrey-Carter," September 13, 2023
  78. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language fails against Flint Councilwoman Jerri Winfrey-Carter," September 27, 2023
  79. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Jerri Winfrey-Carter, 9/27/23," accessed March 18, 2025
  80. ↑ MLive, "Recall targeting Flint councilwoman rejected but replacement language submitted," September 27, 2023
  81. ↑ Flint Beat, "Recall language fails against Flint Councilwoman Jerri Winfrey-Carter for the second time," October 10, 2023
  82. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Jerri Winfrey-Carter, 10/10/23," accessed March 18, 2025
  83. ↑ Flint Beat, "Hearing set for additional recall language filed against Flint Councilwoman Jerri Winfrey-Carter," October 11, 2023
  84. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Jerri Winfrey-Carter, 10/20/23," accessed March 18, 2025
  85. ↑ The Flint Courier News, "Recall language approved for 5th Ward councilwoman," November 17, 2023
  86. ↑ Flint Beat, "Election Commission approves recall language against Flint Councilwoman Winfrey-Carter," November 14, 2023
  87. ↑ MLive, "Recall wave keeps churning in Flint. Councilman Quincy Murphy is the latest target," February 7, 2024
  88. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Quincy Murphy (1), 2/6/24 (NO LONGER VALID)," accessed March 18, 2025
  89. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Quincy Murphy (2), 2/6/24 (NO LONGER VALID)," accessed March 18, 2025
  90. ↑ MLive, "Organizer says she’s filed enough signatures to recall Flint Councilman Quincy Murphy," June 5, 2024
  91. ↑ Flint Beat, "Flint councilwoman faces recall effort," November 26, 2024
  92. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Tonya Burns (1), 11/22/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 18, 2025
  93. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Tonya Burns (2), 11/22/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 18, 2025
  94. ↑ Genesee County, MI, "Tonya Burns (3), 11/22/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 18, 2025
  95. ↑ Genesee County, WI, "Tonya Burns (4), 11/22/24 (DENIED)," accessed March 18, 2025
  96. ↑ MLive, "Recall drive against one Flint council member approved, another fails," July 27, 2023
  97. ↑ Flint Beat, "Flint City Councilman Dennis Pfeiffer appeals recall language," August 8, 2023
  98. ↑ MLive, "Council member Tonya Burns is the latest targeted for recall in Flint," November 25, 2024
  99. ↑ Michigan Election Law, "Act 116 of 1954: 168.955 Recall petition; number of signatures; certification." accessed October 13, 2023
  100. ↑ 'Michigan Election Law, "Act 116 of 1954: 168.961 Recall petition; filing; receipt; duties of filing official; duties of city or township clerk; certificate; duties of village clerk; use of qualified voter file." accessed October 13, 2023
  101. ↑ Michigan Election Officials' Manual, "Chapter 18 Recall Process," August 2017
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