94 state legislative seats have flipped in special elections since 2010
There is a special election tomorrow for a seat in the Connecticut House of Representatives, which got me wondering: How often do such special elections result in a change of party control?
Since 2010, 94 state legislative seats have changed partisan control, or flipped, in the 25 states which fill such vacancies through special elections. Democrats have won 51 of these special elections, Republicans have won 37, and independent and third-party candidates have won six. The total number of state legislative special elections held during this period is 676, meaning that 13.9% of all such special elections resulted in a seat flip.
So far, six partisan flips have occurred in 2019—four Republican wins, one Democratic win, and one independent win.
Forty percent of those flips have occurred in the last two-and-a-half years. The year with most flips was 2017 when 17 seats (14 Democratic wins and three Republican wins) changed party control. There were 16 flips in 2018—12 Democratic wins and four Republican wins—and 15 flips in 2015—five Democratic wins, eight Republican wins, and two third-party wins.
The two years during that span which saw the largest net partisan gains in state legislative special elections was 2017 and 2018, as Democrats picked up 11 seats and eight seats, respectively. The year which saw the largest net partisan gain favoring Republicans was 2013 when they picked up five seats.
The states having the most flipped seats since 2010 are New Hampshire and Connecticut. There have been 10 flips in New Hampshire—nine Democratic wins and one Republican win. Five of the Democratic flips in New Hampshire occurred in 2017 and 2018. Connecticut has seen nine flips—one Democratic win, seven Republican wins, and one third-party win. So far in 2019, one Connecticut House seat and one Connecticut Senate seat have flipped from Democratic to Republican control.
About two-thirds of flipped state legislative seats in special elections have occurred in state Houses rather than state Senates. Since 2010, there have been 62 flips in state House seats—66.0% of the total-and 32 flips in state Senate seats.
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