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Election administration in Oregon
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Election administration encompasses a state's voting policies, procedures, and enforcement. These include voter identification requirements, early and absentee/mail-in voting provisions, voter list maintenance methods, and more. Each state's voting policies dictate who can vote and under what conditions.
Below, you will find details on the following election administration topics in Oregon:
Poll times
- See also: State poll opening and closing times
Oregon is an all-mail voting state.[2] Each county provides privacy booths that voters can use to mark their ballot.[3] County clerks' offices are open from 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. local time on Election Day.[4] Oregon is divided between the Mountain and Pacific time zones.
Voter registration
- Check your voter registration status here.
To register to vote in Oregon, one must be a resident of Oregon, a United States citizen, and at least 16 years old. Voters must be at least 18 years old by the day of the election to receive a ballot.[5] Potential voters can register online or by mailing in a voter registration form to your county election office. The deadline to register is 21 days before the election.[5]
Automatic registration
- See also: Automatic voter registration
Oregon implemented automatic voter registration in 2016. Eligible residents who apply for, renew, or replace an Oregon driver's license, ID card, or permit at a DMV location are registered to vote. Voters are mailed a card afterwards to choose a political party to affiliate with or opt out of registering to vote.[6] For more information, click here.
Online registration
- See also: Online voter registration
Oregon has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.
Same-day registration
- See also: Same-day voter registration
Oregon does not allow same-day voter registration.[5]
Residency requirements
To register to vote in Oregon, you must be a resident of the state.[5] State law does not specify a length of time for which you must have been a resident to be eligible.
Verification of citizenship
Oregon does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration. An individual must attest that they are a U.S. citizen when registering to vote. According to the state's voter registration application, a voter who knowingly falsely registers "can be fined up to $125,000 and/or imprisoned for up to 5 years."[7]
All 49 states with voter registration systems require applicants to declare that they are U.S. citizens in order to register to vote in state and federal elections, under penalty of perjury or other punishment.[8] Seven states — Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Wyoming — have laws requiring verification of citizenship at the time of voter registration, whether in effect or not. One state, Ohio, requires proof of citizenship only when registering to vote at a Bureau of Motor Vehicles facility. In three states — California, Maryland, and Vermont — at least one local jurisdiction allows noncitizens to vote in some local elections. Noncitizens registering to vote in those elections must complete a voter registration application provided by the local jurisdiction and are not eligible to register as state or federal voters.
Verifying your registration
The Oregon Secretary of State’s Office allows residents to check their voter registration status online by visiting the My Vote website.
Early and absentee/mail-in voting policy
- See also: Early voting and Absentee/mail-in voting
Oregon is an all-mail voting state. A ballot and voter pamphlet are automatically mailed to each registered voter two to three weeks prior to each statewide election. A return envelope is included that may be returned by business reply mail at no cost to the voter. Completed ballots must either be returned by mail and postmarked by Election Day or returned in person at an official dropbox by the close of polls on Election Day.[9][10]
According to the Oregon Secretary of State's website, "Students attending an out-of-state college or voters traveling during an election can still receive a ballot. Fill out the Absentee Ballot Request Form and return it to the county elections office, or update online using My Vote."[2]
All states allow for some form of absentee/mail-in voting. Seven states and the District of Columbia had automatic mail-in ballot systems that mandate that all eligible voters receive an absentee/mail ballot by default. An eighth state, Vermont, had such a system for general elections only.
Twenty-eight states allow any eligible voter to cast an absentee/mail-in ballot. The remaining 14 states required voters to provide an excuse to receive and cast an absentee/mail ballot. Acceptable excuses vary by state.
Since it is an all-mail voting state, Oregon permits early voting. Learn more by visiting this website.
Early voting permits citizens to cast ballots in person at a polling place prior to an election. In states that permit no-excuse early voting, a voter does not have to provide an excuse for being unable to vote on Election Day. States that allow voters to cast no-excuse absentee/mail-in ballots in person are counted as no-excuse early voting states.
Forty-seven states and the District of Columbia permit no-excuse early voting.
Returning mail ballots
- See also: Ballot collection laws by state
In Oregon, voters may return their completed ballot to the office of the county clerk by mail or in person. Returned ballots must be postmarked by Election Day and received no later than seven days after the election. Pre-paid postage in the form of a business reply mail envelope is provided to voters casting their ballots by mail. Oregon permits individuals to return ballots in person to the county clerk’s office on behalf of an elector.[2][11][12]
Twenty states allow anyone chosen by the voter to return a ballot on the voter's behalf, with certain exceptions, while 16 states allow anyone with certain relationships to the voter to return the voter's ballot. Four states allow only the voter to return the voter's ballot, with certain exceptions, and two states required voters to return their ballots by mail. Eight states and D.C. do not specify who may return ballots.
Drop box availability
Oregon law allows for drop boxes.[11] State law says:
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The Secretary of State by rule shall establish requirements and criteria for the designation of places of deposit for the ballots cast in an election. The rules shall also specify the dates and times the places of deposit must be open and the security requirements for the places of deposit. At a minimum, the places designated under this section shall be open on the date of the election for a period of eight or more hours, but must be open until at least 8 p.m. At each place of deposit designated under this section, the county clerk shall prominently display a sign stating that the location is an official ballot drop site.[13] |
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For information on drop box availability and locations, click here for the Oregon Secretary of State's drop box locator.
Signature requirements and cure provisions
The county clerk may only count a ballot if it is returned in the proper envelope, if that envelope is signed by the correct elector, and if the signature is verified.[11]
Oregon law contains cure provisions, which offer the following instructions to correct a certain ballot issues:
| “ | (a) In order for the vote of the elector to be counted, the elector must provide evidence sufficient to disprove the challenge not later than the 21st calendar day after the date of the election. In the case of an unsigned return identification envelope, providing sufficient evidence may include completing a certified statement on a form provided by the county clerk. The Secretary of State shall design a standard form to be used for certified statements made under this paragraph.
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Thirty-three states have laws that include cure provisions, while 17 states do not. One state, Pennsylvania, allows counties to establish a cure process.
Was your ballot counted?
Use the Ballot Search tool provided by the Oregon Secretary of State office to check the status of your ballot.
Voter identification requirements
- See also: Voter ID in Oregon
- See also: Voter identification laws by state
The federal Help America Vote Act requires that individuals in all 50 states who register to vote by mail and who have not voted previously in a federal election in their state must provide either their driver's license or a paycheck, bank statement, current utility bill, or government document showing their name and address. Individuals voting by mail must include a copy of one of those documents with their absentee/mail-in ballot.[15]
These requirements do not apply if an individual submitted a copy of their identification, their driver's license number or the last four digits of their Social Security number when registering to vote. Oregon is an all-mail voting state. When registering to vote, voters must provide their driver's license number or the last four digits of their Social Security number.
If voters are unable to provide this information, they can provide a copy of another form of acceptable identification that shows their name and current address.[16] The following list of accepted ID was current as of December 2025. Click here for the Oregon Secretary of State's voter registration card to ensure you have the most current information.
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If you do not have valid Oregon ID or Social Security number, provide a copy of one of the following that shows your name and current address.
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Thirty-six states require voters to present identification in order to vote at the polls on Election Day. Of these states, 24 require voters to present identification containing a photograph, and 12 accept other forms of identification. The remaining 14 states do not require voters to present identification in order to vote at the polls on Election Day.
Valid forms of identification differ by state. In certain states that require voters to provide identification, there may be exceptions that allow some voters to cast a ballot without providing an ID. To see more about these exceptions, see details by state. Commonly accepted forms of ID include driver's licenses, state-issued identification cards, and military identification cards.
Provisional ballot rules
Voters in Oregon are given provisional ballots, or ballots requiring additional steps or information before they can be counted, if a voter's eligibility cannot be determined. Voters must go to their county elections office in person and request a provisional ballot.[17]
A provisional ballot is counted in the following circumstances:[18]
- If the voter is registered to vote and cast the ballot correctly;
- If the "county clerk determines the registration of the elector is considered active or inactive"; and
- If the voter is "qualified to vote for the particular office or on the measure."
Was your provisional ballot counted?
The Oregon Secretary of State's office allows voters, including those who cast a provisional ballot, to check the status of their ballot here.[19]
Primary election type
- See also: Primary elections in Oregon
A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for elected office to run in the general election. They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. Oregon law allows parties to decide whether unaffiliated voters can vote in their primaries. As of December 2025, both major parties utilized a closed primary process where only registered party members may participate.[20]
For information about which offices are nominated via primary election, see this article.
Time off work for voting
Ballotpedia did not find a law specifying whether voters must be given time off from work to vote in this state. Nolo.com notes that states without such state laws may have administrative regulations or local ordinances pertaining to time off for voting and suggests calling your local board of elections or state labor department for more information.[21]
If you know of a relevant policy in this state, please email us.
Twenty-eight states require employers to grant employees time off to vote. Within these 28 states, policies vary as to whether that time off must be paid and how much notice must be given.
Electioneering
Oregon restricts certain activities within 100 feet of a state or local government elections office that serves as a ballot deposit site.
State law says:[22]
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A person may not do any electioneering, including circulating any cards or handbills, or soliciting of signatures to any petition, within any building in which any state or local government elections office designated for the deposit of ballots under ... is located, or within 100 feet measured radially from any entrance to the building.
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In addition, individuals "may not provide elections advice or attempt to collect voted ballots within any building in which any state or local government elections office designated for the deposit of ballots ... or within 100 feet measured radially from any entrance to the building."[22]
Voting rules for people convicted of a felony
In Oregon, people convicted of a felony automatically regain their right to vote upon completion of their incarceration but must re-register to vote or update their registration.[23]
Voting rights for people convicted of a felony vary from state to state. In the majority of states, people convicted of a felony cannot vote while they are incarcerated but may regain the right to vote upon release from prison or at some point thereafter.[24]
Voter list maintenance
All states have rules under which they maintain voter rolls—or, check and remove certain names from their lists of registered voters. Most states are subject to the parameters set by The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA).[25] The NVRA requires states to make efforts to remove deceased individuals and individuals who have become ineligible due to a change of address. It prohibits removing registrants from voter lists within 90 days of a federal election due to change of address unless a registrant has requested to be removed, or from removing people from voter lists solely because they have not voted. The NVRA says that states may remove names from their registration lists under certain other circumstances and that their methods for removing names must be uniform and nondiscriminatory.[26]
When names can be removed from the voter list
Oregon law authorizes county clerks to remove the names of voters from the registered voting list under the following circumstances:[27]
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(a) At the request of the elector;
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Inactive voter list rules
If a voter appears to have moved outside of the county or needs to update their registration, county clerks are to send them an address confirmation notice. The voter is to be considered inactive when sent a notice and will remain inactive unless they update their registration, the registration is cancelled, or the clerk determines the voter should be considered active.[28]
If an inactive voter fails to respond to the notice and fails to vote in two consecutive general elections, they are fully removed from the list of registered voters.[28]
The Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC)
According to its website, ERIC is a nonprofit corporation that is governed by a board of member-states. These member states submit voter registration and motor vehicle registration information to ERIC. ERIC uses this information, as well as Social Security death records and other sources, to provide member states with reports showing voters who have moved within their state, moved out of their state, died, have duplicate registrations in their state, or are potentially eligible to vote but are not yet registered. ERIC's website describes its funding as follows: "Members fund ERIC. New members pay a one-time membership fee of $25,000, which is reserved for technology upgrades and other unanticipated expenses. Members also pay annual dues. Annual dues cover operating costs and are based, in part, on the citizen voting age population in each state."[29]
Twenty-five states are participating members in the ERIC program. Thirty-four states and the District of Columbia have joined and participated in ERIC at some point.[30]
As of December 2025, Oregon was participating in the ERIC program.[31]
Post-election auditing
Oregon state law requires post-election audits. County clerks can choose to conduct a hand counted audit or a risk-limiting audit.
In a hand counted audit, 10% of all precincts are counted if the margin of victory is less than 1% of the total votes cast; 5% of all precincts are counted if the margin of victory is between 1% and 2%; and 3% of all precincts are counted if the margin of victory is 2% or greater. The audit covers the race receiving the most votes in the county, a statewide race, and, if possible, a statewide ballot measure. If there is a discrepancy of greater than 0.5% in a hand-counted audit, the sample is audited again. If the second audit has a discrepancy of 0.5%, all ballots are audited.[32]
If a risk-limiting audit is chosen, the secretary of state provides guidance on how to handle discrepancies.[33] Hand-counted audits must begin no later than the 27th day after the election and must be completed by the 35th day after the election. Risk-limiting audits must be completed before the election is certified.
Post-election audits check that election results tallied by a state's voting system match results from paper records, such as paper ballots filled out by voters or the paper records produced by electronic voting machines. Post-election audits are classified into two categories: audits of election results—which include traditional post-election audits as well as risk-limiting audits—and procedural audits.[34][35]
Typically, traditional post-election audits are done by recounting a portion of ballots, either electronically or by hand, and comparing the results to those produced by the state's voting system. In contrast, risk-limiting audits use statistical methods to compare a random sample of votes cast to election results instead of reviewing every ballot. The scope of procedural audits varies by state, but they typically include a systematic review of voting equipment, performance of the voting system, vote totals, duties of election officials and workers, ballot chain of custody, and more.
Forty-six states and the District of Columbia require some form of post-election audit by law, excluding states with pilot programs. Of these, 39 states and the District of Columbia require traditional post-election audits, while three states require risk-limiting post-election audits, and three states require some other form of post-election audit, including procedural post-election audits.[36][34]
Election administration authorities
State election officials
In Oregon, the secretary of state is the state's chief election official.[37] There is no state board of elections or equivalent authority. The secretary of state is elected by popular vote every four years.
Local election officials
Do you need information about elections in your area? Are you looking for your local election official? Click here to visit the U.S. Vote Foundation and use their election official lookup tool. |
Election policy ballot measures
Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measures relating to election and campaign policy in Oregon.
- Oregon Measure 90, Top-Two Primaries Initiative (2014)
- Oregon Measure 117, Ranked-Choice Voting for Federal and State Elections Measure (2024)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 302-303, Establish Direct Primary System for Party Nominations Initiative (June 1904)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 326-327, Require Legislature to Elect U.S. Senate Candidate Receiving Most Votes in Election Initiative (June 1908)
The table below lists bills related to election administration that have been introduced during (or carried over to) the current legislative session in Oregon. The following information is included for each bill:
- State
- Bill number
- Official bill name or caption
- Most recent action date
- Legislative status
- Sponsor party
- Topics dealt with by the bill
Bills are organized by most recent action. The table displays up to 100 results. To view more bills, use the arrows in the upper-right corner. Clicking on a bill will open its page on Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker, which includes bill details and a summary.
Explore election legislation with Ballotpedia
Try Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation TrackerBallotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker provides daily updates on legislative activity related to election policy in all 50 states.
Our election policy experts translate complex bill text into easy-to-understand summaries. And because it's from Ballotpedia, our legislation tracker is guaranteed to be neutral, unbiased, and nonpartisan.
Read Ballotpedia's State of Election Administration Legislation ReportsBallotpedia publishes regular analysis of election administration legislation, including three full reports per year, providing ongoing coverage of legislative activity affecting election policy in each state.
These reports deliver insights into partisan priorities, dive deep into notable trends, and highlight activity in key states.
Subscribe to The Ballot BulletinThe Ballot Bulletin is a weekly email that delivers the latest updates on election policy.
The newsletter tracks developments in election policy around the country, including legislative activity, big-picture trends, and recent news. Each email contains in-depth data from our Election Administration Legislation Tracker.
Ballot access
In order to get on the ballot in Oregon, a candidate for state or federal office must meet a variety of state-specific filing requirements and deadlines. These regulations, known as ballot access laws, determine whether a candidate or party will appear on an election ballot. These laws are set at the state level. A candidate must prepare to meet ballot access requirements well in advance of primaries, caucuses, and the general election.
There are three basic methods by which an individual may become a candidate for office in a state.
- An individual can seek the nomination of a state-recognized political party.
- An individual can run as an independent. Independent candidates often must petition in order to have their names printed on the general election ballot.
- An individual can run as a write-in candidate.
This article outlines the steps that prospective candidates for state-level and congressional office must take in order to run for office in Oregon. For information about filing requirements for presidential candidates, click here. Information about filing requirements for local-level offices is not available in this article (contact state election agencies for information about local candidate filing processes).
Redistricting
- See also: Redistricting in Oregon
Redistricting is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. Each of Oregon's six United States Representatives and 90 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. United States Senators are not elected by districts, but by the states at large. District lines are redrawn every 10 years following completion of the United States census. The federal government stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.[38][39][40][41]
Oregon was apportioned 6 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives after the 2020 census, 1 more than it received after the 2010 census.
State process
- See also: State-by-state redistricting procedures
In Oregon, congressional and state legislative district lines are drawn by the state legislature. District lines are subject to veto by the governor.[42]
If the legislature fails to establish a redistricting plan for state legislative districts, it falls to the secretary of state to draw the boundaries.[42]
State law requires that congressional and state legislative districts meet the following criteria:[42]
- Districts must be contiguous.
- Districts must "utilize existing geographic or political boundaries."
- Districts should not "divide communities of common interest."
- Districts should "be connected by transportation links."
- Districts "must not be drawn for the purpose of favoring a political party, incumbent or other person."
Contact information
Election agencies
- See also: State election agencies
Individuals seeking additional information about election administration in Oregon can contact the following local, state, and federal agencies.
Oregon County Elections Officials
Oregon Secretary of State, Elections Division
- Public Service Building Suite 126
- 255 Capitol St. NE
- Salem, Oregon 97310
- Phone: 503-986-1518
- Toll free: 1-866-673-8683
- Fax: 503-373-7414
- Email: elections.sos@sos.oregon.gov
- Website: http://sos.oregon.gov
Oregon Government Ethics Commission
- 3218 Pringle Road SE, Suite 220
- Salem, Oregon 97302-1680
- Phone: 503-378-5105
- Fax: 503-373-1456
- Email: mail@ogec.oregon.gov
- Website: https://www.oregon.gov/ogec/pages/default.aspx
U.S. Election Assistance Commission
- 633 3rd Street NW, Suite 200
- Washington, DC 20001
- Phone: 301-563-3919
- Toll free: 1-866-747-1471
- Email: clearinghouse@eac.gov
- Website: https://www.eac.gov
Ballotpedia's election coverage
- United States Senate Democratic Party primaries, 2026
- United States House Democratic Party primaries, 2026
- Democratic Party gubernatorial primaries, 2026
- Democratic Party Secretary of State primaries, 2026
- Democratic Party Attorney General primaries, 2026
- State legislative Democratic primaries, 2026
- United States Senate Republican Party primaries, 2026
- United States House Republican Party primaries, 2026
- Republican Party gubernatorial primaries, 2026
- Republican Party Secretary of State primaries, 2026
- Republican Party Attorney General primaries, 2026
- State legislative Republican primaries, 2026
See also
- Election laws and legislation in Oregon
- State of Election Administration Legislation Reports
- Factors affecting the speed of ballot counting and delivery of unofficial election results
- Voting in Oregon
- Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Oregon
- Redistricting in Oregon
Elections in Oregon
- Oregon elections, 2025
- Oregon elections, 2024
- Oregon elections, 2023
- Oregon elections, 2022
- Oregon elections, 2021
- Oregon elections, 2020
- Oregon elections, 2019
- Oregon elections, 2018
- Oregon elections, 2017
- Oregon elections, 2016
- Oregon elections, 2015
- Oregon elections, 2014
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ We use the term "absentee/mail-in voting" to describe systems in which requests or applications are required. We use the term "all-mail voting" to denote systems where the ballots themselves are sent automatically to all voters. We use the hyphenate term for absentee voting because some states use “mail voting” (or a similar alternative) to describe what has traditionally been called "absentee voting."
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Oregon Secretary of State, “Voting in Oregon,” accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Deschutes County Oregon, “Voting in Oregon FAQ,” accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 246.270," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Oregon Secretary of State, "Oregon Online Voter Registration," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "Oregon Motor Voter Act FAQ," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "Oregon Voter Registration Card," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Under federal law, the national mail voter registration application (a version of which is in use in all states with voter registration systems) requires applicants to indicate that they are U.S. citizens in order to complete an application to vote in state or federal elections, but does not require voters to provide documentary proof of citizenship. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the application "may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to prevent duplicate voter registrations and permit State officials both to determine the eligibility of the applicant to vote and to administer the voting process."
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Deschutes County Clerk's Office, "How much postage is required to mail my ballot back?" accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 254.470," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ The Oregonian, "Oregon lawmakers approve paid postage for ballots," June 30, 2019
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 254.431," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Congress, "H.R.3295 - Help America Vote Act of 2002," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "Oregon Voter Registration Card," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Provisional Ballots," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "My Vote," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 254.365," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ NOLO, "Taking Time Off to Vote," accessed October 28, 2025
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 260.695," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Felon Voting Rights," August 19, 2025
- ↑ As of May 2024, the Justice Department notes, "Six States (Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) are exempt from the NVRA because, on and after August 1, 1994, they either had no voter-registration requirements or had election-day voter registration at polling places with respect to elections for federal office."
- ↑ The United States Department of Justice, "The National Voter Registration Act of 1993," accessed May 29, 2024
- ↑ Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 247.555," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 247.563," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ ERIC, "FAQ," accessed May 29, 2024
- ↑ ERIC, "Who We Are," accessed May 29, 2024
- ↑ ERIC, "What is ERIC?" accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 254.529," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 254.532," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 National Conference of State Legislatures, "Post-Election Audits," accessed July 2, 2025
- ↑ Election Assistance Commission, "Election Audits Across the United States," accessed July 2, 2025
- ↑ Ballotpedia research conducted in October 2024, researching and analyzing various state websites and codes.
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "About Us," accessed December 3, 2025
- ↑ All About Redistricting, "Why does it matter?" accessed April 8, 2015
- ↑ Indy Week, "Cracked, stacked and packed: Initial redistricting maps met with skepticism and dismay," June 29, 2011
- ↑ The Atlantic, "How the Voting Rights Act Hurts Democrats and Minorities," June 17, 2013
- ↑ Redrawing the Lines, "The Role of Section 2 - Majority Minority Districts," accessed April 6, 2015
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 All About Redistricting, "Oregon," accessed April 28, 2015
