Election results, 2024: State legislatures

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2025 » « 2023
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Two state legislative chambers, the Michigan and Minnesota state Houses, changed party control following the 2024 general election. Republicans won control of the Michigan House from Democrats, and secured a tie in the Minnesota House.

There were elections for the members of 85 of the nation's 99 legislative chambers in 2024, representing 5,807 of the country's 7,386 state legislative seats (79%). Heading into the elections, Democrats controlled 33 of those chambers, Republicans controlled 50, and two chambers had power-sharing agreements. Afterwards, Democrats controlled 31, Republicans controlled 51, two had power-sharing agreements, and one was tied.

In total, Democrats controlled 39 chambers after the 2024 elections, Republicans controlled 57 chambers, power-sharing coalitions controlled two chambers, and one chamber was tied.

As a result of the 2024 elections, Democrats had a net loss of 32 state legislative seats, Republicans had a net gain of 42 seats, and Independents and minor party officeholders had a net gain of 16 seats.

Most chambers saw minor changes to partisan composition. Republicans recorded their biggest gains in New Hampshire, Maine, Michigan, and Vermont. Republicans expanded their majority in both New Hampshire chambers, reduced the Democratic majority in both Maine legislative chambers, won control of the Michigan House and broke the state’s Democratic trifecta, and broke the Democratic supermajority in Vermont.

Democrats recorded their biggest gains in Montana and Wisconsin. Democrats broke the Republican supermajority in Montana and in the Wisconsin Senate.

Democratic trifectas in Michigan and Minnesota were lost as a result of the 2024 elections. Republicans neither gained nor lost trifectas.

Forty-four states held elections for at least one state legislative chamber. Heading into the elections, 15 of those states had Democratic trifectas, 20 had Republican trifectas, and nine had divided governments. Afterwards, 13 had Democratic trifectas, 20 had Republican trifectas, and 11 had divided governments.

In total, there were 17 Democratic trifectas, 23 Republican trifectas, and 10 divided governments before the 2024 elections. After the elections, there were 15 Democratic trifectas (a loss of two), 23 Republican trifectas, and 12 divided governments (an increase of two).

Veto-proof supermajority status changed in seven states. Democrats lost supermajority status in New York and Vermont and gained it in Connecticut. while Republicans lost supermajority status in Montana and North Carolina and gained it in Iowa and South Carolina.

Of states that held legislative elections in 2024, eight state legislatures had Democratic supermajorities in both chambers, 18 had Republican supermajorities in both chambers, and neither party had a supermajority in 18 states before the election. After the election, seven state legislatures had Democratic supermajorities in both chambers, 18 had Republican supermajorities in both chambers, and neither party had a supermajority in 19 states.

In total across all 50 states, there were veto-proof majorities in 29 state legislatures before the election—nine Democratic and 20 Republican. After the election, there were veto-proof majorities in 28 state legislatures—eight Democratic (a loss of one) and 20 Republican.

Heading into the 2024 elections, four states had a governor of one party and a veto-proof state legislative majority of the opposing party: Kansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Vermont. After the elections, Kansas and Kentucky maintained that status, North Carolina and Vermont lost that status, and no new state became a veto-proof legislature with an opposing party governor.

The average margin of victory in the 2024 state legislative elections was 27.3%. Click here to read more.

On this page you will find:

• State legislatures on the ballot
• State government trifectas
• Supermajorities to watch
• Political context

Offices on the ballot in 2024

In 2024, there were 85 state legislative chambers — 50 Republican, 33 Democratic, and two power-sharing — on the ballot. The table below highlights the partisan balance of those 85 chambers before and after the election.

State legislative chambers up in 2024
Party		As of the 2024 elections	After the 2024 elections
	Democratic Party	33	31
	Republican Party	50	51
	Tied	0	1
	Coalition	2	2
	Uncalled races	—	0
Total		85	85

The map below highlights states that held state legislative elections in 2024 by partisan control.

The pre-election table below showed existing and potential supermajorities to watch in 2024. Supermajority status changed in five states as a result of the 2024 elections. Democrats lost supermajority status in New York and Vermont, while Republicans lost supermajority status in Montana and North Carolina and gained it in South Carolina.

Partisan balance of all state legislatures

Heading into the 2024 elections, Republicans held a majority in 56 chambers and Democrats held the majority in 41 chambers. Two chambers (Alaska House and Alaska Senate) were organized under multipartisan, power-sharing coalitions.

After the elections, Republicans held a majority in 57 chambers (a net gain of one), and Democrats held a majority in 39 (a net loss of two). The Minnesota House was tied, and both Alaska chambers remained under multipartisan, power-sharing coalitions.

State legislative chambers partisan breakdown
Party		As of the 2024 elections	After the 2024 elections
	Democratic Party	41	39
	Republican Party	56	57
	Tied	0	1
	Coalitions	2	2
	Uncalled chambers	-	0
Total		99	99

The map below shows the partisan control for each chamber after the 2024 elections.

Changes in trifecta status

As a result of the 2024 elections, Democrats lost trifectas in two states. Republicans gained a majority in the Michigan House and at least a tie in the Minnesota House, breaking the Democratic trifectas in those states. Republicans neither gained nor lost trifectas. As a result, there were 23 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 12 divided governments after the 2024 elections.

The two total trifecta status changes in 2024 was lower than the six average trifecta status changes produced in even-year elections from 1992 to 2022. The net change of two was also lower than the three net changes produced in even-year elections from 1992 to 2022. Click here for more about historical trifecta status changes.

A state government trifecta describes when one political party holds the governorship and majorities in both chambers of the state legislature. There were 35 state government trifectas—15 Democratic and 20 Republican—with at least one of the three trifecta offices (governorship, state house, and state senate) on the ballot in 2024. There were nine divided governments, where neither party held trifecta control, with at least one trifecta office on the ballot.

Heading into the 2024 elections, there were 23 Republican trifectas and 17 Democratic trifectas in total, a historical high in the number of trifectas. There were 10 divided governments heading into the 2024 elections. The average number of divided governments each year from 1992 to 2023 was 23. The most trifectas for each party during that period was 18 for Democrats (1993) and 26 for Republicans (2018).

After the 2024 elections, three of the 12 divided governments had split legislatures where neither party had a majority in both chambers—Minnesota, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. Eight had legislatures of one party and a governor of the opposing party—Arizona, Kansas, Kentucky, Nevada, North Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Alaska's legislative chambers were organized under a power-sharing agreement.

The map below highlights each state by trifecta status before and after the 2024 elections. Click the blue links above the color key to switch the view between pre-election and post-election partisan control.

Changes in partisan control

As a result of the Nov. 5, 2024, elections, the partisan composition of all 7,386 state legislative seats changed by 0.7 percentage points. That is compared to a 0.4% shift following the 2022 elections.

• Democrats had a net loss of 54 seats, representing 0.7% of all state legislative seats.
• Republicans had a net gain of 55 seats, representing 0.7% of all state legislative seats.
• Independents and minor party officeholders had a net loss of one seat, representing 0.01% of all state legislative seats.

In 2022, the partisan composition changed 0.4% toward Republicans, with Democrats losing four seats, Republicans gaining 27 seats, and Independents and minor party officeholders losing 20 seats. Both 2024 and 2022 produced a smaller shift than the 2020 elections, when Republicans gained 141 seats, Democrats lost 133, and Independents and minor party officeholders lost eight.

Of the 44 states that held elections on Nov. 5, Democrats had net gains in 13 states, Republicans had net gains in 20 states, and independent or minor party candidates had net gains in two states.

The map below shows the 44 states that held elections on Nov. 5 based on whether Democrats, Republicans, or independent or minor party candidates gained seats in the legislature. Hover over each state for more information, including the number of seats, the percentage of the legislature, and before and after looks at partisan control.

The table below shows before-and-after partisan changes for all 50 legislatures, including those that did not hold elections in 2024. Seats the were vacant were counted as belonging to the party that most recently held those seats.

The "Numerical change" view shows the number of seats held and changes before and after Nov. 5. The "Percentage change" view shows the percentage of seats held and change in that percentage before and after Nov. 5.

Incumbents defeated

See also: Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024

In state legislative general elections, 134 incumbents lost to challengers—2.9% of incumbents running for re-election and 4.4% of incumbents in contested general elections. This was the lowest percentage of incumbents defeated in general elections since at least 2010.

In 2024 general elections:

93 Democratic incumbents lost, 4.3% of the 2,176 Democratic incumbents who ran and 7.0% of the 1,324 contested Democratic incumbents.

39 Republican incumbents lost, 1.6% of the 2,491 Republican incumbents who ran and 2.3% of the 1,721 contested Republican incumbents.

Two minor party or independent incumbents lost, 18.2% of the 11 minor party or independent incumbents who ran and 28.6% of the seven contested independent or minor party incumbents.

The total number of incumbents defeated in general elections—134—represented a 40.4% decrease from the number of incumbents defeated in 2020.

In 2024

Click [show] on the table below to view general election incumbent defeat statistics by state in 2024. Hover over column headings to learn more about their contents.

State legislative incumbents defeated in general elections, 2024
State
	Democratic			Republican			Total
	Filed	Def.	%	Filed	Def.	%	Filed	Def.	%
Nationwide	2,176	93	4.3%	2,491	39	1.6%	4,678	134	2.9%
Alaska	17	2	11.8%	20	4	20.0%	42	7	16.7%
Arizona	34	2	5.9%	33	1	3.0%	67	3	4.5%
Arkansas	15	0	0.0%	90	1	1.1%	105	1	1.0%
California	51	1	2.0%	14	0	0.0%	65	1	1.5%
Colorado	40	2	5.0%	15	0	0.0%	55	2	3.6%
Connecticut	112	2	1.8%	61	6	9.8%	173	8	4.6%
Delaware	28	0	0.0%	17	0	0.0%	45	0	0.0%
Florida	35	2	5.7%	74	1	1.4%	109	3	2.8%
Georgia	89	1	1.1%	128	2	1.6%	217	3	1.4%
Hawaii	47	2	4.3%	7	0	0.0%	54	2	3.7%
Idaho	17	3	17.6%	70	0	0.0%	87	3	3.4%
Illinois	90	0	0.0%	40	0	0.0%	130	0	0.0%
Indiana	35	0	0.0%	79	0	0.0%	114	0	0.0%
Iowa	37	5	13.5%	72	1	1.4%	109	6	5.5%
Kansas	47	5	10.6%	84	0	0.0%	131	5	3.8%
Kentucky	19	1	5.3%	81	0	0.0%	100	1	1.0%
Maine	78	3	3.8%	64	2	3.1%	143	5	3.5%
Massachusetts	153	1	0.7%	25	0	0.0%	179	1	0.6%
Michigan	52	4	7.7%	48	0	0.0%	100	4	4.0%
Minnesota	60	1	1.7%	53	0	0.0%	113	1	0.9%
Missouri	34	1	2.9%	83	1	1.2%	117	2	1.7%
Montana	24	0	0.0%	44	2	4.5%	68	2	2.9%
Nebraska	4	0	0.0%	6	0	0.0%	10	2	20.0%
Nevada	23	1	4.3%	14	0	0.0%	37	1	2.7%
New Hampshire	158	20	12.7%	162	4	2.5%	320	24	7.5%
New Mexico	59	1	1.7%	26	0	0.0%	85	1	1.2%
New York	128	3	2.3%	65	3	4.6%	193	6	3.1%
North Carolina	56	1	1.8%	89	2	2.2%	145	3	2.1%
North Dakota	4	1	25.0%	46	0	0.0%	50	1	2.0%
Ohio	23	0	0.0%	59	0	0.0%	82	0	0.0%
Oklahoma	18	0	0.0%	78	0	0.0%	96	0	0.0%
Oregon	35	0	0.0%	24	1	4.2%	59	1	1.7%
Pennsylvania	107	1	0.9%	103	0	0.0%	210	1	0.5%
Rhode Island	91	0	0.0%	11	1	9.1%	103	1	1.0%
South Carolina	45	5	11.1%	98	0	0.0%	143	5	3.5%
South Dakota	8	2	25.0%	50	0	0.0%	58	2	3.4%
Tennessee	24	0	0.0%	79	0	0.0%	103	0	0.0%
Texas	64	1	1.6%	68	0	0.0%	132	1	0.8%
Utah	12	1	8.3%	59	0	0.0%	71	1	1.4%
Vermont	102	18	17.6%	34	0	0.0%	139	18	12.9%
Washington	61	0	0.0%	36	0	0.0%	97	0	0.0%
West Virginia	8	0	0.0%	82	0	0.0%	90	0	0.0%
Wisconsin	27	0	0.0%	58	6	10.3%	85	6	7.1%
Wyoming	5	0	0.0%	42	1	2.4%	47	1	2.1%

Historical comparison

The chart below shows a partisan breakdown of incumbents defeated in general elections from 2010 to 2024.

Number of state legislators by party

The tables below show the total changes in state legislative seats, state Senate seats, and state House seats, respectively. Totals shown below include partisan data only from the 85 chambers that held regularly-scheduled elections in 2024.

Change in state legislative partisan composition, 2024
	Before	After	Net
Democratic	2819	2765	-54
Republican	3534	3589	55
Other	22	21	-1
Total	6375	6375	-

State-specific data
State	Total seats	Pre-election			Post-election			Net change
		Dem.	Rep.	Oth.	Dem.	Rep.	Oth.	Dem.	Rep.	Oth.
Alaska	60	22	33	5	23	32	5	1	-1	0
Arizona	90	43	47	0	40	50	0	-3	3	0
Arkansas	135	24	111	0	25	110	0	1	-1	0
California	120	93	27	0	90	30	0	-3	3	0
Colorado	100	69	31	0	66	34	0	-3	3	0
Connecticut	187	122	65	0	127	60	0	5	-5	0
Delaware	62	41	21	0	42	20	0	1	-1	0
Florida	160	48	112	0	47	113	0	-1	1	0
Georgia	236	101	135	0	103	133	0	2	-2	0
Hawaii	76	68	8	0	64	12	0	-4	4	0
Idaho	105	18	87	0	15	90	0	-3	3	0
Illinois	177	118	59	0	118	59	0	0	0	0
Indiana	150	40	110	0	40	110	0	0	0	0
Iowa	150	52	98	0	49	101	0	-3	3	0
Kansas	165	51	114	0	46	119	0	-5	5	0
Kentucky	138	27	111	0	27	110	1	0	-1	1
Maine	186	104	80	2	96	88	2	-8	8	0
Massachusetts	200	170	29	1	169	30	1	-1	1	0
Michigan	110	56	54	0	52	58	0	-4	4	0
Minnesota	134	70	64	0	67	67	0	-3	3	0
Missouri	197	62	135	0	62	135	0	0	0	0
Montana	150	48	102	0	60	90	0	12	-12	0
Nebraska	49	15	33	1	14	33	2	-1	0	1
Nevada	63	41	22	0	40	23	0	-1	1	0
New Hampshire	424	207	215	2	186	237	1	-21	22	-1
New Mexico	112	72	40	0	70	42	0	-2	2	0
New York	213	143	70	0	144	69	0	1	-1	0
North Carolina	170	68	102	0	69	101	0	1	-1	0
North Dakota	141	16	125	0	16	125	0	0	0	0
Ohio	132	39	93	0	43	89	0	4	-4	0
Oklahoma	149	28	121	0	28	121	0	0	0	0
Oregon	90	52	37	1	54	36	0	2	-1	-1
Pennsylvania	253	124	129	0	124	129	0	0	0	0
Rhode Island	113	98	14	1	98	14	1	0	0	0
South Carolina	170	51	118	1	48	122	0	-3	4	-1
South Dakota	105	11	94	0	9	96	0	-2	2	0
Tennessee	132	30	102	0	30	102	0	0	0	0
Texas	181	76	105	0	73	108	0	-3	3	0
Utah	104	20	84	0	20	84	0	0	0	0
Vermont	180	127	45	8	103	69	8	-24	24	0
Washington	147	87	60	0	89	58	0	2	-2	0
West Virginia	134	14	120	0	11	123	0	-3	3	0
Wisconsin	132	46	86	0	60	72	0	14	-14	0
Wyoming	93	7	86	0	8	85	0	1	-1	0
Total	6375	2819	3534	22	2765	3589	21	-54	55	-1

Change in state Senate partisan composition, 2024
	Before	After	Net
Democratic	683	670	-13
Republican	928	941	13
Other	4	4	0
Total	1615	1615	-

State-specific data
State	Total seats	Pre-election			Post-election			Net change
		Dem.	Rep.	Oth.	Dem.	Rep.	Oth.	Dem.	Rep.	Oth.
Alaska	20	9	11	0	9	11	0	-	-	-
Arizona	30	14	16	0	13	17	0	-1	1	-
Arkansas	35	6	29	0	6	29	0	-	-	-
California	40	31	9	0	30	10	0	-1	1	-
Colorado	35	23	12	0	23	12	0	-	-	-
Connecticut	36	24	12	0	25	11	0	1	-1	-
Delaware	21	15	6	0	15	6	0	-	-	-
Florida	40	12	28	0	12	28	0	-	-	-
Georgia	56	23	33	0	23	33	0	-	-	-
Hawaii	25	23	2	0	22	3	0	-1	1	-
Idaho	35	7	28	0	6	29	0	-1	1	-
Illinois	59	40	19	0	40	19	0	-	-	-
Indiana	50	10	40	0	10	40	0	-	-	-
Iowa	50	16	34	0	16	34	0	-	-	-
Kansas	40	11	29	0	9	31	0	-2	2	-
Kentucky	38	7	31	0	7	30	1	-	-1	1
Maine	35	22	13	0	20	15	0	-2	2	-
Massachusetts	40	36	4	0	35	5	0	-1	1	-
Missouri	34	10	24	0	10	24	0	-	-	-
Montana	50	16	34	0	18	32	0	2	-2	-
Nebraska	49	15	33	1	14	33	2	-1	-	1
Nevada	21	13	8	0	13	8	0	-	-	-
New Hampshire	24	10	14	0	8	16	0	-2	2	-
New Mexico	42	27	15	0	26	16	0	-1	1	-
New York	63	42	21	0	41	22	0	-1	1	-
North Carolina	50	20	30	0	20	30	0	-	-	-
North Dakota	47	4	43	0	5	42	0	1	-1	-
Ohio	33	7	26	0	9	24	0	2	-2	-
Oklahoma	48	8	40	0	8	40	0	-	-	-
Oregon	30	17	12	1	18	12	0	1	-	-1
Pennsylvania	50	22	28	0	22	28	0	-	-	-
Rhode Island	38	33	5	0	34	4	0	1	-1	-
South Carolina	46	15	30	1	12	34	0	-3	4	-1
South Dakota	35	4	31	0	3	32	0	-1	1	-
Tennessee	33	6	27	0	6	27	0	-	-	-
Texas	31	12	19	0	11	20	0	-1	1	-
Utah	29	6	23	0	6	23	0	-	-	-
Vermont	30	22	7	1	16	13	1	-6	6	-
Washington	49	29	20	0	30	19	0	1	-1	-
West Virginia	34	3	31	0	2	32	0	-1	1	-
Wisconsin	33	11	22	0	15	18	0	4	-4	-
Wyoming	31	2	29	0	2	29	0	-	-	-
Total	1615	683	928	4	670	941	4	-13	+13	0

Change in state House partisan composition, 2024
	Before	After	Net
Democratic	2136	2095	-41
Republican	2606	2648	42
Other	18	17	-1
Total	4760	4760	-

State-specific data
State	Total seats	Pre-election			Post-election			Net change
		Dem.	Rep.	Oth.	Dem.	Rep.	Oth.	Dem.	Rep.	Oth.
Alaska	40	13	22	5	14	21	5	1	-1	-
Arizona	60	29	31	0	27	33	0	-2	2	-
Arkansas	100	18	82	0	19	81	0	1	-1	-
California	80	62	18	0	60	20	0	-2	2	-
Colorado	65	46	19	0	43	22	0	-3	3	-
Connecticut	151	98	53	0	102	49	0	4	-4	-
Delaware	41	26	15	0	27	14	0	1	-1	-
Florida	120	36	84	0	35	85	0	-1	1	-
Georgia	180	78	102	0	80	100	0	2	-2	-
Hawaii	51	45	6	0	42	9	0	-3	3	-
Idaho	70	11	59	0	9	61	0	-2	2	-
Illinois	118	78	40	0	78	40	0	-	-	-
Indiana	100	30	70	0	30	70	0	-	-	-
Iowa	100	36	64	0	33	67	0	-3	3	-
Kansas	125	40	85	0	37	88	0	-3	3	-
Kentucky	100	20	80	0	20	80	0	-	-	-
Maine	151	82	67	2	76	73	2	-6	6	-
Massachusetts	160	134	25	1	134	25	1	-	-	-
Michigan	110	56	54	0	52	58	0	-4	4	-
Minnesota	134	70	64	0	67	67	0	-3	3	-
Missouri	163	52	111	0	52	111	0	-	-	-
Montana	100	32	68	0	42	58	0	10	-10	-
Nevada	42	28	14	0	27	15	0	-1	1	-
New Hampshire	400	197	201	2	178	221	1	-19	20	-1
New Mexico	70	45	25	0	44	26	0	-1	1	-
New York	150	101	49	0	103	47	0	2	-2	-
North Carolina	120	48	72	0	49	71	0	1	-1	-
North Dakota	94	12	82	0	11	83	0	-1	1	-
Ohio	99	32	67	0	34	65	0	2	-2	-
Oklahoma	101	20	81	0	20	81	0	-	-	-
Oregon	60	35	25	0	36	24	0	1	-1	-
Pennsylvania	203	102	101	0	102	101	0	-	-	-
Rhode Island	75	65	9	1	64	10	1	-1	1	-
South Carolina	124	36	88	0	36	88	0	-	-	-
South Dakota	70	7	63	0	6	64	0	-1	1	-
Tennessee	99	24	75	0	24	75	0	-	-	-
Texas	150	64	86	0	62	88	0	-2	2	-
Utah	75	14	61	0	14	61	0	-	-	-
Vermont	150	105	38	7	87	56	7	-18	18	-
Washington	98	58	40	0	59	39	0	1	-1	-
West Virginia	100	11	89	0	9	91	0	-2	2	-
Wisconsin	99	35	64	0	45	54	0	10	-10	-
Wyoming	62	5	57	0	6	56	0	1	-1	-
Total	4760	2136	2606	18	2095	2648	17	-41	+42	-1

States where one party gained seats in both chambers

Of states that had held elections for two legislative chambers, there were six states where Democrats had a net gain of seats in both chambers. There were 12 states where Republicans had a net gain of seats in both chambers.

Only states that held elections in 2024 were included. This analysis treats vacant seats as belonging to the party that most recently held control.

The table below shows the net gains made by party for each state where one party made gains in both state legislative chambers.

States where one party gained seats in both chambers, 2024
Democratic			Republican
State	Net House gains	Net Senate gains	State	Net House gains	Net Senate gains
Connecticut	+4	+1	Arizona	+2	+1
Montana	+10	+2	California	+2	+1
Ohio	+2	+2	Hawaii	+3	+1
Oregon	+1	+1	Idaho	+2	+1
Washington	+1	+1	Kansas	+3	+2
Wisconsin	+10	+4	Maine	+6	+2
-	-	-	New Hampshire	+20	+2
-	-	-	New Mexico	+1	+1
-	-	-	South Dakota	+1	+1
-	-	-	Texas	+2	+1
-	-	-	Vermont	+18	+6
-	-	-	West Virginia	+2	+1

Pre-election analysis

Battleground chambers

See also: State legislative battleground chambers, 2024

Of the 85 chambers that held regularly-scheduled elections in 2024, Ballotpedia identified 11 battleground chambers in seven states. We anticipated that these chambers would be more competitive overall and had the potential to see major shifts in party control.

The columns in the chart below list the following:

• Seats up in 2024: This was the number of seats that were up for election in 2024.
• Margin: This was the difference in seats between the majority and minority parties.
• Majority share of seats: This was the percentage of the chamber's seats controlled by the majority party.
• Last time party control changed: This was the election where the majority at the time of the 2024 elections took control of the chamber.

State legislative battleground chambers, 2024
Chamber	Offices up in 2024	Margin	Majority share of seats	Last time party control changed
Alaska State Senate	10 out of 20	R+2	85%	2023
Alaska House of Representatives	All 40	R+9	58%	2018
Arizona State Senate	All 30	R+2	53%	2002
Arizona House of Representatives	All 60	R+2	52%	1966
Michigan House of Representatives	All 110	D+2	51%	2023
Minnesota House of Representatives	All 134	D+4	51%	2019
New Hampshire State Senate	All 24	R+4	51%	2020
New Hampshire House of Representatives	All 400	R+6	51%	2020
Pennsylvania State Senate	25 out of 50	R+6	56%	1994
Pennsylvania House of Representatives	All 203	D+2	50%	2022
Wisconsin State Senate	16 out of 33	R+12	67%	2011

Partisan control history

Control of chambers

The chart below shows party control of state legislative chambers from 2010 to 2024.

Partisan control of chamber changes

The chart below shows the number of state legislative chambers that changed party control in each election from 1992 to 2024.

Partisan control of seat changes

The chart below shows the number of state legislative chambers where at least one legislative seat changed party control in each election from 1992 to 2024.

Log of state legislature election results

This section includes a timeline of state legislature election results.

• Election results (Nov. 7, 2023)

  All times are Eastern Standard Time.

  Nov. 8, 2024

  • Democrats maintained a 102-101 majority in the Pennsylvania House.
  • Democrats in Delaware, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island retained legislative supermajorities. Click here to learn more.
  • Republicans in Arkansas, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wyoming retained legislative supermajorities. Click here to learn more.

  Nov. 6, 2024

  • California Democrats retained a legislative supermajority.
  • Nebraska Examiner reported that Nebraska Republicans appeared to maintain a supermajority in the officially nonpartisan legislature based on unofficial results.
  • Montana Republicans lost a legislative supermajority. Republicans held the exact 34 seats needed for supermajority control of the chamber heading into the election. They lost two Senate seats, giving them a 32-18 simple majority.
  • Vermont Democrats lost a legislative supermajority. Vermont was one of four states with a veto-proof supermajority and an opposing party governor heading into the 2024 elections.
  • Kansas Republicans maintained a legislative supermajority. Kansas was one of four states with a veto-proof supermajority and an opposing party governor heading into the 2024 elections, and Kansas maintained that status as a result of the election.
  • Kentucky Republicans maintained a legislative supermajority. Kentucky was one of four states with a veto-proof supermajority and an opposing party governor heading into the 2024 elections, and Kentucky maintained that status as a result of the election.
  • South Carolina Republicans gained a legislative supermajority.
  • Axios Raleigh reported North Carolina Republicans had lost their legislative supermajority following a key Democratic pickup in the House.
  • 12:37 p.m.: Republicans gained a majority in the Michigan House of Representatives. The party last controlled the House in 2022. As a result of this election, Michigan went from having a Democratic trifecta to a divided government, with Democrats retaining control of the governorship and state Senate, neither of which were up for election in 2024. Ballotpedia identified this as a battleground chamber. Click here to learn more.
  • 10:25 a.m.: Republicans retained a majority in the Wisconsin State Senate but lost a supermajority in the chamber as a result of Democratic gains.. Ballotpedia identified this as a battleground chamber. Click here to learn more.
  • 7:00 a.m.: Control of the Minnesota State House remained uncalled. Republicans gained three seats, giving them control of 67, exactly half of the chamber, to Democrats' 65. Two Democratic-led races remained too close to call with the possibility of state-funded candidate-requested recounts that, if requested, would determine whether the chamber ends up evenly divided or with a Republican majority. Click here to learn more.
  • 12:33 a.m.: Ann Johnson Stewart (D) won a special election in the Minnesota State Senate, defeating Kathleen Fowke (R). While the state senate did not hold chamber-wide elections in 2024, it was evenly divided 33-33 heading into the election. As a result of this special election, Democrats maintained a majority in the chamber. Ballotpedia identified this as a battleground race. Click here to learn more.

  Guaranteed majorities

  Heading into the election, 19 state legislative chambers had guaranteed majorities due to the lack of major party competition, six for Democrats and 13 for Republicans. Click here to view those chambers.

Analysis of state elections, 2024

See also: Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024

State legislative elections

See also: State legislative elections, 2024

In the 50 states, there are 99 state legislative chambers altogether. Across 44 states, 85 of those chambers held regular legislative elections in 2024. These elections were for 5,807 of the country's 7,386 state legislative seats (79%). The general election for state legislative races was held on November 5, 2024.

Two state legislative chambers, the Michigan and Minnesota state Houses, changed party control following the 2024 general election. Republicans won control of the Michigan House from Democrats, and won a tie in the Minnesota House.

To learn more about the state legislative races that were on your ballot, click here to use our Sample Ballot Lookup tool.

States are also holding special state legislative elections in 2024 to fill vacant seats. Click here for more.

In the U.S. Territories, seven legislative chambers held regularly scheduled elections for 169 seats in 2024. Elections were held for the American Samoa House of Representatives, the Guam Legislature, the Puerto Rico Senate and House of Representatives, the Northern Mariana Islands Senate and House of Representatives, and the U.S. Virgin Islands Legislature.

As of September 5th, 2025, Republicans controlled 55.48% of all state legislative seats nationally, while Democrats held 43.68%. Republicans held a majority in 57 chambers, and Democrats held the majority in 39 chambers. Two chambers (Alaska House and Alaska Senate) were organized under multipartisan, power-sharing coalitions. One chamber (Minnesota House of Representatives) was split evenly between both parties.

Partisan balance of all 7,386 state legislative seats
Legislative chamber			Other	Vacant
State senates	834	1,121	5	13
State houses	2,392	2,977	20	24
Total:	3,226	4,098	25	37

Featured analysis

• State legislative seats that changed party control in 2024: As a result of the Nov. 5, 2024, elections, partisan composition of all 7,386 state legislative seats changed by 0.7 percentage points. Democrats had a net loss of 54 seats, representing 0.7% of all state legislative seats. Republicans had a net gain of 55 seats, representing 0.7% of all state legislative seats. Independents and minor party officeholders had a net loss of one seat, representing 0.01% of all state legislative seats.
• Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 12, 2022: Competitiveness refers to the presence of choice throughout the election cycle. A greater level of competitiveness means voters have the ability to make more decisions. A lower level of competitiveness equals fewer choices. State legislative competitiveness in 2022 reached its highest level compared to all even-year election cycles since 2010. In 2022, the nationwide State Legislative Competitiveness Index is 36.2, beating out 2018 (36.1) and the 2012 post-redistricting cycle (35.2).

More related analysis

Tap the box below to show more analysis articles related to the 2024 state legislative elections.

Click here to view more related articles

• Annual Competitiveness Report
• State legislative special elections
• Primary election competitiveness in state and federal government, 2024
• Impact of term limits
• Open seats
• Contested primaries
• Incumbents in contested primaries
• Data on incumbents defeated in 2024
• Major party competition
• Unconstested incumbents
• Trifecta vulnerability in the 2024 elections
• Candidates with the same last names, 2024
• Rematches in 2024 general elections
• Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024
• Trends in the margins of victory for incumbents of three or more terms, 2018-2024
• Election results, 2024: State legislative veto-proof majorities
• Wave election analysis
• Election results, 2024: Incumbent win rates by state
• Election results, 2024: Uncontested races by state
• Incumbents who won primaries by five percentage points or fewer or with a plurality, 2024
• Margin of victory analysis for the 2024 state legislative elections
• Election results, 2024: State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes

State executive elections

See also: State executive official elections, 2024

State executive offices up for election in 2024 included 11 gubernatorial seats, nine lieutenant gubernatorial seats, 10 attorney general seats, and seven secretary of state seats. Including down-ballot races, there were 167 state executive seats up for election across 30 states in 2024.

In 2022, 307 state executive offices were up for election across 44 states. Twenty offices changed party control, including two previously held Republican lieutenant governorships that changed parties because the governor and lieutenant governor ran on a joint ticket. Of the 18 offices which changed partisan control due to direct election, 10 switched from Democrat to Republican, seven switched from Republican to Democrat, and one nonpartisan official was succeeded by a Republican. A total of 26 incumbents seeking re-election to state executive offices were defeated, with 10 of those losing in the general election and 16 losing in their party's primary or nominating convention.

Featured analysis (from 2022)

• Trifecta vulnerability in the 2022 elections: Thirteen state government trifectas were vulnerable in the 2022 elections, according to Ballotpedia's annual trifecta vulnerability ratings. Democrats defended seven vulnerable trifectas and Republicans defended six. A state government trifecta occurs when one party holds the governorship and majorities in both chambers of the state legislature. At the time of the 2022 elections, there were 37 state government trifectas: 23 Republican trifectas and 14 Democratic trifectas. The remaining 13 states had a divided government where neither party had a trifecta.
• State government triplexes: Heading into the November 8 elections, there were 23 Republican triplexes, 18 Democratic triplexes, and 9 divided governments where neither party held triplex control. A state government triplex is a term to describe when one political party holds the following three positions in a state's government: governor, attorney general, and secretary of state. In states where the attorney general or secretary of state are appointed by the governor, Ballotpedia considers the office to be held by the governor's party for the purposes of defining triplexes.
• Annual State Executive Competitiveness Report: Ballotpedia's 2022 study of competitiveness in state executive official elections found that 37.1% of incumbents did not seek re-election, leaving those offices open. This was higher than in 2020 (35.6%) and 2014 (32.7%) but lower than in 2018 (38.6%) and 2016 (45.2%). The decade average for open offices was 37.8%.

More related analysis

Tap the box below to show more analysis articles related to the 2024 state executive elections.

Click here to view more related articles

• State executive official elections overview
• State executive officials election results
• Primary election competitiveness in state and federal government, 2024
• Gubernatorial elections
• Split-ticket states in the 2024 presidential and gubernatorial elections
• Secretary of State elections
• Attorney General elections
• Historical and potential changes in trifectas
• State government trifectas
• Endorsements of school board members by state executive officeholders and candidates, 2024
• Impact of term limits on state executive elections
• Rematches in 2024 general elections
• Veto-proof state legislatures and opposing party governors
• Trends in the margins of victory for incumbents of three or more terms, 2018-2024
• Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024
• Wave election analysis
• Incumbents who won primaries by five percentage points or fewer or with a plurality, 2024

State judicial elections

See also: State judicial elections, 2024

A total of 306 appellate court seats were up for election in 2024. The seats included:

• 83 supreme court seats.
• 223 intermediate appellate court seats.

Ballotpedia provided coverage of supreme court and intermediate appellate court elections, as well as local trial court elections for judges within the 100 largest cities in the United States as measured by population.

In addition, in the U.S. Territories, four judges were on the ballot in retention elections in 2024. One judge on the Guam Supreme Court, two on the Guam Superior Court, and one on the Northern Mariana Islands Superior Court stood for retention to remain on the bench.

Featured analysis

• Partisanship of state supreme court judges: In June 2020, Ballotpedia conducted a study into the partisanship of state supreme court justices. The study placed each justice into one of five categories indicating confidence in their affiliations with either the Democratic or Republican Parties. These categories were Strong Democratic, Mild Democratic, Indeterminate, Mild Republican, and Strong Republican.

More related analysis

Tap the box below to show more analysis articles related to the 2024 state judicial elections.

Click here to view more related articles

• State supreme court elections, 2024
• State judicial elections, 2024
• Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024
• Trends in the margins of victory for incumbents of three or more terms, 2018-2024
• Incumbents who won primaries by five percentage points or fewer or with a plurality, 2024

See also

• Election results, 2024
• State legislative elections, 2024
• State legislative special elections, 2024
• Impact of term limits on state legislative elections in 2024
• Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024
• Election results, 2024: State legislative veto-proof majorities

Election coverage by office

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