Email: Learning Journey: Civil Service Day 1

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  The civil service is made up of individuals other than military personnel who are employed by the federal government.

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Welcome to the first of three installments of Ballotpedia’s Learning Journey on the civil service. The civil service is made up of individuals other than military personnel who are employed by the federal government. These individuals, known as civil servants, are sometimes referred to as government bureaucrats or career administrators. In the context of administrative law, a civil servant is a civilian who is employed by a federal administrative agency. The extent of the president’s authority over the civil service illustrates a broader debate about executive control over administrative agencies—one of five pillars key to understanding the administrative state. This Learning Journey guides you through the structure and development of the federal civil service, including recent executive orders issued by President Donald Trump (R) that instituted changes to civil service practices. We also examine contemporary state-level policies that have departed from the traditional federal civil service model. Let’s get started! Scope and structure of the civil service According to the United States Code § 2101, the federal civil service is made up of all unelected "positions in the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of the Government of the United States, except positions in the uniformed services." An estimated 2.1 million civilian workers and 500,000 postal service employees made up the federal civil service as of a March 2019 analysis by the White House. The civil service is divided into the competitive service, the excepted service, and the Senior Executive Service: The Competitive Service The competitive service, also known as the classified service, is a subset of the federal civil service made up of civilian government employees who are hired according to a merit-based selection process administered by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Their positions are standardized, or classified, according to a series of grade levels with associated compensation. Members of the competitive civil service are subject to federal civil service laws under Title 5 of the United States Code aimed at ensuring certain workplace protections, such as procedural protections against removal and discrimination. The Excepted Service The excepted service is a subset of the federal civil service made up of civilian positions in the federal government outside of the competitive service or the Senior Executive Service. Excepted service positions, also known as unclassified positions, require specialized expertise and are not subject to the merit-based selection process or grade-level classifications of the competitive service. The Senior Executive Service ​The Senior Executive Service is a subset of the federal civil service made up of civilian government positions outside of the competitive service or the excepted service. Members of the Senior Executive Service are recruited for their leadership and managerial experience, rather than technical expertise, and are hired to serve in senior executive roles below top-level presidential appointees within federal administrative agencies. Read On: The Civil Service     What’s next? Tomorrow we examine the historical development of the civil service.   Review Check out the following Ballotpedia pages to dive deeper into today’s key concepts: The civil service The competitive service The excepted service The senior executive service

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