Executive Order: Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across our Northern Border (Donald Trump, 2025)

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Executive Order: Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across our Northern Border is an executive order that President Donald Trump (R) issued on July 31, 2025, during his second term in office.[1]

Executive orders are directives the president writes to officials within the executive branch requiring them to take or stop some action related to policy or management. They are numbered, published in the Federal Register, cite the authority by which the president is making the order, and the Office of Management and Budget issues budgetary impact analyses for each order.[2][3] Click here to read more about executive orders issued during Trump's second term.

Text of the order

The section below displays the text of the order. Click here to view the order as published on the White House website.

“

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), section 604 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2483), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby determine and order:

Section 1. Background. In Executive Order 14193 of February 1, 2025 (Imposing Duties To Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border), I declared a national emergency arising from certain conditions, including the public health crisis caused by fentanyl and other illicit drugs, and the failure of Canada to do more to arrest, seize, detain, or otherwise intercept drug trafficking organizations, other drug or human traffickers, criminals at large, and illicit drugs. In that order, I found that those conditions constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat, which has its source in substantial part outside the United States, to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States.

To deal with the emergency declared in Executive Order 14193, I imposed an additional ad valorem rate of duty of 25 percent on certain articles that are products of Canada and an additional ad valorem rate of duty of 10 percent on certain energy or energy resources that are products of Canada. In Executive Order 14231 of March 6, 2025 (Amendment to Duties To Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border), I provided that the additional ad valorem rates of duties under Executive Order 14193 do not apply to articles that are products of Canada that qualify for duty-free entry under the Agreement between the United States of America, United Mexican States, and Canada (USMCA), and I reduced the additional ad valorem rate of duty on potash from 25 percent to 10 percent.

Section 2(d) of Executive Order 14193 provides that “[s]hould Canada retaliate against the United States . . . through import duties on United States exports to Canada or similar measures,” I “may increase or expand in scope the duties imposed . . . to ensure the efficacy of th[e] action” taken in Executive Order 14193. Section 3(b) of Executive Order 14193 provides that the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with other senior officials, “shall recommend additional action, if necessary, should the Government of Canada fail to take adequate steps to alleviate the illegal migration and illicit drug crises through cooperative enforcement actions.”

I have received additional information and recommendations from various senior officials regarding, among other things, Canada’s lack of cooperation in stemming the flood of fentanyl and other illicit drugs across our northern border — including its failure to devote satisfactory resources to arrest, seize, detain, or otherwise intercept drug trafficking organizations, other drug or human traffickers, criminals at large, and illicit drugs — and Canada’s efforts to retaliate against the United States in response to Executive Order 14193, as amended. After considering the additional information and recommendations that I have received, among other things, I have determined that, for the products of Canada that are subject to the additional ad valorem rate of duty of 25 percent, the additional ad valorem rate of duty shall increase from 25 percent to 35 percent. In my judgment, this action is necessary and appropriate to deal with the emergency declared in Executive Order 14193.

Sec. 2. Implementation. (a) All articles that are subject to the additional ad valorem rate of duty of 25 percent under Executive Order 14193, as amended, shall instead be subject to an additional ad valorem rate of duty of 35 percent. Accordingly, the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) shall be modified as provided in the Annex to this order.

(b) The changes set forth herein shall be effective with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on August 1, 2025.

(c) Nothing in this order shall be construed to alter or otherwise affect section 2(b) of Executive Order 14193 or section 2(a) or section 2(b) of Executive Order 14231.

(d) The stacking rules set out in Executive Order 14289 of April 29, 2025 (Addressing Certain Tariffs on Imported Articles), and any subsequent order or proclamation addressing stacking of tariffs imposed under IEEPA, shall continue to apply to goods that are subject to subsection (a) of this section.

(e) The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the United States International Trade Commission, shall determine whether any additional modifications to the HTSUS are necessary to effectuate this order and may make such modifications through notice in the Federal Register.

Sec. 3. Transshipment. (a) all articles of Canada that do not qualify as originating under USMCA and are determined by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to have been transshipped to evade applicable duties under section 2 of this order shall be subject to (i) an additional ad valorem rate of duty of 40 percent, in lieu of the additional ad valorem rate of duty applicable under section 2 of this order to goods of the country of origin; (ii) any other applicable or appropriate fine or penalty, including those assessed under 19 U.S.C. 1592; and (iii) any other United States duties, fees, taxes, exactions, or charges applicable to goods of the country of origin. CBP shall not allow, consistent with applicable law, for mitigation or remission of the penalties assessed on imports found to be transshipped to evade applicable duties.

(b) The Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Homeland Security, acting through the Commissioner of CBP, in consultation with the United States Trade Representative, shall publish every 6 months a list of countries and specific facilities used in circumvention schemes, to inform public procurement, national security reviews, and commercial due diligence.

Sec. 4. Monitoring and Recommendations. (a) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall continue to monitor, and regularly consult with the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, and the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security, on the situation at our northern border. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall inform the President of any circumstances that, in her opinion, might indicate the need for further action by the President. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall also inform the President of any circumstance that, in her opinion, might indicate that the Government of Canada has taken adequate steps to alleviate the emergency declared in Executive Order 14193.

(b) The Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, and the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security, shall recommend additional action, if necessary, should the Government of Canada fail to take adequate steps to alleviate the illicit drug crisis or should the Government of Canada retaliate against the United States in response to the actions taken in Executive Order 14193 or any subsequent order issued to address the emergency declared in Executive Order 14193.

Sec. 5. Delegation. The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Commerce, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including adopting rules and regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President by IEEPA as may be necessary to implement this order. The Secretary of Homeland Security may, consistent with applicable law, redelegate any of these functions within the Department of Homeland Security. All executive departments and agencies shall take all appropriate measures within their authority to implement this order.

Sec. 6. Severability. If any provision of this order, or the application of any provision of this order to any individual or circumstance, is held to be invalid, the remainder of this order and the application of its provisions to any other individuals or circumstances shall not be affected.

Sec. 7. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(d) The costs for publication of this order shall be borne by the Department of Homeland Security.[1][4]

”

Judicial responses

Supreme Court rules against some tariffs (February 20, 2026)

On February 20, 2026, the Supreme Court issued a decision in the case Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump, ruling that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, which Trump had used to impose tariffs, did not give him the power to do so.[5] In writing the opinion of the Court, Chief Justice John Roberts wrote," IEEPA contains no reference to tariffs or duties. The Government points to no statute in which Congress used the word 'regulate' to authorize taxation. And until now, no President has read IEEPA to confer such power."[6] In his dissent, Justice Brett Kavanaugh wrote, "To summarize: Algonquin in 1976 unanimously held the opposite... There is a long tradition of Presidents imposing tariffs as a means of regulating importation and commerce... All of that and much more, in my view, overwhelmingly establish that IEEPA clearly authorizes the President to impose tariffs."[7]

The court ruled 6-3, with, Amy Coney Barrett, Neil Gorsuch, Ketanji Brown Jackson, Elena Kagan, and Sonia Sotomayor joining Roberts in the majority opinion. In addition to Kavanaugh, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas dissented.[5]

Executive orders in the second term of the Trump administration

March 2026

February 2026


January 2026

December 2025

November 2025

October 2025

September 2025

August 2025

July 2025

June 2025

May 2025

April 2025

March 2025

February 2025

January 2025


Historical context

See also: Donald Trump's executive orders and actions, 2025-2026

Overview, 1789-present

The following chart shows the number of executive orders and average executive orders per year issued by each president of the United States from 1789 to present.

Average number of executive orders issued each year by president, 1921-present

The following chart visualizes the average number of executive orders issued each year between 1921 and present, as noted in the table in the section above. The number of executive orders issued declined during this time period with Presidents Barack Obama (D) and George W. Bush issuing the fewest on average at 35 and 36 each year, respectively.

Executive orders issued over time, 2001-present

The chart below displays the number of executive orders issued over time by Biden, Trump, Obama, and Bush.

First day, month, and year executive order totals, 2001-2025

The chart below displays the number of executive orders that Biden, Trump, Obama, and Bush issued on their first day in office, first month in office, and first year in office following a presidential transition.


See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 White House, "Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across our Northern Border," July 31, 2025
  2. ↑ Cooper, Phillip. (2014). By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. (pgs. 21-22)
  3. ↑ USA Today, "Presidential memoranda vs. executive orders. What's the difference?" January 24, 2017
  4. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BBC
  6. ↑ Supreme Court, "LEARNING RESOURCES, INC., ET AL. v. TRUMP, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, ET AL.," February 20, 2026
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SCCOTUS220
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