Federal government issues ballot measures

Voters have decided on federal government issues ballot measures across the U.S. As a state ballot measure topic, federal government issues include measures regarding the relationship between the state and federal government. Examples include jurisdiction over federal lands, state implementation of federal laws, federal term limits, and positions on federal constitutional amendments or conventions. The topic is grouped within the governance policy area.

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• Comprehensive list of ballot measures by year and state

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State ballot measure

Governance policy

Federal government issues

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State ballot measures

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Local governance policy

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Budget and tax policy

Economic regulations Banking policy Business regulations Insurance policy Public economic investment policy Tax policy Business taxes Carbon taxes and fees Fees, licenses, and charges Food and beverage taxes Fuel taxes Income taxes Property taxes Property tax exemptions Sales taxes Severance taxes Tobacco and cigarette taxes Budget policy Balanced budget requirements Budget stabilization funds Debt limits Revenue allocation Revenue and spending limits Restricted-use funds Bond issues Bond issue requirements Tax and revenue administration

Criminal justice and law enforcement policy

Civil law and trials Civil trials Tort law Criminal sentences and trials Bail policy Criminal sentencing Criminal trials Death penalty Juvenile criminal justice Parole policy Drug regulations Alcohol laws Drug crime policy Marijuana laws Psychedelic substance laws Smoking bans Tobacco laws Law enforcement and corrections Corrections governance Law enforcement funding Law enforcement officers and departments Prison and jail funding Prison work regulations Crime victims' rights Dueling bans

Education policy

Higher education Higher education funding Higher education governance Public K–12 education Public education funding Public education governance Public school teachers and staff Religion in public schools School class size policy Early childhood education School choice policy

Election policy

Direct democracy Ballot measure supermajority requirements Ballot measure process Initiative and referendum process Recall process Electoral systems Cumulative voting Presidential electoral vote Primary election systems Proportional representation Ranked-choice voting Runoff elections Term limits Congressional term limits Executive official term limits Judicial term limits Local official term limits State legislative term limits Voting policy Absentee and mail voting Citizenship voting requirements Early voting Literacy, poll tax, and property voting requirements Primary election participation Race and suffrage Residency voting requirements Voter ID policy Voter registration Voting age policy Voting rights for persons with criminal convictions Women's suffrage Age limits for officials Campaign finance Election administration and governance Redistricting policy

Environment and energy policy

Energy policy Carbon emissions regulations Energy conservation and efficiency Energy market regulations Energy transmission projects Fossil fuel energy Hydroelectric energy Nuclear energy Solar and wind energy Hunting and fishing Fisheries and fishing regulations Game and fish commissions Hunting regulations Right to hunt and fish Natural disaster policy Earthquake infrastructure Flood infrastructure and management Storm infrastructure Wildfire management Agriculture policy Animal treatment laws Food policy Forestry and timber Mineral resources Parks, land, and natural area conservation Pollution, waste, and recycling policy

Governance policy

Administrative agencies Administrative organization Administrative powers and rulemaking Local government Local government organization Local government officials and elections Local government finance and taxes State constitutions Constitutional rights Constitutional wording changes State constitution ratification State constitutional conventions State executives Executive branch structure State executive elections State executive powers and duties State legislatures State legislative authority State legislative elections State legislative processes and sessions State legislative structure State legislative vote requirements State judiciary State judicial authority State judicial selection State judiciary oversight State judiciary structure Census policy Civil service Ethics rules and commissions Federal government issues Jury rules Impeachment rules Open meetings and public information Salaries of government officials State capitals State flags, symbols, and holidays Statehood Time standards

Infrastructure policy

Housing policy Homestead tax exemptions Housing assistance programs Housing development funding Rent control and regulations Transportation policy Airport infrastructure Highways and bridges Non-motorized transportation Ports and harbors Public transportation Railways Toll roads Transportation taxes and fees Vehicle and driver regulations Water infrastructure Drinking water systems Sewage and stormwater Water irrigation policy Water storage Eminent domain policy Land use and development policy Public land policy Telecommunications infrastructure Utility policy

Labor, healthcare, and public assistance policy

Labor union policy Collective bargaining Labor disputes and strikes Labor union deductions Right-to-work laws Healthcare policy Complementary and alternative healthcare Healthcare facility funding Healthcare governance Private health insurance Public health insurance Vaccinations and disease policy Work regulations Child labor regulations Gender-based labor regulations Minimum wage laws Paid sick leave laws Workers' compensation laws Working hours regulations Public assistance programs Public employee retirement funds Public works labor and contracting

Military and veteran policy

Defense-related funding Government continuity policy Military service policy Military-related advisory questions Nuclear weapons policy State National Guard and militia Veterans policy

Social issue policy

Abortion policy Affirmative action American Indian issues Assisted death policy Athletics and sports English language policy Family-related policy Firearms policy Gambling policy Immigration policy LGBTQ issues Race and ethnicity issues Religion-related policy Sex and gender issues Sexual content regulations Sunday regulations

Upcoming ballot measures

See also: 2026 ballot measures and 2027 ballot measures

The following is a list of state ballot measures related to this topic that are certified or potential for this year and future elections:

2026

1. California Independence Plebiscite Initiative (2026) - Potential

List of state ballot measures

Click the tabs to view state ballot measures related to this topic, organized by year or state.

Years

States

2026

1. California Independence Plebiscite Initiative (2026) - Potential

2024

1. North Dakota Initiated Measure 1, Congressional Age Limits Initiative (June 2024)

2022

1. American Samoa, Amendment 3, Remove Secretary of Interior's Power on Veto Overrides Measure (2022)

2018

1. Massachusetts Question 2, Advisory Commission for Amendments to the U.S. Constitution Regarding Corporate Personhood and Political Spending Initiative (2018)

2016

1. California Proposition 59, Overturn of Citizens United Act Advisory Question (2016)
2. Washington Advisory Question about the Rights of Corporations and Money as Free Speech, Initiative 735 (2016)

2014

1. Arizona Proposition 122, Rejection of Unconstitutional Federal Actions Amendment (2014)

2012

1. Arizona Proposition 120, Declare State's Sovereignty Over Public Lands and Natural Resources Amendment (2012)
2. Colorado Amendment 65, Federal Campaign Spending and Contribution Amendment Initiative (2012)
3. Montana Healthcare Measure, LR-122 (2012)

2010

1. Florida Federal Budget Advisory Question (2010)
2. Oklahoma State Question 755, International and Sharia Law Amendment (2010)

2004

1. Alaska Measure 4, Repeal Governor’s Authority to Fill U.S. Senate Vacancies Initiative (2004)

2002

1. Florida Amendment 1, Permit Death Penalty For Capital Crimes Amendment (2002)

1998

1. Arizona Proposition 202, IRS Elimination Pledge on Ballot for Congressional Candidates Initiative (1998)
2. Colorado Amendment 18, Declarations About Term Limits Initiative (1998)

1996

1. Alaska Measure 1, Approval Requirement for Changes to Statehood Act Amendment (1996)
2. Maine Question 1, U.S. Congress Term Limits Measure (1996)
3. Missouri Amendment 9, Add Congressional Term Limits Positions to Ballot Initiative (1996)
4. Nevada Question 4, Unappropriated Public Land Disclaimer Amendment (1996)
5. North Dakota Compact with United States, Measure 3 (1996)
6. North Dakota United States Constitutional Convention, Measure 6 (1996)
7. Oregon Measure 48, Vote for Legislator Term Limits Initiative (1996)
8. Wyoming Initiative 1, Officials to Advocate for Congressional Term Limits Measure (1996)

1994

1. Colorado Amendment 16, Freedom of Expression Initiative (1994)
2. Oklahoma State Question 662, U.S. Congressional Term Limits Initiative (September 1994)

1992

1. Arizona Proposition 107, Term Limits for Congressional and State Elected Officials Initiative (1992)
2. Missouri Amendment 13, Congressional Term Limits Initiative (1992)
3. North Dakota Congress Term Limits, Measure 5 (1992)
4. Ohio Congressional Term Limits Initiative (1992)

1989

1. Maine Question 2, Inform the Governor the People do Not Agree to the Testing of Cruise Missiles in the State Initiative (1989)

1987

1. Oregon Measure 1, Challenge Federal Selection of Nuclear Waste Repositories Measure (May 1987)
2. Washington Referendum 41, State Challenge to Federal Reserve Authority Measure (1987)

1986

1. Massachusetts Question 8, National Acid Rain Control Program Advisory Question (1986)

1984

1. Alaska Ballot Measure 3, Eliminate the Alaska Transportation Commission Initiative (1984)
2. California Proposition 38, Language for Election Materials Initiative (1984)

1982

1. Alaska Measure 5, State Ownership of Federal Land Initiative (1982)
2. Oregon Measure 5, Message to Halt Nuclear Missile Development Initiative (1982)

1980

1. Alaska Establish Statehood Commission to Study Relationship with United States Measure (August 1980)
2. Washington SJR 132, State Control Over Federal Lands Amendment (1980)

1978

1. Nevada Question 5, Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment Advisory Question (1978)
2. Oregon Measure 12, Federal Balanced Budget Amendment Advisory Question (1978)

1972

1. Florida School Prayer Straw Ballot Measure (March 1972)

1958

1. Washington SJR 10, State Boundaries on Columbia River Amendment (1958)

1956

1. Alaska Proposition 2, Tennessee Plan Measure (April 1956)
2. Arkansas Amendment 47, Direct State Legislature to Oppose Federal Desegregation Rulings Initiative (1956)
3. Arkansas Call for Federal Constitutional Amendment for State Authority to Provide Racially Segregated Schools Initiative (1956)

1953

1. Ohio Repeal State Constitutional Language Conflicting with U.S. Constitution Amendment (1953)

1950

1. Oklahoma State Question 344, Charter Amendments to United Nations Question (1950)

1948

1. Connecticut United Nations as Limited World Federal Government to Prevent War Advisory Question (1948)
2. Massachusetts Question 8, Presidential Term Limit Advisory Question (1948)

1946

1. Utah Amendment 2, Permit Taxation of Land Belonging to the United States Measure (1946)

1940

1. Idaho Disbursement of Moneys, SJR 7 (1940)

1938

1. Oregon Measure Nos. 312-313, Federal Constitutional Convention to Consider Townsend Plan Initiative (1938)

1936

1. North Dakota Federal Funds for Political Purposes Initiative (1936)

1934

1. Nevada State Question 1, Contracts and Taxation for Resource Protection Amendment (1934)

1933

1. Alabama Federal Repeal of Prohibition, Amendment 1 (1933)
2. Iowa Repeal of Prohibition, Question 1 (June 1933)
3. North Carolina Convention to Repeal 18th Amendment of U.S. Constitution Question (1933)
4. Oregon Measure Nos. 300-301, Repeal of Federal Alcohol Prohibition Measure (July 1933)

1932

1. California Proposition 1, Repeal of the Wright Act Initiative (1932)
2. Connecticut Question 3, Petitioning for Repeal of 18th Amendment Advisory Question (1932)
3. Massachusetts Question 3, Ratification of 20th Amendment to U.S. Constitution Advisory Question (1932)

1926

1. California Proposition 9, Repeal of the Wright Act Initiative (1926)

1924

1. Massachusetts Question 7, Regulation of Labor by Minors Advisory Question (1924)

1919

1. Ohio Ratification of Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition) of U.S. Constitution Referendum (1919)

1918

1. Ohio Veto Referendums on Legislative Ratification of Federal Constitutional Amendments Initiative (1918)

1908

1. Oregon Measure Nos. 326-327, Require Legislature to Elect U.S. Senate Candidate Receiving Most Votes in Election Initiative (June 1908)

1882

1. Illinois Cede Canal to United States Question (1882)

1865

1. North Carolina Rescind 1861 Secession Ordinance and Affirm Ratification of the U.S. Constitution Amendment (1865)

1788

1. Rhode Island Ratification of U.S. Constitution Question (March 1788)

Alabama

1. Alabama Federal Repeal of Prohibition, Amendment 1 (1933)

Alaska

1. Alaska Ballot Measure 3, Eliminate the Alaska Transportation Commission Initiative (1984)
2. Alaska Establish Statehood Commission to Study Relationship with United States Measure (August 1980)
3. Alaska Measure 1, Approval Requirement for Changes to Statehood Act Amendment (1996)
4. Alaska Measure 4, Repeal Governor’s Authority to Fill U.S. Senate Vacancies Initiative (2004)
5. Alaska Measure 5, State Ownership of Federal Land Initiative (1982)
6. Alaska Proposition 2, Tennessee Plan Measure (April 1956)

American Samoa

1. American Samoa, Amendment 3, Remove Secretary of Interior's Power on Veto Overrides Measure (2022)

Arizona

1. Arizona Proposition 107, Term Limits for Congressional and State Elected Officials Initiative (1992)
2. Arizona Proposition 120, Declare State's Sovereignty Over Public Lands and Natural Resources Amendment (2012)
3. Arizona Proposition 122, Rejection of Unconstitutional Federal Actions Amendment (2014)
4. Arizona Proposition 202, IRS Elimination Pledge on Ballot for Congressional Candidates Initiative (1998)

Arkansas

1. Arkansas Amendment 47, Direct State Legislature to Oppose Federal Desegregation Rulings Initiative (1956)
2. Arkansas Call for Federal Constitutional Amendment for State Authority to Provide Racially Segregated Schools Initiative (1956)

California

1. California Independence Plebiscite Initiative (2026) - Potential
2. California Proposition 1, Repeal of the Wright Act Initiative (1932)
3. California Proposition 38, Language for Election Materials Initiative (1984)
4. California Proposition 59, Overturn of Citizens United Act Advisory Question (2016)
5. California Proposition 9, Repeal of the Wright Act Initiative (1926)

Colorado

1. Colorado Amendment 16, Freedom of Expression Initiative (1994)
2. Colorado Amendment 18, Declarations About Term Limits Initiative (1998)
3. Colorado Amendment 65, Federal Campaign Spending and Contribution Amendment Initiative (2012)

Connecticut

1. Connecticut Question 3, Petitioning for Repeal of 18th Amendment Advisory Question (1932)
2. Connecticut United Nations as Limited World Federal Government to Prevent War Advisory Question (1948)

Florida

1. Florida Amendment 1, Permit Death Penalty For Capital Crimes Amendment (2002)
2. Florida Federal Budget Advisory Question (2010)
3. Florida School Prayer Straw Ballot Measure (March 1972)

Idaho

1. Idaho Disbursement of Moneys, SJR 7 (1940)

Illinois

1. Illinois Cede Canal to United States Question (1882)

Iowa

1. Iowa Repeal of Prohibition, Question 1 (June 1933)

Maine

1. Maine Question 1, U.S. Congress Term Limits Measure (1996)
2. Maine Question 2, Inform the Governor the People do Not Agree to the Testing of Cruise Missiles in the State Initiative (1989)

Massachusetts

1. Massachusetts Question 2, Advisory Commission for Amendments to the U.S. Constitution Regarding Corporate Personhood and Political Spending Initiative (2018)
2. Massachusetts Question 3, Ratification of 20th Amendment to U.S. Constitution Advisory Question (1932)
3. Massachusetts Question 7, Regulation of Labor by Minors Advisory Question (1924)
4. Massachusetts Question 8, National Acid Rain Control Program Advisory Question (1986)
5. Massachusetts Question 8, Presidential Term Limit Advisory Question (1948)

Missouri

1. Missouri Amendment 13, Congressional Term Limits Initiative (1992)
2. Missouri Amendment 9, Add Congressional Term Limits Positions to Ballot Initiative (1996)

Montana

1. Montana Healthcare Measure, LR-122 (2012)

Nevada

1. Nevada Question 4, Unappropriated Public Land Disclaimer Amendment (1996)
2. Nevada Question 5, Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment Advisory Question (1978)
3. Nevada State Question 1, Contracts and Taxation for Resource Protection Amendment (1934)

North Carolina

1. North Carolina Convention to Repeal 18th Amendment of U.S. Constitution Question (1933)
2. North Carolina Rescind 1861 Secession Ordinance and Affirm Ratification of the U.S. Constitution Amendment (1865)

North Dakota

1. North Dakota Compact with United States, Measure 3 (1996)
2. North Dakota Congress Term Limits, Measure 5 (1992)
3. North Dakota Federal Funds for Political Purposes Initiative (1936)
4. North Dakota Initiated Measure 1, Congressional Age Limits Initiative (June 2024)
5. North Dakota United States Constitutional Convention, Measure 6 (1996)

Ohio

1. Ohio Congressional Term Limits Initiative (1992)
2. Ohio Ratification of Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition) of U.S. Constitution Referendum (1919)
3. Ohio Repeal State Constitutional Language Conflicting with U.S. Constitution Amendment (1953)
4. Ohio Veto Referendums on Legislative Ratification of Federal Constitutional Amendments Initiative (1918)

Oklahoma

1. Oklahoma State Question 344, Charter Amendments to United Nations Question (1950)
2. Oklahoma State Question 662, U.S. Congressional Term Limits Initiative (September 1994)
3. Oklahoma State Question 755, International and Sharia Law Amendment (2010)

Oregon

1. Oregon Measure 1, Challenge Federal Selection of Nuclear Waste Repositories Measure (May 1987)
2. Oregon Measure 12, Federal Balanced Budget Amendment Advisory Question (1978)
3. Oregon Measure 48, Vote for Legislator Term Limits Initiative (1996)
4. Oregon Measure 5, Message to Halt Nuclear Missile Development Initiative (1982)
5. Oregon Measure Nos. 300-301, Repeal of Federal Alcohol Prohibition Measure (July 1933)
6. Oregon Measure Nos. 312-313, Federal Constitutional Convention to Consider Townsend Plan Initiative (1938)
7. Oregon Measure Nos. 326-327, Require Legislature to Elect U.S. Senate Candidate Receiving Most Votes in Election Initiative (June 1908)

Rhode Island

1. Rhode Island Ratification of U.S. Constitution Question (March 1788)

Utah

1. Utah Amendment 2, Permit Taxation of Land Belonging to the United States Measure (1946)

Washington

1. Washington Advisory Question about the Rights of Corporations and Money as Free Speech, Initiative 735 (2016)
2. Washington Referendum 41, State Challenge to Federal Reserve Authority Measure (1987)
3. Washington SJR 10, State Boundaries on Columbia River Amendment (1958)
4. Washington SJR 132, State Control Over Federal Lands Amendment (1980)

Wyoming

1. Wyoming Initiative 1, Officials to Advocate for Congressional Term Limits Measure (1996)

See also

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Topics

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Law

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• • Types of ballot measures
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History

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Campaigns

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Footnotes

State ballot measures

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