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Federal government shutdown, 2025
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A federal government shutdown began at 12:01 a.m. on October 1, 2025, after the U.S. Congress was unable to vote to approve a budget bill. The shutdown ended on November 12, 2025, after President Donald Trump (R) signed the Continuing Appropriations, Agriculture, Legislative Branch, Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Extensions Act, 2026 into law, which funds the government through January 30, 2026. This was the longest government shutdown in U.S. history at the time, lasting 42 full days.
The U.S. House of Representatives voted 217-212 to approve an earlier version of the continuing resolution on September 19, which would have funded the government through November 21 and mostly extended funding at the same level, with some additional spending, such as additional funds for security for federal public officials. The U.S. Senate held fourteen votes on this bill from September 19 to November 4, which all failed to meet the 60-vote threshold to pass.[1]
On November 9, the Senate held a successful fifteenth vote on the continuing resolution. The next day, the Senate voted to invoke cloture on and pass an amended version of the continuing resolution that would fund the government through January 30, 2026, and would also include the reversal of federal employee firings during the shutdown and three funding bills for military construction and the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Agriculture, and the legislative branch.[2] The Senate voted 60-40 on passage, with seven Democrats and one Independent who caucuses with Democrats joining 52 Republicans voting in favor.[3] The House voted 222-209 in favor of the bill on November 12.
In exchange for Democratic support of the bill, Senate Majority Leader John Thune (R-S.D.) said he would bring up a vote on Affordable Care Act subsidies in December 2025. The Senate had previously considered a Democrat-sponsored continuing resolution, which would have mostly extended funding at previous levels through October 31, and extended Affordable Care Act subsidies, in the form of extending enhanced premium tax credits. According to the Congressional Budget Office, the premium tax credit "is a refundable credit that helps eligible individuals and families cover the premiums for their health insurance purchased through the Health Insurance Marketplace."[4] The Democrat-sponsored continuing resolution would have also repealed reductions to Medicaid funding from the One Big Beautiful Bill Act and limited the authority of the Office of Management and Budget to withhold appropriations. This bill failed to meet the 60-vote threshold during the seven votes held on the bill from September 19 to October 9.[5]
A continuing resolution is a type of short-term funding bill that funds the government in lieu of a final budget. Continuing resolutions typically fund the government largely at previous levels, but can change the rate of spending, authorize the continuation of a pre-existing program, or provide funding for the duration of the continuing resolution.[6]
This was the first government shutdown of Trump's second term and the first government shutdown since January 2019. During Trump's first term, there were two government shutdowns, bringing the total number of shutdowns under the first and second Trump administrations to three. Since 1980, the most government shutdowns (4) took place during Ronald Reagan's (R) tenure. During George Bush's (R) and Joe Biden's (D) presidencies, the federal government did not have any funding gaps. This was the 11th government shutdown since 1980, and the third to occur under a trifecta federal government during that timeframe.[7]
This page provides the following information about the shutdown:
- Timeline: A timeline of events related to the shutdown.
- Legislation: Bill summaries, roll call votes, and bill text for government funding bills.
- Executive actions: Executive actions taken in response to the shutdown.
- Timeline of noteworthy closures and delays in government services: A timeline of events related to closures and delays in government services.
- Media commentary: Links to media commentary on the end of the shutdown.
- Estimated federal government employee furloughs: Estimated furlough figures provided in department and agency shutdown plans.
- Statements in response to start of government shutdown: Statements from Trump and congressional leaders.
- Historical government shutdowns, 1980-2025: Information on previous government shutdowns.
Timeline
The section below provides a timeline of events related to the federal government shutdown. This timeline is in reverse chronological order.
- November 12, 2025
The House voted 222-209 to approve the Senate-amended continuing resolution, with six Democrats joining 216 Republicans voting in favor. President Donald Trump (R) then signed the bill into law, ending the government shutdown.[1]
- November 10, 2025
The Senate voted to invoke cloture on and pass a modified version of the Republican-sponsored continuing resolution. The vote was 60-40, with seven Democrats and one Independent who caucuses with Democrats joining 52 Republicans voting in favor.[1]
- November 9, 2025
The Senate voted for a fifteenth time to proceed on the Republican-sponsored continuing resolution. The vote was 60-40, with seven Democrats and one Independent who caucuses with Democrats joining 52 Republicans voting in favor.[12]
Legislation
Republican-sponsored continuing resolution (H.R. 5371)
The House of Representatives voted to approve the continuing resolution H.R. 5371 in a 217-212 vote on September 19, 2025. The House-passed continuing resolution would have mostly extended funding at the same level through November 21, with some additional spending, including increased funds for security for federal public officials. The Senate subsequently held fourteen failed votes on the bill from September 19 to November 4. On November 9, the Senate held a successful fifteenth procedural vote on the continuing resolution. The next day, the Senate voted to invoke cloture on and pass a modified version of the bill that would fund the government through January 30, 2026, and would also include the reversal of federal employee firings during the shutdown and three funding bills for military construction and the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Agriculture, and the legislative branch.[13][1] The House voted 222-209 in favor of the bill and President Donald Trump (R) signed the bill into law on November 12.[14]
Roll call votes
The section below displays roll call votes on the continuing resolution. A green dot next to the title indicates a successful vote, and a red dot next to the title indicates a failed vote. Click each title to view a breakdown of each vote.
September 19, 2025: House roll call vote
September 19, 2025: First Senate roll call vote
September 30, 2025: Second Senate roll call vote October 1, 2025: Third Senate roll call vote October 3, 2025: Fourth Senate roll call vote October 6, 2025: Fifth Senate roll call vote October 8, 2025: Sixth Senate roll call vote October 9, 2025: Seventh Senate roll call vote October 14, 2025: Eighth Senate roll call vote October 15, 2025: Ninth Senate roll call vote October 16, 2025: Tenth Senate roll call vote October 20, 2025: Eleventh Senate roll call vote October 22, 2025: Twelfth Senate roll call vote October 28, 2025: Thirteenth Senate roll call vote November 4, 2025: Fourteenth Senate roll call vote November 9, 2025: Fifteenth Senate roll call vote November 10, 2025: Senate roll call vote on cloture November 10, 2025: Senate roll call vote on passage November 12, 2025: House roll call vote on passage
Bill text
The section below provides the text of H.R. 5371 as of November 10.
Defense appropriations bill (H.R. 4016)
On July 18, 2025, the House of Representatives voted 221-209 to approve a standalone bill funding the Department of Defense for fiscal year 2026. The Senate voted on this bill during the government shutdown on October 16, and failed to meet the 60-vote majority needed to pass. The vote was 50-44, with 47 Republicans and three Democrats, Sens. Catherine Cortez Masto (D-Nev.), John Fetterman (D-Pa.), and Jeanne Shaheen (D-N.H.), voting in favor. Forty-one Democrats, both independents who caucus with Democrats, and Sen. John Thune (R-S.D.) voted against the bill.[11]
Roll call votes
July 18, 2025: House roll call vote October 16, 2025: Senate roll call vote
Bill text
The section below provides the text of H.R. 4016.
Democrat-sponsored continuing resolution (S. 2882)
The Senate first voted on the continuing resolution S. 2882 on September 19, 2025, and subsequently voted on the bill six more times. The Senate failed to meet the necessary 60-vote threshold in each vote. This continuing resolution would have mostly extended funding at previous levels through October 31, extended Affordable Care Act subsidies, repealed reductions to Medicaid funding from the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, and limited the authority of the Office of Management and Budget to withhold appropriations.[5]
Roll call votes
September 19, 2025: First Senate roll call vote September 30, 2025: Second Senate roll call vote October 1, 2025: Third Senate roll call vote October 3, 2025: Fourth Senate roll call vote October 6, 2025: Fifth Senate roll call vote October 8, 2025: Sixth Senate roll call vote October 9, 2025: Seventh Senate roll call vote
Bill text
The section below provides the text of S. 2882.
Executive actions
The section below lists noteworthy executive actions announced by the federal government during the 2025 government shutdown.
October 17, 2025
- Office of Management and Budget Director Russell Vought announced that the Army Corps of Engineers would pause $11 billion in funding for projects in Baltimore, New York, San Francisco, and Boston. Vought said the projects would also be considered for cancellation.[15]
October 15, 2025
- President Donald Trump (R) issued a national security presidential memorandum ordering that the military be paid during the shutdown. The order directed Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth and Office of Management and Budget Director Russell Vought to "use for the purpose of pay and allowances any funds appropriated by the Congress that remain available for expenditure in Fiscal Year 2026 to accomplish the scheduled disbursement of military pay and allowances for active duty military personnel, as well as for Reserve component military personnel who have performed active service during the relevant pay period."[16]
October 10, 2025
- Office of Management and Budget Director Russell Vought announced that the federal government would begin implementing reductions in force. As of October 10, over 4,000 federal employees across seven agencies were expected to be laid off.[17]
October 3, 2025
- Office of Management and Budget Director Russell Vought said the Department of Transportation would put $2.1 billion in Chicago-area infrastructure projects on hold "to ensure funding is not flowing via race-based contracting." Vought said the specific projects were the Red Line Extension and the Red and Purple Modernization Project.[18]
October 1, 2025
- Office of Management and Budget Director Russell Vought said the Department of Transportation would put $18 billion for New York City-area infrastructure projects "on hold to ensure funding is not flowing based on unconstitutional DEI principles."[19] Specifically, Vought mentioned the Hudson Tunnel Project, an expansion of rail transit between New Jersey and New York, and the Second Ave Subway, an expansion of the subway in Manhattan.[20]
- Office of Management and Budget Director Russell Vought said the Department of Energy would cancel "nearly $8 billion in Green New Scam funding to fuel the Left's climate agenda" in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington.
Timeline of noteworthy closures and delays in government services
The section below presents a timeline of events related to noteworthy closures and delays in government services throughout the federal government shutdown. Future dates may be included based on reporting or announcements about future events. This timeline is in reverse chronological order. To submit an event not present in the timeline, email us at editor@ballotpedia.org.
- November 7, 2025
Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy said the Federal Aviation Administration would reduce the capacity for flights by 10% in 40 areas across the U.S. beginning on November 7.[38]
- November 3, 2025
The USDA said in a court filing that it would use emergency contingency funds to partially fund SNAP, and that it may take weeks or months for recipients to receive their partial benefits.[36] The filing was in response to a ruling from Judge John J. McConnell, Jr. of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island, who ordered the administration to use the SNAP contingency funds on October 31.[37]
- November 1, 2025
On October 16, Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins announced that the USDA would no longer be able to fund SNAP benefits starting November 1 due to the federal government shutdown.[31] The agency had discussed securing an alternative funding source for SNAP benefits, such as tariff revenue, the agency's Section 32 account, or reimbursing the states after federal funding resumed. As of October 17, no contingency plan had been confirmed and the USDA had directed the state agencies to pause work on November benefits until further notice.[32] Some states, such as Illinois, North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, had begun warning recipients that SNAP funds may not be available in November. Illinois announced that if the federal government did not deliver funds, the state would not have the capacity to make SNAP payments and recipients would not receive funds beginning November 1.[33] Additionally, other programs were expected to run out of funding on November 1, including Head Start.[34] The Trump administration began using $450 million in emergency funds to continue funding WIC.[35]
Media commentary
Click the links below to read media commentary about the 2025 government shutdown.
- Centralmaine.com, "What was behind my shutdown vote? Let me explain. - Sen. Angus King"
- The Conversation, "Blame the shutdown on citizens who prefer politicians to vanquish their opponents"
- Courier Journal, "Rand Paul: The government is open, but a hemp industry shutdown has just begun"
- The Deseret News, "Opinion: Once again, government shutdowns don’t work"
- El Paso Times, "OPINION: What happened while Americans were suffering during shutdown was eye-opening"
- The Free Press, "Why Shutdowns Never Work"
- The New York Times, "Democrats Were Winning the Shutdown. Why Did They Fold?"
- The New York Times, "Democrats Sure Taught Trump a Lesson"
- The New York Times, "Tim Kaine: Why I Voted to End the Shutdown"
- The Orange County Register, "Who was really to blame for the government shutdown?"
- USAToday, "McMahon: The shutdown proved just how little the Department of Education will be missed"
- Wall Street Journal, "Stupidity Never Shuts Down"
- Wall Street Journal, "Democrats Throw a Shutdown Tantrum"
- Washington Examiner, "A welcome end to a pointless shutdown"
- The Washington Post, "Another pointless shutdown. Shut ’em down permanently."
- Wisconsin Examiner, "The government shutdown is over. Who won?"
Estimated federal government employee furloughs
During federal government shutdowns, non-essential employees are often placed on furlough until funding resumes. According to the Office of Personnel Management, a furlough is the "placing of an employee in a temporary nonduty, non-pay status because of lack of work or funds, or other non-disciplinary reasons."[39]
The table below provides the number of employees that were expected to be furloughed in each Cabinet-level department or agency. The figures were current as of either September or October 2025, depending on when the department or agency released its government shutdown contingency plan.[40][41]
| Department or agency | Total employees | Total furloughed | Percentage | Shutdown plan link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of State | 27,300 | 10,436 | 38% | Link |
| Department of the Treasury[42] | 81,165 | 859 | 2% | Link |
| Department of Defense | 741,477 | 334,904 | 45% | Link |
| Department of Justice | 115,131 | 12,840 | 11% | Link |
| Department of the Interior[43] | 58,619 | 29,396 | 50% | Link |
| Department of Agriculture | 85,907 | 42,256 | 49% | Link |
| Department of Commerce | 42,984 | 34,711 | 81% | Link |
| Department of Labor | 12,916 | 9,775 | 76% | Link |
| Department of Health and Human Services | 79,717 | 32,460 | 41% | Link |
| Department of Housing and Urban Development | 6,105 | 4,359 | 71% | Link |
| Department of Transportation | 53,717 | 12,213 | 23% | Link |
| Department of Energy | 13,812 | 8,105 | 59% | Link |
| Department of Education | 2,447 | 2,117 | 87% | Link |
| Department of Veterans Affairs | 461,499 | 14,874 | 3% | Link |
| Department of Homeland Security | 271,927 | 14,184 | 5% | Link |
| Environmental Protection Agency | 15,166 | 13,432 | 89% | Link |
| Small Business Administration | 6,201 | 1,398 | 23% | Link |
Statements in response to start of government shutdown
Congressional leaders and President Donald Trump (R) issued the following statements at the start of the shutdown.
President Donald Trump (R)
In response to a question from a reporter about the shutdown on September 30, 2025, Trump said:[44]
| “ |
Well, the Democrats want to shut it down, so when you shut it down, you have to do layoffs. So we'd be laying off a lot of people that are going to be very affected, and the Democrats, they're going to be Democrats, as you know, we, this country, no country can afford to pay for illegal immigration and health care for everybody that comes into the country, and that's what they're insisting and obviously I have an obligation to not accept that. That would affect everybody, you know, when I see what we're doing with AI and all the plants that are opening up in the country, $17 trillion is coming and if you compare that to Biden, Biden had in 4 years less than $1 trillion. We have $17 trillion more than that. I think it's going to be much more than that, David. By the end of this year, I think it's going to be far over that. It's a record. It's already a record in 8 months. It's a record by a lot and so we're doing well as a country, so the last thing we want to do is shut it down, but a lot of good can come down from shutdowns. We can get rid of a lot of things that we didn't want, and they'd be Democrat things, but they want open borders. They want men playing in women's sports. They want transgender for everybody. They never stop. They don't learn. We won an election in a landslide. They just don't learn, so we have no choice. I have to do that for the country.[45] |
” |
| —President Donald Trump (R) on September 30, 2025 | ||
Senate Majority Leader John Thune (R-S.D.)
At a press conference with House Republican leadership on October 1, Thune said:[46]
| “ |
Well, thank you, Mr. Speaker and our House colleagues, for doing the work. You sent us a clean continuing resolution. Unfortunately, we are here this morning in a government shutdown that Democrats wanted. Chuck Schumer, at the behest of a bunch of liberal, far-left activist groups, has walked his Democrat colleagues into a boxed canyon. There’s no way out, folks, there’s no way out. This could have been avoided. It’s totally [avoidable]. And everybody is now asking the question, how does this end? Well, it ends when the Senate Democrats pick this bill up, passed by the House of Representatives, and vote for it. It’s on the floor of the Senate. We’re going to vote later this morning on this, 24 pages. Does this look partisan? Does this look dirty to you? Twenty-four pages to fund the government. Nothing more, nothing less, nothing else. The House kept it simple. We kept it simple in the Senate. This is something, as the speaker noted, that 13 times in the past Senate Democrats have done when they were in the majority and Joe Biden was in the White House. This is a very straightforward issue. It’s not complicated. They want it to end. Vote with us to open up the government by voting this out of the Senate today, putting it on President Trump’s desk, and he will sign it into law. The president, House Republicans, Senate Republicans – we’re all united on this. And what’s interesting now is some of the Democrats are joining us. Our vote last night was a bipartisan vote. There were three Democrats that came over and voted with us because they know this strategy is a losing one, and it hurts the American people. It’s not about who wins or who loses or who gets blamed in all this. It’s about the American people. And they have taken the American people hostage in a way that they think benefits them politically, but at the consequence and the cost of what’s going to happen to the American families if this government shutdown continues. And so I’m glad to be here with our … Republican colleagues. Our Democrat colleagues in the House have been around here the last few days, I guess, flailing around, celebrating – celebrating – the fact that they voted to shut down the government. How ironic. This can all end today, folks. It needs to end today. We will continue to work together with our House counterparts, with the president of the United States, to get this government open again on behalf of the American people.”[45] |
” |
| —Senate Majority Leader John Thune (R-S.D.) on October 1, 2025 | ||
Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) and House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.) joint statement
Schumer and Jeffries released a joint statement on the shutdown on October 1, 2025:[47]
| “ |
After months of making life harder and more expensive, Donald Trump and Republicans have now shut down the federal government because they do not want to protect the healthcare of the American people. Democrats remain ready to find a bipartisan path forward to reopen the government in a way that lowers costs and addresses the Republican healthcare crisis. But we need a credible partner. Over the last few days, President Trump’s behavior has become more erratic and unhinged. Instead of negotiating a bipartisan agreement in good faith, he is obsessively posting crazed deepfake videos. The country is in desperate need of an intervention to get out of another Trump shutdown.[45] |
” |
| —Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) and House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.) on October 1, 2025 | ||
House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.)
At a press conference with Senate Republican leadership on October 1, Johnson said:[48]
| “ |
Today, America’s boys and girls will walk up to these doors, and they’ll see something different, a sign that says, “closed until further notice.” And that’s because, at midnight, the Democrats followed through on their threat to shut down the United States government. As we speak here this morning, there are hundreds of thousands of federal workers who are getting their furlough notices. Nearly half of our civilian workforce is being sent home. These are hardworking Americans who work for our federal government. Our troops and our border patrol agents will have to go to work, but they’ll be working without pay. Food assistance, veterans’ benefits, and vital support for women and children are all coming to a halt. Now, thankfully, President Trump is trying to mitigate the damage as much as possible. His administration is working to limit the harm to the American people. But the longer this goes on, the more pain will be inflicted because it is inevitable when the government shuts down. The sad thing about it is that every single bit of this was entirely avoidable. Democrats could have worked with us in a bipartisan manner to avert this unnecessary and very harmful shutdown, but instead, they did something that is rather shocking to us. They prioritized taxpayer funded benefits for illegal aliens over keeping the government open for American citizens. They themselves position that as a binary choice, and it’s patently absurd. Listen to what the Democrats are demanding. They demanded in exchange for our simple, clean, 24-page bipartisan continued resolution, the same one that Chuck Schumer and the Democrats voted for just a few months back in March. In exchange for that, they rejected it, and they demanded something else. They wanted us to add over $1.5 trillion in new federal spending, paid for of course, by hardworking American taxpayers simply for funding the government at current Biden spending levels. We are not going to do that. We can’t do that. We won’t do it. Almost two weeks ago, the House did our job. In the House, we passed a common sense, nonpartisan bill to keep the government open. Republicans did our job. We had one Democrat join us there. So, it was bipartisan, but every other Democrat in the House voted to shut the government down. And last night, 44 Democrats in the Senate did the same thing. This is a clean resolution. It would simply buy Congress a few more weeks, seven weeks to finish the job. Why do we need that time? So that appropriators in both parties can finish their work. They’ve been restoring regular order. They’ve passed 12 separate bills out of committee in the House, and the Senate has done its work as well. Three bills of the 12 passed in each chamber. They don’t line up exactly, so there’s a conference committee constituted for the first time in years that that’s happened. We just need more time because we ran out of clock, the end of the fiscal year, September 30. This is very important to note. Democrats themselves have voted to pass a clean, bipartisan CR just like this 13 times in the last few years during the four years of the Biden administration. 13 times this happened, Republicans did the responsible thing, even when we were in the minority, to keep the government open. And today should be no different. There is nothing new in this legislation. There’s no poison pill. There are no partisan tricks. There are no gambits whatsoever. The only difference today is the man who is sitting in the Oval Office. Rather than work with President Trump and Republicans to get this job done, as our party has done repeatedly in the same situation over the years, Democrats want to play political games with the lives and the livelihoods of Americans. The simple truth is Democrats in Congress have dragged our country into another reckless shutdown to satisfy their far-left base. That is the truth. Whether or not the government remains open or reopens is entirely up to them. There’s still time for Democrats to pass this clean, bipartisan bill that’s sitting before them. And we encourage our Democrat colleagues to do that. I certainly pray they’ll come to their senses soon and do the right and responsible thing. The reason they will have one more opportunity today is because of the sound leadership that is being provided in the US Senate by our colleagues, who are standing here with us.[45] |
” |
| —House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.) on October 1, 2025 | ||
House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (R-N.Y.)
At a press conference with House Democratic leadership on October 1, Jeffries said:[49]
| “ |
At midnight, Donald Trump and Republicans shut the federal government down because they don't want to provide healthcare to working-class Americans. Leader Schumer and myself met with President Trump and legislative leaders on Monday. We had a conversation that was designed to avoid a painful government shutdown and address the Republican healthcare crisis. Subsequent to that meeting, we heard nothing from any of the legislative leaders on the Republican side, and the President has been engaging in irresponsible and unserious behavior, demonstrating that, all along, Republicans wanted to shut the government down. That's no surprise, because for decades, Republicans have consistently shut the government down as part of their efforts to try to extract and jam their extreme right-wing agenda down the throats of the American people. Democrats have repeatedly made clear we are ready to sit down with anyone, at any time and at any place in order now to reopen the government, to enact a spending agreement that meets the needs of the American people and to address the devastating Republican healthcare crisis that has caused extraordinary harm on people all across the country, in rural America, working-class America, urban America, small town America, the heartland of America and Black and brown communities throughout America. The Republican healthcare crisis is devastating, the likes of which no one has ever seen. Largest cut to Medicaid in American history. A possible $536 billion cut to Medicare because of the One Big Ugly Bill if Congress doesn't act by the end of the year. Tens of millions of Americans are about to experience dramatically increased premiums, co-pays and deductibles because of the Republican unwillingness to extend the Affordable Care Act tax credits. Hospitals, nursing homes and community-based health clinics are closing all across the country, including in rural America, because of what Republicans have done and the healthcare crisis they have triggered through their cruel actions throughout this year. Republicans have even canceled medical research in the United States of America, even as it relates to children who are battling cancer. The Republican healthcare crisis is immoral in nature, and Democrats are fighting hard to reverse it. Cancel the cuts, lower the cost, save healthcare on behalf of the American people.[45] |
” |
| —House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.) on October 1, 2025 | ||
Historical government shutdowns, 1980-2025
There were 16 lapses in government funding from fiscal year 1980 to fiscal year 2026. Of these 16 lapses in funding, 11 resulted in federal agency closures and employee furloughs. If a funding gap is short or occurs over a weekend, affected agencies may not begin shutdown procedures before Congress restores funding. See the table below to read more about government funding lapses since fiscal year 1980.[50]
| Fiscal year | Date funding ended | Duration of funding gap (days) | Date funding restored | Shutdown procedures followed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | September 30, 1979 | 11 | October 12, 1979 | No |
| 1982 | November 20, 1981 | 2 | November 23, 1981 | Yes |
| 1983 | September 30, 1982 | 1 | October 2, 1982 | Yes |
| 1983 | December 17, 1982 | 3 | December 21, 1982 | No |
| 1984 | November 10, 1983 | 3 | November 14, 1983 | No |
| 1985 | September 30, 1984 | 2 | October 3, 1984 | No |
| 1985 | October 3, 1984 | 1 | October 5, 1984 | Yes |
| 1987 | October 16, 1986 | 1 | October 18, 1986 | Yes |
| 1988 | December 18, 1987 | 1 | December 20, 1987 | No |
| 1991 | October 5, 1990 | 3 | October 9, 1990 | Yes |
| 1996 | November 13, 1995 | 5 | November 19, 1995 | Yes |
| 1996 | December 15, 1995 | 21 | January 6, 1996 | Yes |
| 2014 | September 30, 2013 | 16 | October 17, 2013 | Yes |
| 2018 | January 19, 2018 | 2 | January 22, 2018 | Yes |
| 2019 | December 21, 2018 | 34 | January 25, 2019 | Yes |
| 2026 | September 30, 2025 | 42 | November 12, 2025 | Yes |
The most funding gaps since fiscal year 1980 occurred during the Reagan administration (8). During George Bush's (R) and Joe Biden's (D) presidencies, the federal government did not have any funding gaps.
| Presidential administration | Number of funding lapses | Number of funding lapses resulting in shutdown |
|---|---|---|
| Jimmy Carter (D) | 1 | 0 |
| Ronald Reagan (R) | 8 | 4 |
| George H.W. Bush (R) | 1 | 1 |
| Bill Clinton (D) | 2 | 2 |
| George W. Bush (R) | 0 | 0 |
| Barack Obama (D) | 1 | 1 |
| Donald Trump (R) - I | 2 | 2 |
| Joe Biden (D) | 0 | 0 |
| Donald Trump (R) - II | 1 | 1 |
Most federal government funding lapses since fiscal year 1980 occurred when the federal government had divided government (12). One lapse occurred when Democrats held a trifecta, and two lapses occurred when Republicans held a trifecta. A funding lapse began in fiscal year 2019 when Republicans held a trifecta, but the next Congress was sworn in during the lapse, so the lapse ended with a divided government.
The most government shutdowns occurred under divided government (8). Two occurred with a Republican trifecta (fiscal years 2018 and 2026), and one began during a Republican trifecta and was resolved during a divided government (fiscal year 2019).
| Funding lapse fiscal year | Funding lapse start | Funding lapse end | Shutdown procedures followed | President | Senate control | House control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | September 30, 1979 | October 12, 1979 | No | Jimmy Carter (D) | Democratic | Democratic |
| 1982 | November 20, 1981 | November 23, 1981 | Yes | Ronald Reagan (R) | Republican | Democratic |
| 1983 | September 30, 1982 | October 2, 1982 | Yes | Ronald Reagan (R) | Republican | Democratic |
| 1983 | December 17, 1982 | December 21, 1982 | No | Ronald Reagan (R) | Republican | Democratic |
| 1984 | November 10, 1983 | November 14, 1983 | No | Ronald Reagan (R) | Republican | Democratic |
| 1985 | September 30, 1984 | October 3, 1984 | No | Ronald Reagan (R) | Republican | Democratic |
| 1985 | October 3, 1984 | October 5, 1984 | Yes | Ronald Reagan (R) | Republican | Democratic |
| 1987 | October 16, 1986 | October 18, 1986 | Yes | Ronald Reagan (R) | Republican | Democratic |
| 1988 | December 18, 1987 | December 20, 1987 | No | Ronald Reagan (R) | Democratic | Democratic |
| 1991 | October 5, 1990 | October 9, 1990 | Yes | George H.W. Bush (R) | Democratic | Democratic |
| 1996 | November 13, 1995 | November 19, 1995 | Yes | Bill Clinton (D) | Republican | Republican |
| 1996 | December 15, 1995 | January 6, 1996 | Yes | Bill Clinton (D) | Republican | Republican |
| 2014 | September 30, 2013 | October 17, 2013 | Yes | Barack Obama (D) | Democratic | Republican |
| 2018 | January 19, 2018 | January 22, 2018 | Yes | Donald Trump (R) | Republican | Republican |
| 2019 | December 21, 2018 | January 25, 2019 | Yes | Donald Trump (R) | Republican | Republican/Democratic |
| 2026 | September 30, 2025 | November 12, 2025 | Yes | Donald Trump (R) | Republican | Republican |
See also
- Continuing Appropriations, Agriculture, Legislative Branch, Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Extensions Act, 2026
- Donald Trump presidential administration, 2025
- Donald Trump's Cabinet, 2025
- 119th United States Congress
- Federal government shutdown, January 2018
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Congress.gov, "H.R.5371 - Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2026," October 1, 2025
- ↑ Punchbowl News, "The Senate takes a big step toward reopening government," November 10, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "On Cloture on the Motion to Proceed (Upon Reconsideration, Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to H.R. 5371)," November 9, 2025
- ↑ Internal Revenue Service, “The Premium Tax Credit – The basics,” accessed September 25, 2025
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Congress.gov, "S.2882 - Continuing Appropriations and Extensions and Other Matters Act, 2026," accessed October 1, 2025
- ↑ Government Accountability Office, "What is a Continuing Resolution and How Does It Impact Government Operations?" October 23, 2025
- ↑ United States House of Representatives History, Art, & Archives, "Funding Gaps and Shutdowns in the Federal Government," accessed October 1, 2025
- ↑ House, "Legislative Activity," accessed October 1, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "House will stay out of session next week as Senate works to solve shutdown," October 6, 2025
- ↑ X, "Jamie Dupree on October 10, 2025," accessed October 10, 2025
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Senate.gov, "Roll Call Vote 119th Congress - 1st Session," accessed October 16, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "On Cloture on the Motion to Proceed (Upon Reconsideration, Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to H.R. 5371)," November 9, 2025
- ↑ Punchbowl News, "The Senate takes a big step toward reopening government," November 10, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "Trump signs bill ending longest government shutdown in US history," November 12, 2025
- ↑ The Hill, "Vought: Army Corps pausing $11B in projects in 4 Democratic cities," October 17, 2025
- ↑ White House, "NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM/NSPM-8," October 15, 2025
- ↑ The New York Times, "How the Shutdown Is Affecting Federal Services and Workers," October 10, 2025
- ↑ X, "Vought on October 3, 2025," accessed October 3, 2025
- ↑ X, "Vought on October 1, 2025," accessed October 1, 2025
- ↑ X, "Vought on Oct. 1, 2025," accessed October 1, 2025
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 NBC News, "Government shutdown key dates: What happened and what’s happening, day by day," October 21, 2025
- ↑ NBC News, "IRS to furlough nearly half its workforce as shutdown drags on," October 8, 2025
- ↑ X, "Smithsonian on X on October," accessed October 21, 2025
- ↑ NBC News, "A key lifeline for rural communities, federal air travel funds, will expire Sunday if the shutdown continues," October 7, 2025
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Wall Street Journal, "Federal Workers Are Missing Pay. Here’s What to Know." October 14, 2025
- ↑ The New York Times, "U.S. Agency That Protects Nuclear Arsenal to Furlough Workers," October 17, 2025
- ↑ The Hill, "Trump administration puts 1,400 nuclear staffers on furlough," October 20, 2025
- ↑ United States Courts, "Judiciary Funding Runs Out; Only Limited Operations to Continue," October 17, 2025
- ↑ The New York Times, "Funding Runs Out for Federal Courts, Threatening Delays and Staff Shortages," October 20, 2025
- ↑ The New York Times, "Air Traffic Controllers Could Soon Be Getting No Pay," October 20, 2025
- ↑ Roll Call, "USDA’s Rollins says food stamp funding to dry up in two weeks," accessed October 17, 2025
- ↑ USA Today, "SNAP benefits face 'insufficient funds' in November if shutdown continues, USDA warns," accessed October 17, 2025
- ↑ southernillinoisnow.com, "SNAP benefits to be cut off November 1 without budget resolution," accessed October 17, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "6 ways the shutdown is about to get worse," November 27, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "Trump admin quietly funds some nutrition aid for low-income moms and babies," Novemebr 3, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "Trump admin will partially fund November SNAP benefits," November 3, 2025
- ↑ USA Today, "RI judge orders SNAP benefits be paid, despite government shutdown. What to know." October 31, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "FAA orders ‘radical’ cuts in flights at major airports amid shutdown," November 5, 2025
- ↑ USA Today, "What does it mean to be furloughed? What to know as government shutdown looms," September 30, 2025
- ↑ The New York Times, "How the Shutdown Is Affecting Federal Services and Workers," October 1, 2025
- ↑ Federal News Network, "Here’s a look at federal agencies’ shutdown contingency plans," September 30, 2025
- ↑ These figures include the following: departmental offices, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Bureau of the Fiscal Service, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, Internal Revenue Service, Office of the Inspector General, Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration.
- ↑ These figures include the following bureaus and offices: Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs (ASIA), Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs (ASIIA), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Bureau of Indian Education (BIE), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), Bureau of Trust Funds Administration (BTFA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Park Service (NPS), Office of the Inspector General (OIG), Office of the Secretary (OS), Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE), Solicitor's Office (SOL), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
- ↑ C-SPAN, "President Trump Signs Executive Orders," September 30, 2025
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Office of Senator John Thune, "Thune: Schumer Shutdown Day One," October 1, 2025
- ↑ Senate Democrats, "Schumer, Jeffries Statement On The Trump Shutdown," October 1, 2025
- ↑ Office of Mike Johnson, "House and Senate Leadership Host Press Conference Marking the Beginning of the Democrat-Led Shutdown," October 1, 2025
- ↑ Office of Hakeem Jeffries, "LEADER JEFFRIES: 'THE REPUBLICAN HEALTHCARE CRISIS IS IMMORAL IN NATURE AND DEMOCRATS ARE FIGHTING HARD TO REVERSE IT,'" October 1, 2025
- ↑ United States House of Representatives History, Art, & Archives, "Funding Gaps and Shutdowns in the Federal Government," accessed October 1, 2025
