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Federal policy on federal land management and use, 2017-2018

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On December 4, 2017, President Donald Trump signed two proclamations modifying the boundaries of Bears Ears National Monument and Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument in Utah. In 2016, President Barack Obama designated 1.4 millions acres of land in Utah as Bears Ears National Monument. The first proclamation scaled it back to 220,000 acres. The second proclamation changed Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument into three units. The monument was designated by President Bill Clinton in 1996. Originally, it was 1.9 million acres of land, but the proclamation scaled it back to 1 million acres. The changes to the monuments were made under the American Antiquities Act of 1906.[1][2]

In addition to modifying the boundaries of Bears Ears and Grand Staircase Escalante, during his first year as president, Trump signed two executive orders related to federal land and management: an executive order directing the U.S. Department of the Interior to review all designations of national monuments over 100,000 acres since 1996 and an executive order directing the Interior Department to revise the 2017-2022 offshore oil and gas leasing plan and increase offshore oil and gas development. Further, Trump signed a repeal of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's 2016 Planning 2.0 rule issued by the Obama administration.

This page tracked major events and policy positions of the Trump administration and the 115th United States Congress on federal land management and use from 2017 and 2018. This page was updated through April 2018. Think something is missing? Please email us at editor@ballotpedia.org.

Click on the timeline below to learn more about each headline.

April 2, 2018: Trump administration sues California over state law on federal land transfers

On April 2, 2018, the U.S. Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against California Senate Bill 50, which limits transfers of federal lands. According to Politico, the lawsuit "contends that the state law is unconstitutional because it interferes with Congress’ right to control the sale of federal property." California Senate Bill 50 allows the California State Lands Commission to refuse many land transfers planned by the federal government.[3]

Acting Associate Attorney General Jesse Panuccio said, "California has, once again, passed an extreme statute found in no other state to obstruct the federal government, this time by interfering with the conveyance of federal lands. This is another example of California ignoring federal law. No state legislature can, statute by statute, undermine the rule of law and the U.S. Constitution."[3]

California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said that he would defend the law, stating, “California didn’t become our nation’s economic engine and the sixth-largest economy in the world by just sitting back. Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder. We’re prepared, as always, to do what it takes to protect our people, our resources, and our values.”[3]

State Sen. Ben Allen (D), the author of the bill, said, "We are simply asking that before any sell-off occurs, the state be given an opportunity to preserve them. This law provides a viable, legitimate mechanism to block an extreme agenda seeking to privatize public outdoor recreational treasures."[3]

December 4, 2017: Trump signs two proclamations modifying the boundaries of Bears Ears National Monument and Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument in Utah

On December 4, 2017, President Donald Trump signed two proclamations modifying the boundaries of Bears Ears National Monument and Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument in Utah. The first proclamation changed Bears Ears National Monument to two units named Shash Jáa, Navajo for Bears Ears, and Indian Creek. In 2016, President Barack Obama designated 1.4 millions acres of land in Utah as Bears Ears National Monument. The proclamation scaled it back to 220,000 acres. The proclamation second proclamation changed Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument into three units. The monument was designated by President Bill Clinton in 1996. Originally, it was 1.9 million acres of land, but the proclamation scaled it back to 1 million acres.[4][5]

During a speech in Salt Lake City, Utah, Trump discussed the modifications, saying, “Some people think that the natural resources of Utah should be controlled by a small handful of very distant bureaucrats located in Washington. And guess what? They're wrong. The families and communities of Utah know and love this land the best, and you know the best how to take care of your land. You know how to protect it, and you know best how to conserve this land for many, many generations to come.”[6]

According to The Hill, “Both monuments in southern Utah have long been opposed by state leaders.” Gov. Gary Herbert (R-Utah) said, “By acting on Secretary Zinke’s thoughtful recommendations, President Trump has restored balance to our public lands discussion. We are pleased that Utahns once again have a voice in the process of determining appropriate uses of these public lands that we love. By reducing these super-sized monuments to a size consistent with the intent of the law, new doors of dialogue have opened up that will allow thoughtful, long-term protection of these federal lands.”[7][8]

The move was opposed by environmentalists and American Indian tribes. Brian Sybert, executive director of Conservation Lands Foundation, said in a statement, “This is nothing more than political score settling from an administration that doesn’t seem to comprehend the extraordinary value these lands hold for Native American communities and all Americans. Make no mistake: the near elimination of these national treasures is beyond belief. These lands belong to the people, not corporate polluters.”[7]

The changes to the monuments were made under the American Antiquities Act of 1906. The act gave the president authority to issue presidential proclamations limiting the use of certain federal lands. The law was passed to address looting at antiquated and prehistoric lands in the Western United States.[9][10]

Trump spoke about the Antiquities Act, saying, “As many of you know, past administrations have severely abused the purpose, spirit, and intent of a century-old law known as the Antiquities Act. This law requires that only the smallest necessary area be set aside for special protection as national monuments. Unfortunately, previous administrations have ignored the standard and used the law to lock up hundreds of millions of acres of land and water under strict government control. These abuses of the Antiquities Act give enormous power to faraway bureaucrats at the expense of the people who actually live here, work here, and make this place their home. This is where they raise their children. This is the place they love.”[6]

The following day Navajo Nation and four other American Indian tribes sued the federal government because of the move. According to The Hill, “Legal experts, greens and nearby Indian tribes say the Antiquities Act gives presidents authority to create national monuments, but not to make significant cuts to them or abolish them altogether. The argument has never been tested in the federal courts, because although past presidents have shrunk monuments, no one has sued to stop those actions. Trump’s supporters say he has an inherent right to reduce monuments, since he can create them at will.”[11][7]

September 15, 2017: Interior Department expands access to hunting and fishing on federal land

On September 15, 2017, Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke signed an order allowing increased access to hunting and fishing on federal land. The order directed the U.S. National Park Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management to implement recommendations for expanding hunting, recreational shooting, and fishing opportunities on federal land. The order also amended existing national monument management plans to "ensure the public's right to hunt, fish and target shoot" in national monument locations. Additionally, the order also emphasized "recruiting and retaining new sportsmen conservationists, with a focus on engaging youths, veterans, minorities and other communities that traditionally have low participation in outdoor recreation activities."[12]

August 24, 2017: National monument recommendations

On August 24, 2017, the Interior Department recommended that President Trump make changes to, though not eliminate, 27 national monuments under review as part of Trump's April 2017 executive order (read more about the order below). The White House announced that Trump had received Zinke’s recommendations. On August 24, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told the Associated Press that he would recommend that Trump shrink the size of a handful of national monuments, though Zinke did not specify which monuments. Zinke previously announced that six of the 27 monuments would remain unchanged. On August 24, the Washington Post reported that three monuments could be reduced in size as part of the review, according to interviews with individuals briefed on Zinke’s recommendations: the Bears Ears monument (designated by President Barack Obama) and the Grand Staircase-Escalante (designated by President Bill Clinton), both located in Utah; and the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument in Oregon (designated by Clinton and expanded by Obama).[13][14][15][16]

On midnight on July 10, 2017, the public comment period ended for the U.S. Department of the Interior's plan to review the national monument designations. The department received over 1.2 million public comments.[17]

Proponents of the monument review, such as the Public Lands Council—an association of cattle and sheep producers—argued that the 1906 Antiquities Act has been interpreted beyond its original intent and used to restrict grazing, hunting and fishing, motorized recreation, timber harvesting, and other activities permitted on other types of federal land. Opponents of the monument review, such as the National Parks Conservation Association—a national park and monuments advocacy group—argued that these monuments are necessary to preserve the areas for public access and recreation and that the review would lead to the sale or transfer of federal land to state governments or private individuals.[18][19][20]

The First 100 Days

In its first 100 days, the Trump administration made the following executive and legislative actions on federal land management:

  • President Trump signed a repeal of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's 2016 Planning 2.0 rule
  • Trump issued an executive order directing the Interior Department to revise the Obama administration's 2017-2022 leasing plan and allow for greater offshore oil and gas drilling in the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific oceans.
  • Trump issued an executive order directing the Interior Department to review the 27 national monument designations over 100,000 acres since 1996.

July 25, 2017: Proposed repeal of 2015 fracking rule

On July 25, 2017, the U.S. Department of the Interior formally proposed to repeal a 2015 rule on hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking) on federal land. The rule was issued by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to regulate certain aspects of fracking at oil and natural gas production sites on federal land. The rule would have required oil and gas operators to receive BLM approval for fracking on federal land; require BLM verification of well casing for safety and adequacy; and notify the BLM of and make publicly available all non-trade secret chemicals used during fracking. In its proposed repeal, the department argued that the 2015 rule was duplicative of existing federal and state regulations and would have cost the oil and gas industry up to $47 million per year.[21]

The 2015 rule never went into effect after several judicial rulings. In 2016, the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado set aside the rule, concluding that Congress revoked the BLM's authority over fracking operations with the Energy Policy Act of 2005. On September 21, 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit dismissed the lawsuit against the rule, deciding that the lawsuit was unnecessary given the Trump administration's proposed repeal of the rule.[21][22]

April 28, 2017: Executive order on offshore drilling

See also: Offshore oil and gas

On April 28, 2017, President Donald Trump signed an executive order directing the U.S. Department of the Interior to revise the Obama administration's 2017-2022 leasing plan for offshore oil and gas drilling in the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans. Trump's executive order reversed a December 2016 directive from then-President Barack Obama declaring a moratorium on all new oil and gas leasing in approximately 120 million acres in the Arctic and Atlantic oceans. "Renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent," Trump said at the signing ceremony. As part of the order, U.S. Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke instructed the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) to give expedited consideration to oil and gas company applications to conduct seismic testing for oil and gas resources in the Outer Continental Shelf, which included submerged areas between the continental United States and the deep ocean. Additionally, the BOEM would consider revisions or repeal of existing federal regulations on the oil and gas industry. Proponents of the executive order, such as the American Petroleum Institute, argued that it would create jobs and generate billions of dollars in revenue for the federal government. Opponents of the order, such as the Wilderness Society, argued that it would increase the likelihood of oil spills and primarily benefit oil companies.[23][24][25]

April 26, 2017: Executive order on national monuments

On April 26, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order directing the U.S. Department of the Interior to review all designations of national monuments over 100,000 acres since 1996. In addition, the order directed the secretary of the interior to recommend legislative changes to the American Antiquities Act of 1906, which allows the president to establish national monuments on federal land. National monuments are designated under the Antiquities Act of 1906, which allows the president to designate existing federal land for protection as “historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest”. National monuments are conserved in the same way as national parks—for conservation purposes and to provide public access and recreation. Other federal lands allow for grazing, timber harvesting, oil and natural gas production, and more. Trump said that the order was meant "to end another egregious abuse of federal power and to give that power back to the states and to the people, where it belongs." According to U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke, 27 monuments were subject to the review. At the signing ceremony, Trump framed the order around reversing the Bears Ears National Monument, a 1.3 million acre area in Utah designated as a national monument by former president Barack Obama in December 2016. Trump was joined by Sens. Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) and Mike Lee (R-Utah) and Utah Gov. Gary Herbert (R), all of whom opposed the Bears Ears monument designation.[26][27][28][29][30]


March 27, 2017: Trump signs repeal of 2016 BLM land use rule

In 2016, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) issued a regulation known as the Planning 2.0 rule. The rule included changes to resource management policies at the federal level. The rule would have revised federal procedures on public participation in BLM decisions and the use of data and technology in mining, drilling, and logging decisions. Proponents of the rule, such as the Wilderness Society, argued that it would have increased public participation in federal land use decisions and improved the agency's ability to implement land management policies in response to changing economic, social, and environmental circumstances. Opponents of the rule, such as the Western Energy Alliance, argued that it would have limited public participation from states and localities by concentrating land use decision-making at the federal level and would have undermined the multiple-use management policy enacted under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, which states that federal land must be managed to balance various needs, including conservation, energy production, and grazing.[31][32][33]

On February 8, 2017, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution under the Congressional Review Act to reverse the Planning 2.0 rule. The resolution passed by a vote of 234-186.[34]

On March 7, 2017, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution under the Congressional Review Act to reverse the Planning 2.0 rule. The resolution was passed by a vote of 51-48.[35]

On March 27, 2017, Trump signed the resolution reversing the Planning 2.0 rule.[36]

Government officials on federal land

Donald Trump

President Donald Trump

Donald-Trump-circle.png
  • At the April 28, 2017, signing ceremony for his executive order directing the U.S. Department of the Interior to revise the Obama administration's 2017-2022 offshore oil and gas leasing plan in the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific oceans, Trump said, "Renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless good jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent. This action is another historic step toward future development and future -- with a future -- a real future. And I have to say that’s a real future with greater prosperity and security for all Americans, which is what we want."[37]
  • At the April 26, 2017, signing ceremony for his executive order requiring review of all national monuments established since 1996, Trump said, "The previous administration used a 100-year-old law known as the Antiquities Act to unilaterally put millions of acres of land and water under strict federal control, eliminating the ability of the people who actually live in those states to decide how best to use that land. Today, we are putting the states back in charge."[38]
  • At the March 27, 2017, signing of the bill to repeal the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's Planning 2.0 rule, Trump said, "House Joint Resolution 44 removes a Bureau of Land Management rule that took control of land-use decisions away from states and local decision makers and gave it to Washington, and that's not good. That's never good."[39]

Ryan Zinke

Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke

Ryan-Zinke-circle.png
  • On President Trump's executive order to revise the Obama administration's offshore oil and gas leasing plan for 2017-2022, Zinke said, "This order will cement our Nation’s position as a global energy leader and foster energy security for the benefit of the American people, while ensuring that any such activity is safe and environmentally responsible."[40]
  • On President Trump's executive order on national monuments and the Antiquities Act, Zinke said on April 26, 2017, "Historically, the Act calls for the President to designate the 'smallest area compatible with proper care and management of the objects to be protected,'. Despite this clear directive 'smallest area' has become the exception and not the rule. Under the President's leadership, I will work with local, state and Tribal governments to review monument designations made the past 20 years and make sure they work for the local communities."[41]
  • Asked at an April 25, 2017, press conference how many national monuments would be reviewed as part of President Trump's executive order on national monuments and the Antiquities Act, Zinke said, "The monument designation period stretches from 1 January 1996 under which the act -- and it has to include acts and monuments that are 100,000 acres or more -- so the beginning date is January 1st, 1996, and the other condition is they have to be a total of 100,000 acres or more. That should include about 24 to 40 monuments."[42]
  • Zinke testified before the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on January 17, 2017. In his opening statement, Zinke described his three broad goals: “The first is to restore trust by working with rather than against local communities and states. I fully recognize that there is distrust, anger, and even hatred against some federal management policies. Being a listening advocate rather than a deaf adversary is a good start. Second, is to prioritize the estimated 12.5 billion dollars in backlog of maintenance and repair in our National Parks. The President elect is committed to a jobs and infrastructure bill, and I am going to need your help in making sure that bill includes shoring up our Nation’s treasures. And third, to ensure the professionals on the front line, our rangers and field managers, have the right tools, right resources, and flexibility to make the right decisions that give a voice to the people they serve.”


  • Asked by Sen. Bernie Sanders whether he thought climate change was a hoax, Zinke said, “Climate is changing. Man is an influence. I think where there’s debate on it is what that influence is and what can we do about. As the [head of] the Department of the Interior, I will inherit, if confirmed, the USGS (United States Geological Survey). We have great scientists there. I’m not a climate scientist (sic) expert, but I can tell you I’m going to become a lot more familiar with it. And it will be based on objective science.”
  • When asked by Sen. Maria Cantwell (D) about his stance on transferring ownership of federal land to state governments, Zinke stated, “I am absolutely against transfer or sale of public land.”

Overview of federal land policy

See also: Federal land policy

Federal land policy involves the acquisition, development, management, and conservation of land owned by the federal government on behalf of the American people. As of 2015, the federal government owned approximately 640 million acres of land (28 percent) of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Four federal agencies were responsible for managing between 608 million and 610 million acres (26 percent) of federal land. The remainder, approximately 14.4 million acres, was managed by other agencies and by the U.S. Department of Defense in the form of military and training bases. As of 2015, approximately 52 percent of federally owned acres were in 11 Western states and Alaska, 61 percent of which was federally owned land.[43]

Federal land policies govern the conservation of national parks, national forests, and forest reserves, recreation at national parks, oil and natural gas development, mineral extraction, wildlife and forest management, and grazing.[43]

The United States federal government manages federal land on behalf of the American people. According to the U.S. Constitution, Congress has the power "to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States." The federal government manages land for conservation, recreation, fish and wildlife protection, and natural resource development, including limited oil and natural gas development and timber production. As of 2015, the federal government owned between 635 million to 640 million acres (28 percent) of the estimated 2.27 billion acres in the United States. By comparison, the federal government owned 1.8 billion acres (79 percent) of land in the United States in 1867.[43][44]

Throughout the 19th century, the federal government transferred two-thirds of the 1.8 billion acres of federal land to individuals, state governments, corporations, and businesses to encourage land development and settlement. Since the beginning of the 20th century, federal lands have generally remained under federal ownership. In 1976, Congress passed the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which declared that the remaining federal lands would stay under federal ownership.[43]

Federal agencies

Four federal agencies—the U.S. National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) within the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture—oversaw between 608 million and 610 million acres (95 percent) of federal land as of 2015. These agencies are described below:[43][45]

  • The U.S. Forest Service, the oldest federal land agency, was established in 1905 to manage forest reserves (later known as national forests). Prior to 1905, forest reserves were managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior. As of 2015, the Forest Service managed 193 million acres of land, including 155 national forests, primarily in the West. Additionally, the Forest Service managed approximately 75 percent of all federal land in the Eastern United States. At its inception, the service managed national forests primarily to conserve land, preserve water flows, and produce timber. Following the Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960, the service began managing national forests for recreation, livestock grazing, and fish and wildlife habitat protection.
  • The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) was established in 1947. As of 2015, the agency managed the most onshore federal lands of any agency (247 million acres). Approximately 99 percent of BLM-managed land was in 11 Western states and Alaska, which contained 29 percent of all BLM-managed land. BLM lands are managed according to a multiple-use management policy as established by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976. Multiple-use management is "management of public lands and their various resource values so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the present and future needs of the American people." Sustained yield is defined as "the achievement and maintenance in perpetuity of a high-level annual or regular periodic output of the various renewable resources of the public lands consistent with multiple use." By contrast, the National Park Service manages land primarily for conservation and recreation and is not governed by a multiple-use policy. BLM land is used for recreation, conservation, energy development (including oil and natural gas production, grazing, and timber harvesting.
  • The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) manages land primarily to conserve plants and animals, including endangered species. The agency's activities are governed by a primary-use policy in which the priority is to conserve animal and plant species and their habitat; other land uses, such as recreation, timber production, and oil and gas production, are permitted to the extent that they are compatible with plant and animal conservation. The Fish and Wildlife Service also enforces the federal Endangered Species Act. As of 2015, the agency was responsible for managing 89 million acres of federal land, 77 million acres (86 percent) of which were in Alaska.
  • The U.S. National Park Service (NPS) was established in 1916 to manage park units established by Congress and national monuments established by the president. The Park Service is governed by a dual mission to preserve natural resources and to provide public access to them. It manages all U.S. national park units, which include natural areas (such as Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon), unique prehistoric sites, notable areas in American history (such as Gettysburg National Military Park), and recreational areas (such as the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area). As of 2015, the service managed 80 million acres of land and 417 park units.

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ WhiteHouse.gov, "Presidential Proclamation Modifying the Bears Ears National Monument," December 4, 2017
  2. ↑ WhiteHouse.gov, "Presidential Proclamation Modifying the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument," December 4, 2017
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Politico, "Trump administration sues California over state law on federal land transfers," April 2, 2018
  4. ↑ WhiteHouse.gov, "Presidential Proclamation Modifying the Bears Ears National Monument," December 4, 2017
  5. ↑ WhiteHouse.gov, "Presidential Proclamation Modifying the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument," December 4, 2017
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 WhiteHouse.gov, "Remarks by President Trump on Antiquities Act Designations," December 4, 2017
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 The Hill, "Trump slashes Utah land protections," December 4, 2017
  8. ↑ WhiteHouse.gov, "WTAS: The President's Speech in Salt Lake City, UT," December 5, 2017
  9. ↑ U.S. National Park Service, "A Very Large Array: Early Federal Historic Preservation—The Antiquities Act, Mesa Verde, and the National Park Service Act," accessed February 6, 2015
  10. ↑ U.S. National Park Service, "About the Antiquities Act (1906-2006)," accessed February 6, 2015
  11. ↑ The Hill, "Navajo Nation sues Trump over Utah monument reduction," December 5, 2017
  12. ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, "Hunting, Fishing, Recreational Shooting, and Wildlife Conservation Opportunities and Coordination with States, Tribes, and Territories," September 15, 2017
  13. ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, "National Monument Review - Report Summary by U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke," accessed August 24, 2017
  14. ↑ U.S. Interior Department, "Secretary Zinke Sends Monument Report to the White House," August 24, 2017
  15. ↑ Associated Press, "US interior chief recommends changes on some protected lands," August 24, 2017
  16. ↑ Washington Post, "Interior secretary recommends Trump alter at least three national monuments, including Bears Ears," August 24, 2017
  17. ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, "Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke’s Statement on the End of the Monuments Review Public Comment Period," July 11, 2017
  18. ↑ National Parks Conservation Association, "Trump Administration Takes Aim at America’s National Monuments with Executive Order," April 25, 2017
  19. ↑ Washington Post, "Trump orders review of national monuments, vows to ‘end these abuses and return control to the people’," April 26, 2017
  20. ↑ The Wilderness Society, "Alarming disrespect for America's public lands: Trump administration 'review' of national monuments," July 10, 2017
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Federal Register, "Oil and Gas; Hydraulic Fracturing on Federal and Indian Lands; Rescission of a 2015 Rule," July 25, 2017
  22. ↑ The Hill, "Court dismisses lawsuit over Obama-era fracking rule," September 21, 2017
  23. ↑ USA Today, "President Trump's executive order could lead to more offshore drilling," April 28, 2017
  24. ↑ White House, "Presidential Executive Order Implementing an America-First Offshore Energy Strategy," April 28, 2017
  25. ↑ Washington Post, "Trump signs executive order to expand drilling off America’s coasts: ‘We’re opening it up.’" accessed April 28, 2017
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named landEO
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ZinkeEO
  28. ↑ The Hill, "Trump signs order to end 'egregious abuse' of national monuments," April 26, 2017
  29. ↑ Washington Post, "Trump orders review of national monuments, vows to ‘end these abuses and return control to the people’," April 26, 2017
  30. ↑ U.S. Interior Department, "Interior Department Releases List of Monuments Under Review, Announces First-Ever Formal Public Comment Period for Antiquities Act Monuments," May 5, 2017
  31. ↑ Oil and Gas Journal, "Republicans file CRA resolutions to disapprove BLM Planning 2.0 rule," January 31, 2017
  32. ↑ Western Energy Alliance, "Land use plans," accessed March 7, 2017
  33. ↑ Denver Post, "House votes to kill BLM 'Planning 2.0' rule aimed at giving residents of Colorado and the West greater control over public land," February 8, 2017
  34. ↑ The Hill, "House passes bill to block Obama land planning rule," February 7, 2017
  35. ↑ The Hill, "Senate passes bill ending Obama-era land rule," March 7, 2017
  36. ↑ USA Today, "Trump signs four bills to roll back Obama-era regulations," accessed March 27, 2017
  37. ↑ The White House, "Remarks by President Trump at Signing of Executive Order on an America-First Offshore Energy Strategy," April 28, 2017
  38. ↑ The White House, "Remarks by President Trump at Signing of Executive Order on the Antiquities Act," April 26, 2017
  39. ↑ The White House, "Remarks by the President on Signing House Joint Resolutions 37, 44, 57, and 58 under the Congressional Review Act," March 27, 2017
  40. ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, "Secretary Zinke Commends President Trump’s Offshore Executive Order," April 28, 2017
  41. ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, "'Finally, rural America has a voice again'," April 26, 2017
  42. ↑ The White House, "Press Briefing by Secretary of Interior Ryan Zinke on the Executive Order to Review the Designations Under the Antiquities Act," April 25, 2017
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 U.S. Congressional Research Service, "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data" accessed December 15, 2015
  44. ↑ Federal Archives, "Text of the U.S. Constitution," accessed November 17, 2014
  45. ↑ U.S. Congressional Research Service, "Federal Lands and Natural Resources: Overview and Selected Issues for the 113th Congress," December 8, 2014
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