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Florida's 6th Congressional District

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Florida's 6th Congressional District
Incumbent
Assumed office: April 2, 2025

Florida's 6th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives is represented by Randy Fine (R).

As of the 2020 Census, Florida representatives represented an average of 770,376 residents. After the 2010 Census, each member represented 700,029 residents.

Elections

2025

See also: Florida's 6th Congressional District special election, 2025

A special election to fill the seat representing Florida's 6th Congressional District in the U.S. House was held in 2025. Primaries were scheduled for January 28, 2025. The general election was held April 1, 2025. The filing deadline was December 7, 2024.

The special election filled the vacancy left by Michael Waltz (R), who was selected by Donald Trump (R) to serve as national security advisor in his second presidential term.[1]

General election

Special general election for U.S. House Florida District 6

Randy Fine defeated Joshua Weil, Andrew Parrott, Randall Terry, and Chuck Sheridan in the special general election for U.S. House Florida District 6 on April 1, 2025.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Randy Fine
Randy Fine (R)
 
56.7
 
110,980
Image of Joshua Weil
Joshua Weil (D) Candidate Connection
 
42.7
 
83,580
Image of Andrew Parrott
Andrew Parrott (L)
 
0.4
 
702
Image of Randall Terry
Randall Terry (No Party Affiliation)
 
0.3
 
526
Image of Chuck Sheridan
Chuck Sheridan (No Party Affiliation) (Write-in)
 
0.0
 
12

Total votes: 195,800
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Democratic primary election

Special Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 6

Joshua Weil defeated Ges Selmont in the special Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 6 on January 28, 2025.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Joshua Weil
Joshua Weil Candidate Connection
 
60.7
 
9,721
Image of Ges Selmont
Ges Selmont
 
39.3
 
6,283

Total votes: 16,004
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Special Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 6

Randy Fine defeated Aaron Baker and Ehsan Joarder in the special Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 6 on January 28, 2025.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Randy Fine
Randy Fine
 
83.0
 
33,901
Image of Aaron Baker
Aaron Baker
 
14.0
 
5,735
Image of Ehsan Joarder
Ehsan Joarder
 
2.9
 
1,201

Total votes: 40,837
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

2024

See also: Florida's 6th Congressional District election, 2024

Florida's 6th Congressional District election, 2024 (August 20 Democratic primary)

Florida's 6th Congressional District election, 2024 (August 20 Republican primary)

General election

General election for U.S. House Florida District 6

Incumbent Michael Waltz defeated James Stockton and Richard Dembinsky in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 6 on November 5, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Michael Waltz
Michael Waltz (R)
 
66.5
 
284,414
Image of James Stockton
James Stockton (D)
 
33.5
 
143,050
Image of Richard Dembinsky
Richard Dembinsky (No Party Affiliation) (Write-in)
 
0.0
 
10

Total votes: 427,474
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

The Democratic primary election was canceled. James Stockton advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 6.

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 6

Incumbent Michael Waltz defeated John Grow in the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 6 on August 20, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Michael Waltz
Michael Waltz
 
82.0
 
65,234
Image of John Grow
John Grow Candidate Connection
 
18.0
 
14,280

Total votes: 79,514
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

2022

See also: Florida's 6th Congressional District election, 2022

General election

General election for U.S. House Florida District 6

Incumbent Michael Waltz defeated Joe Hannoush in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 6 on November 8, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Michael Waltz
Michael Waltz (R)
 
75.3
 
226,548
Image of Joe Hannoush
Joe Hannoush (L) Candidate Connection
 
24.7
 
74,207

Total votes: 300,755
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Democratic primary election

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 6

Incumbent Michael Waltz defeated Charles E. Davis in the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 6 on August 23, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Michael Waltz
Michael Waltz
 
77.4
 
65,694
Image of Charles E. Davis
Charles E. Davis
 
22.6
 
19,175

Total votes: 84,869
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Libertarian primary election

The Libertarian primary election was canceled. Joe Hannoush advanced from the Libertarian primary for U.S. House Florida District 6.

2020

See also: Florida's 6th Congressional District election, 2020

General election

General election for U.S. House Florida District 6

Incumbent Michael Waltz defeated Clinton Curtis, John G. Nolan, and Alan Grayson in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 6 on November 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Michael Waltz
Michael Waltz (R)
 
60.6
 
265,393
Image of Clinton Curtis
Clinton Curtis (D) Candidate Connection
 
39.4
 
172,305
Image of John G. Nolan
John G. Nolan (No Party Affiliation) (Write-in) Candidate Connection
 
0.0
 
112
Image of Alan Grayson
Alan Grayson (D) (Write-in)
 
0.0
 
46

Total votes: 437,856
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 6

Clinton Curtis defeated Richard Thripp in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 6 on August 18, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Clinton Curtis
Clinton Curtis Candidate Connection
 
51.5
 
30,449
Image of Richard Thripp
Richard Thripp Candidate Connection
 
48.5
 
28,661

Total votes: 59,110
(100.00% precincts reporting)
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Republican primary election

The Republican primary election was canceled. Incumbent Michael Waltz advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 6.

Libertarian primary election

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

2018

See also: Florida's 6th Congressional District election, 2018

General election

General election for U.S. House Florida District 6

Michael Waltz defeated Nancy Soderberg in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 6 on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Michael Waltz
Michael Waltz (R)
 
56.3
 
187,891
Image of Nancy Soderberg
Nancy Soderberg (D)
 
43.7
 
145,758

Total votes: 333,649
(100.00% precincts reporting)
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 6

Nancy Soderberg defeated John Upchurch and Stephen Sevigny in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 6 on August 28, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Nancy Soderberg
Nancy Soderberg
 
55.6
 
32,174
Image of John Upchurch
John Upchurch
 
22.6
 
13,088
Image of Stephen Sevigny
Stephen Sevigny
 
21.8
 
12,633

Total votes: 57,895
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 6

Michael Waltz defeated John Ward and Fred Costello in the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 6 on August 28, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Michael Waltz
Michael Waltz
 
42.4
 
32,916
Image of John Ward
John Ward
 
30.4
 
23,593
Image of Fred Costello
Fred Costello
 
27.2
 
21,074

Total votes: 77,583
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

2016

See also: Florida's 6th Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Republican. Incumbent Ron DeSantis (R) sought re-election in 2016. He defeated William McCullough (D) in the general election on November 8, 2016. DeSantis defeated G.G. Galloway and Fred Costello in the Republican primary, while McCullough defeated Jay McGovern, George Pappas, and Dwayne Taylor to win the Democratic nomination. The primary elections took place on August 30, 2016.[2][3]

U.S. House, Florida District 6 General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngRon DeSantis Incumbent 58.6% 213,519
     Democratic William McCullough 41.4% 151,051
Total Votes 364,570
Source: Florida Division of Elections


U.S. House, Florida District 6 Republican Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngRon DeSantis Incumbent 61% 41,311
Fred Costello 24.7% 16,690
G.G. Galloway 14.3% 9,683
Total Votes 67,684
Source: Florida Division of Elections
U.S. House, Florida District 6 Democratic Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngWilliam McCullough 36.6% 16,043
Dwayne Taylor 28.8% 12,625
Jay McGovern 19.1% 8,388
George Pappas 15.4% 6,762
Total Votes 43,818
Source: Florida Division of Elections

2014

See also: Florida's 6th Congressional District elections, 2014

The 6th Congressional District of Florida held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. Incumbent Ron DeSantis (R) defeated David Cox (D) in the general election.

U.S. House, Florida District 6 General Election, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngRon DeSantis Incumbent 62.5% 166,254
     Democratic David Cox 37.5% 99,563
Total Votes 265,817
Source: Florida Division of Elections

2012

See also: Florida's 6th Congressional District elections, 2012

The 6th Congressional District of Florida held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 6, 2012. Republican Ron DeSantis won the election in the district.[4]

U.S. House, Florida District 6 General Election, 2012
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngRon DeSantis 57.2% 195,962
     Democratic Heather Beaven 42.8% 146,489
Total Votes 342,451
Source: Florida Secretary of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election"

Primary results

The primary took place on August 14.[5]

Republican Primary
Florida's 6th Congressional District Republican Primary, 2012
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngRon Desantis 38.8% 24,132
Fred Costello 22.8% 14,189
Beverly Slough 13.2% 8,229
Craig Miller 13.1% 8,113
Richard Clark 9.8% 6,090
Alec Pueschal 1.2% 739
William Billy Kogut 1% 628
Total Votes 62,120
Democratic Primary
Florida's 6th Congressional District Democratic Primary, 2012
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngHeather Beaven 80.5% 29,909
Vipin Verma 19.5% 7,253
Total Votes 37,162

2010
On November 2, 2010, Cliff Stearns won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Steve Schonberg (I) in the general election.[6]

U.S. House, Florida District 6 General Election, 2010
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngCliff Stearns incumbent 71.5% 179,349
     Independent Steve Schonberg 28.5% 71,632
Total Votes 250,981


2008
On November 4, 2008, Cliff Stearns won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Tim Cunha (D) in the general election.[7]

U.S. House, Florida District 6 General Election, 2008
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngCliff Stearns incumbent 60.9% 228,302
     Democratic Tim Cunha 39.1% 146,655
Total Votes 374,957


2006
On November 7, 2006, Cliff Stearns won re-election to the United States House. He defeated David E. Bruderly (D) in the general election.[8]

U.S. House, Florida District 6 General Election, 2006
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngCliff Stearns incumbent 59.9% 136,601
     Democratic David E. Bruderly 40.1% 91,528
Total Votes 228,129


2004
On November 2, 2004, Cliff Stearns won re-election to the United States House. He defeated David E. Bruderly (D) and N.W. O'Brien (Write-in) in the general election.[9]

U.S. House, Florida District 6 General Election, 2004
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngCliff Stearns incumbent 64.4% 211,137
     Democratic David E. Bruderly 35.6% 116,680
     Write-in N.W. O'Brien 0% 36
Total Votes 327,853


2002
On November 5, 2002, Cliff Stearns won re-election to the United States House. He defeated David E. Bruderly (D) in the general election.[10]

U.S. House, Florida District 6 General Election, 2002
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngCliff Stearns incumbent 65.4% 141,750
     Democratic David E. Bruderly 34.6% 75,046
Total Votes 216,796


2000
On November 7, 2000, Cliff Stearns won re-election to the United States House. He ran unopposed in the general election.[11]

U.S. House, Florida District 6 General Election, 2000
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngCliff Stearns incumbent 100% 178,789
     N/A Write-in 0% 31
Total Votes 178,820


District map

Redistricting

2020-2024

See also: Redistricting in Florida after the 2020 census

On March 27, 2024, the U.S. District Court for Northern Florida upheld the state's congressional map after it was struck down by a lower court on Sep. 2, 2023. As a result, this map was used for Florida's 2024 congressional elections. According to the U.S. District Court for Northern Florida's order:

This case involves constitutional challenges to the congressional districting map proposed by Governor Ron DeSantis and enacted by the Florida Legislature in 2022 ... Plaintiffs had to prove both discriminatory effects and a discriminatory purpose. They proved neither. Thus, [we] concur in the decision to grant judgment in the Secretary’s favor.[12][13]

On December 1, 2023, the Florida First District Court of Appeal ruled 8-2 that the redistricting plan did not unconstitutionally limit Black voting power.[14] The plaintiffs appealed to the Florida Supreme Court, which heard arguments on September 12, 2024.[15]

On September 2, 2023, Leon County Circuit Court Judge J. Lee Marsh struck down enacted North Florida congressional districts and ordered the Legislature to redraw district boundaries.[16] On June 2, 2022, the Florida Supreme Court had declined to block Florida's enacted congressional map, which Governor Ron DeSantis (R) signed into law on April 22.[17]

The Florida First District Court of Appeal had reinstated the congressional district boundaries on May 20, overruling Leon County Circuit Court Judge Layne Smith's temporary hold on the map.[18][19] On May 11, Smith issued an order declaring Florida's enacted congressional map unconstitutional, saying, "The enacted map is unconstitutional under the Fair District amendment. It diminishes African-Americans’ ability to elect the representative of their choice." Smith also said a map drawn by a court-appointed special master should be substituted for the enacted map in the 2022 elections.[20] The plaintiffs in the case filed an emergency appeal with the Florida Supreme Court on May 23, 2022, seeking a hold on the enacted congressional map.[21]

DeSantis signed the original congressional map into law on April 22, 2022.[22] The map bill was proposed and approved by the Florida State Legislature during a special session called for the purposes of redistricting. The Florida State Senate voted 24-15 to approve the map on April 20, and the Florida House of Representatives voted 68-34 to approve the map on April 21.[23][24]

This was the second congressional map bill approved by the state legislature. DeSantis vetoed the first on March 29. Republican leaders in the legislature said on April 11 that they would wait to receive a map from DeSantis to support.[25] DeSantis submitted a map to the legislature on April 13, which became the enacted map.[26]

How does redistricting in Florida work? In Florida, both congressional and state legislative district lines are drawn by the state legislature. Congressional lines are adopted as regular legislation and are subject to gubernatorial veto. State legislative lines are passed via joint resolution and are not subject to gubernatorial veto. State legislative district maps are automatically submitted to the Florida Supreme Court for approval. In the event that the court rejects the lines, the legislature is given a second chance to draft a plan. If the legislature cannot approve a state legislative redistricting plan, the state attorney general must ask the state supreme court to draft a plan. There are no similar procedures in place for congressional districts.[27]

The Florida Constitution requires that all districts, whether congressional or state legislative, be contiguous. Also, "where doing so does not conflict with minority rights, [districts] must be compact and utilize existing political and geographical boundaries where feasible." Districts cannot be drawn in such a way as to "favor or disfavor a political party or incumbent."[27][28]

Florida District 6
until January 2, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Florida District 6
starting January 3, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

2010-2011

This is the 6th Congressional District of Florida after the 2001 redistricting process.
See also: Redistricting in Florida after the 2010 census

In 2011, the Florida State Legislature re-drew the congressional districts based on updated population information from the 2010 census. Prior to redistricting, the 6th District stretched from the St. Johns River and Jacksonville, sweeping through North Central Florida, encompassing portions of Gainesville and Ocala, and extending down to the northern tip of the Greater Orlando area in Lake County. It included all of Bradford and Gilchrist counties and portions of Alachua, Clay, Duval, Lake, Levy, and Marion counties.

District analysis

See also: The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index
See also: FiveThirtyEight's elasticity scores

2026

Heading into the 2026 elections, based on results from the 2024 and 2020 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district is R+14. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 14 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Florida's 6th the 80th most Republican district nationally.[29]

2024

Heading into the 2024 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+14. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 14 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Florida's 6th the 95th most Republican district nationally.[30]

Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Donald Trump (R) would have defeated Joe Biden (D) 61.4%-37.7%.[31]

2022

Heading into the 2022 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+14. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 14 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Florida's 6th the 99th most Republican district nationally.[32]

Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Joe Biden (D) would have received 37.7% of the vote in this district and Donald Trump (R) would have received 61.4%.[33]

2018

Heading into the 2018 elections, based on results from the 2016 and 2012 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+7. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 7 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Florida's 6th Congressional District the 170th most Republican nationally.[34]

FiveThirtyEight's September 2018 elasticity score for states and congressional districts measured "how sensitive it is to changes in the national political environment." This district's elasticity score was 1.01. This means that for every 1 point the national political mood moved toward a party, the district was expected to move 1.01 points toward that party.[35]

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. Wall Street Journal, "Trump Expected to Nominate Rubio for Secretary of State, and Picks Waltz as National Security Adviser," November 12, 2024
  2. Florida Department of State, "Candidate Listing for 2016 General Election," accessed June 25, 2016
  3. Politico, " Florida House Races Results," August 30, 2016
  4. Politico, "2012 Election Map, Florida," November 6, 2012
  5. Florida Secretary of State, "August 2012 Primary Election," accessed September 4, 2012
  6. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
  7. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
  8. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
  9. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
  10. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
  11. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
  12. United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida, "Common Cause Florida v. Byrd," March 27, 2024
  13. Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  14. CBS News, "Florida appeals court upholds congressional redistricting plan backed by Gov. Ron DeSantis," December 1, 2023
  15. Politico, "Florida’s high court poised to protect DeSantis’ congressional map that helps GOP," September 12, 2024
  16. Tampa Bay Times, "Judge rules against DeSantis in challenge to congressional map," September 2, 2023
  17. Florida Politics, "Florida Supreme Court declines to hear challenge to congressional map ahead of Midterms," June 2, 2022
  18. Orlando Sentinel, "Florida appeals court reinstates DeSantis’ congressional map," May 20, 2022
  19. Florida District Court of Appeal, First District, "Secretary of State Laurel Lee v. Black Voters Matter, et al.," May 20, 2022
  20. NBC News, "Florida judge says he’ll block DeSantis' congressional redistricting map," May 11, 2022
  21. Florida Supreme Court, "Black Voters Matter, et al. v. Cord Byrd, Florida Secretary of State," May 23, 2022
  22. Florida Politics, "Gov. DeSantis signs his congressional map into law," April 22, 2022
  23. Florida Politics, "Florida Senate passes Gov. DeSantis’ congressional map," April 20, 2022
  24. Florida Politics, "Legislature approves Gov. DeSantis’ controversial congressional redistricting map," April 21, 2022
  25. Tampa Bay Times, "Florida Legislature won’t draft new redistricting map, deferring to DeSantis," April 11, 2022
  26. Florida Politics, "Gov. DeSantis submits congressional redistristing plan critics contend is ‘partisan gerrymandering’," April 14, 2022
  27. 27.0 27.1 All About Redistricting, "Florida," accessed April 22, 2015
  28. Florida Constitution, "Article III, Sections 20-21," accessed April 22, 2015
  29. Cook Political Report, "2025 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List (119th Congress)," accessed July 1, 2025
  30. Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed January 10, 2024
  31. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
  32. Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed February 6, 2023
  33. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
  34. Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 7, 2017
  35. FiveThirtyEight, "Election Update: The Most (And Least) Elastic States And Districts," September 6, 2018


Senators
Representatives
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Neal Dunn (R)
District 3
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Anna Luna (R)
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