Florida Amendment 2, Permanent Cap on Nonhomestead Parcel Assessment Increases Amendment (2018)
- General election: Nov. 6
- Voter registration deadline: Oct. 9
- Early voting: Oct. 27 - Nov. 3[2]
- Absentee voting deadline: Nov. 6
- Online registration: Yes
- Same-day registration: No
- Voter ID: Photo ID required
- Poll times: 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.
Florida Amendment 2 | |
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![]() | |
Election date November 6, 2018 | |
Topic Taxes and Property | |
Status![]() | |
Type Constitutional amendment | Origin State legislature |
Florida Amendment 2, the Permanent Cap on Nonhomestead Parcel Assessment Increases Amendment, was on the ballot in Florida as a legislatively referred constitutional amendment on November 6, 2018. It was approved.
A "yes" vote supported this amendment to make permanent the cap of 10 percent on annual nonhomestead parcel assessment increases set to expire on January 1, 2019. |
A "no" vote opposed this amendment to make permanent the cap of 10 percent on annual nonhomestead parcel assessment increases set to expire on January 1, 2019. |
Election results
Florida Amendment 2 |
||||
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Result | Votes | Percentage | ||
5,162,544 | 66.49% | |||
No | 2,601,316 | 33.51% |
Overview
Amendment 2 was designed to make permanent the cap of 10 percent on annual nonhomestead parcel assessment increases set to expire on January 1, 2019. The cap did not apply to school district taxes. Voters approved the cap in 2008, when 64 percent voted to pass Amendment 1.[3][4]
Properties considered nonhomestead parcels included nonhomestead residential properties, such as second homes and rental apartments, and nonresidential property, such as commercial property and vacant land.[5][6][7]
Campaigns for and against Amendment 2
Amendment 2 is for Everybody and Everybody is for Amendment 2 were the committees registered in support of the measure; both committees were associated and all contributions overlapped. The support campaign had raised $11.04 million and spent $10.86 million.
One committee, Citizens for Equitable Tax Policy, Inc., was registered in opposition to Amendment 2. The opposition committee raised $120,000 and spent $102,693.[8] The top contributor to the support campaign was the Florida Association of Realtors, which gave $11.01 million. The top contributor to the opposition campaign was Steven Smith who had provided all $120,000 in contributions to the opposition committee.[8]
Text of measure
Ballot title
The following was the ballot title:[4]
“ |
LIMITATIONS ON PROPERTY TAX ASSESSMENTS.[9] |
” |
Ballot summary
The ballot summary was as follows:[4]
“ | Proposing an amendment to the State Constitution to permanently retain provisions currently in effect, which limit property tax assessment increases on specified nonhomestead real property, except for school district taxes, to 10 percent each year. If approved, the amendment removes the scheduled repeal of such provisions in 2019 and shall take effect January 1, 2019.[9] | ” |
Constitutional changes
- See also: Article XII, Florida Constitution
The proposed amendment amended Section 27 of Article XII of the Florida Constitution. The following underlined text was added, and struck-through text was deleted:[4]
Note: Hover over the text and scroll to see the full text.
(a) The amendments to Sections 3, 4, and 6 of Article VII, providing a $25,000 exemption for tangible personal property, providing an additional $25,000 homestead exemption, authorizing transfer of the accrued benefit from the limitations on the assessment of homestead property, and this section, if submitted to the electors of this state for approval or rejection at a special election authorized by law to be held on January 29, 2008, shall take effect upon approval by the electors and shall operate retroactively to January 1, 2008, or, if submitted to the electors of this state for approval or rejection at the next general election, shall take effect January 1 of the year following such general election. The amendments to Section 4 of Article VII creating subsections (g) (f) and (h) (g) of that section, creating a limitation on annual assessment increases for specified real property, shall take effect upon approval of the electors and shall first limit assessments beginning January 1, 2009, if approved at a special election held on January 29, 2008, or shall first limit assessments beginning January 1, 2010, if approved at the general election held in November of 2008. Subsections (f) and (g) of Section 4 of Article VII are repealed effective January 1, 2019; however, the legislature shall by joint resolution propose an amendment abrogating the repeal of subsections (f) and (g), which shall be submitted to the electors of this state for approval or rejection at the general election of 2018 and, if approved, shall take effect January 1, 2019.
(b) The amendment to subsection (a) abrogating the scheduled repeal of subsections (g) and (h) of Section 4 of Article VII of the State Constitution as it existed in 2017, shall take effect January 1, 2019.[9]
Readability score
- See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2018
Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The state legislature wrote the ballot language for this measure.
In 2018, for the 167 statewide measures on the ballot, the average ballot title or question was written at a level appropriate for those with between 19 and 20 years of U.S. formal education (graduate school-level of education), according to the FKGL formula. Read Ballotpedia's entire 2018 ballot language readability report here. |
Support
Amendment 2 is for Everybody led the campaign in support of the measure.[10]
Supporters
- Florida Association of Realtors[11]
- Florida TaxWatch[12]
- Florida Chamber of Commerce[12]
- Republican Party of Palm Beach County[13]
- Florida Family Policy Council[14]
- Tampa Bay Young Republicans[15]
Arguments
Dominic Calabro (president and CEO) and Pat Neal (chairman) of Florida TaxWatch made the following argument:[16]
“ | Floridians must vote “yes” on Amendment 2. Renters, business owners and consumers will be in for a major property tax increase if it fails to pass. If the amendment fails to pass, all non-homestead property would be assessed at its full value beginning in January 2019, and the combined potential tax increase could reach nearly $700 million per year. Going forward, there would be no limit as to how high property tax assessments could go. If you want to keep the Sunshine State competitive and thriving, the 10 percent cap on non-homestead assessments must be made permanent.[9] | ” |
Campaign advertisements
The following video was the support campaign's advertisement:[17]
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Opposition
Vote No on 2 - Citizens for Equitable Tax Policy led the campaign in opposition to Amendment 2.[18]
Opponents
Arguments
- The League of Women Voters of Florida stated, "The League has a position that no tax sources or revenue should be specified, limited, exempted, or prohibited in the Constitution."[12]
- The Vote No on 2 - Citizens for Equitable Tax Policy campaign website provided the following argument:[18]
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Media editorials
- See also: 2018 ballot measure media endorsements
Support
- The Sun Sentinel said: "We recommend YES. Proposed by the Legislature, it makes permanent a provision that limits property tax increases to 10 percent, other than for school taxes, on non-homesteaded properties. The ceiling was adopted in 2008 to moderate the tax disparity with owner-occupied homes, which are assessed at about half the tax rate. This proposal passed the 2017 legislature with only three “no” votes in the House. It would not apply when property is sold or when improvements boost the value by more than 25 percent. Some local governments have been hoping for a windfall when the cap expires next year, but the text of the 2008 amendment instructed the present Legislature to propose making it permanent. Should voters disagree, commercial and other non-homesteaded properties could be reassessed at their current value next year, yielding an estimated $688 million in additional revenue from the same millage rates. That strikes us as unfair to small businesses, snowbirds and renters whose landlords would pass on the increase. A committee backing the amendment points out, accurately, that 'Amendment 2 is the only protection for renters in Florida.'"[20]
- The News-Press said: "Yes on Amendment 2: This amendment doesn't change current law, but it places a 10-percent cap on the annual increase of non-homestead property tax assessments. That helps renters, business owners and consumers because a no vote means owners of these properties could see taxes on the full value of properties. That translates into higher costs for renters, business owners and their consumers, and hurts those on fixed incomes."[21]
- The Naples Daily News said: "Florida has a 10 percent maximum on how much the property tax assessment can go up every year for any property that doesn’t have a homestead exemption, such as businesses or rental units. That cap is about to expire. Amendment 2 makes the 10 percent cap permanent. We hope any voter predisposed to reject the amendments pauses to vote “yes” on this. Homesteaded properties benefit from a maximum 3 percent year-to-year assessment increase, which can be even lower if the change in the Consumer Price Index is less."[22]
- Your Observer said: "It will permanently limit government taxing power, which concurrently increases individuals’ liberty. We recommend: Vote yes."[23]
- The Treasure Coast Newspapers said: "While our board has misgivings about the permanent nature of this extension, we recognize the burden it would impose on renters and small-business owners if the 10-percent cap is allowed to expire."[24]
Additional editorial endorsements
In addition to the above editorial endorsements, the following outlets have also endorsed a yes vote on the measure:
- The Florida Times-Union[25]
- The Herald-Tribune[26]
- The Independent Florida Alligator[27]
- Orlando Sentinel[28]
- The Miami Herald[29]
Opposition
- The Tampa Bay Times said: "The taxable value of non-homestead properties currently cannot rise by more than 10 percent a year, a constitutional cap that is set to expire on Jan. 1. This measure would make that cap permanent. Although it’s an easy crowd-pleaser for the Legislature to put on the ballot, the measure would deny local governments the full effect of rising property values, once again, hamstringing them. It is estimated that amendments 1 and 2 together would cost local governments $1.3 billion a year. If voters think their local taxes are too high, they can turn their local leaders out of office. On Amendment 2, the Tampa Bay Times recommends voting No."[30]
- The Tallahassee Democrat said: "Amendments 1 and 2 are a couple of tax proposals sponsored by the Legislature, because who doesn’t like tax cuts? The latter is preferable to the former, but neither rise to constitutional amendment worthiness."[31]
- The Daily Commercial said, "NO. This would permanently ensure that the taxable value of rental and commercial property doesn’t increase more than 10 percent a year. Florida should be working to make its tax rolls more realistic, not less. This would force property appraisers to pretend land isn’t gaining significant value, even when it is."[32]
Campaign finance
Total campaign contributions: | |
Support: | $11,040,786.50 |
Opposition: | $120,000.00 |
Amendment 2 is for Everybody and Everybody is for Amendment 2 were the committees registered in support of the measure; both committees were associated and all contributions overlapped. The support campaign had raised $11.04 million and spent $10.86 million.
One committee, Citizens for Equitable Tax Policy, Inc., was registered in opposition to Amendment 2. The opposition committee raised $120,000 and spent $102,693.[8] The top contributor to the support campaign was the Florida Association of Realtors, which gave $11.01 million. The top contributor to the opposition campaign was Steven Smith who had provided all $120,000 in contributions to the opposition committee.[8]
Support
The contribution and expenditure totals for the committee in support of the initiative were current as of the most recent reports available.[8]
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Donors
Five donors provided 100 percent of the contributions to the committee.[8]
Donor | Cash | In-kind | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Florida Association of Realtors | $11,010,000.00 | $0.00 | $11,010,000.00 |
Florida Realtors | $0.00 | $23,000.00 | $23,000.00 |
Everybody is for Amendment 2 | $8,034.00 | $5,385.00 | $5,385.00 |
Rosen Hotels and Resorts | $0.00 | $0.00 | $8,034.00 |
Electioneering Consulting, Inc. | $100.00 | $0.00 | $100.00 |
Opposition
|
|
Donors
The only donor to the opposition committee is listed below.[8]
Donor | Cash | In-kind | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Steven Smith | $120,000.00 | $0.00 | $120,000.00 |
Methodology
To read Ballotpedia's methodology for covering ballot measure campaign finance information, click here.
Background
Amendment 1 of 2008
In 2008, voters approved Amendment 1, a constitutional amendment that, among other provisions, created a cap of 10 percent on annual nonhomestead parcel assessment increases. Amendment 1 set the cap to expire on January 1, 2019.
The Florida State Legislature referred Amendment 1 to the ballot. On October 29, 2017, the Florida House of Representatives passed the amendment 97 to 18, and the Florida State Senate passed the amendment 35 to 4.[33]
Ballot measures to cap, limit, or restrict taxes in 2018
- See also: Taxes on the ballot
In 2018, voters in six states considered ballot measures to cap, limit, or restrict types of taxes. In Oregon and Washington, voters decided ballot initiatives to prohibit governments from enacting taxes on groceries. Oregan voters rejected the grocery tax ban. In Washington, the measure was ahead by 5 percentage points with 64 percent of precincts reporting.
In Arizona, an initiative to prohibit new taxes or increased tax rates on services was approved. Voters in California defeated an initiated measure to require voter approval for the state legislature to impose, increase, or extend fuel taxes or vehicle fees in the future. It would have also repealed a gas tax increase passed in 2017.
Legislatures in Florida and North Carolina referred constitutional amendments capping taxes to the ballot and both were approved. Voters in Florida and Oregon also considered ballot measures to require supermajorities of the state legislature to increase taxes. In Florida, the measure was approved, and, in Oregon, it was defeated.
An additional initiative qualified for the ballot in California but was withdrawn after proponents agreed to a compromise bill with legislators to keep the initiative off the ballot. The initiative would have required a two-thirds vote of the electorate on all local taxes, including soda taxes. The compromise legislation prohibited local soda taxes until 2031.
Measure | Origin | Description | Status |
---|---|---|---|
Arizona Proposition 126 | Initiative | Prohibits the state and local governments from enacting new taxes or increasing tax rates on services | ![]() |
California Proposition 6 | Initiative | Requires voter approval for the state legislature to impose, increase, or extend fuel taxes or vehicle fees in the future | ![]() |
Florida Amendment 2 | Legislature | Makes permanent the cap of 10 percent on annual nonhomestead parcel assessment increases set to expire | ![]() |
Florida Amendment 5 | Legislature | Requires a two-thirds vote of each chamber of the state legislature to enact new taxes or fees or increase existing ones | ![]() |
North Carolina Amendment | Legislature | Lowers the maximum allowable state income tax rate from 10 percent to 7 percent | ![]() |
Oregon Measure 103 | Initiative | Prohibits state and local governments from enacting taxes on groceries | ![]() |
Oregon Measure 104 | Initiative | Requires a three-fifths vote of each chamber of the state legislature to increase revenue, such as via increasing taxes and decreasing tax exemptions | ![]() |
Washington Initiative 1634 | Initiative | Prohibits local governments from enacting taxes on groceries | ![]() |
Referred amendments on the ballot
From 1996 through 2016, the state legislature referred 38 constitutional amendments to the ballot. Voters approved 25 and rejected 13 of the referred amendments. All of the amendments were referred to the ballot for elections during even-numbered election years. The average number of amendments appearing on even-year ballots was between three and four. In 2016, three referred amendments were on the ballot. The approval rate of referred amendments at the ballot box was 65.8 percent during the 20-year period from 1996 through 2016. The rejection rate was 34.2 percent.
Legislatively-referred constitutional amendments, 1996-2016 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number | Approved | Percent approved | Defeated | Percent defeated | Annual average | Annual median | Annual minimum | Annual maximum | |
38 | 25 | 65.79% | 13 | 34.21% | 3.45 | 3.00 | 0 | 11 |
Path to the ballot
- See also: Amending the Florida Constitution
In Florida, a constitutional amendment must be passed by a 60 percent vote in each house of the state legislature during one legislative session.
On January 23, 2017, the amendment was filed in the state legislature as House Joint Resolution 21. The Florida House of Representatives approved the measure, 110 to 3 with seven members not voting, on March 23, 2017. The Florida Senate approved the measure, 35 to 0 with four members not voting, on April 26, 2017. One senate seat was vacant at the time of the vote.[34]
The measure was enrolled with the secretary of state on May 8, 2017.[34]
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How to cast a vote
- See also: Voting in Florida
Poll times
In Florida, all polls are open from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. local time. Florida is divided between the Eastern and Central time zones. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[35]
Registration requirements
- Check your voter registration status here.
To vote in Florida, one must be at least 18 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and a legal resident of Florida and the county in which he or she intends to vote. Pre-registration is available beginning at 16 years of age.[36][37]
Voters may retrieve registration applications at the following locations:[36]
- Local elections offices
- Public assistance agencies
- Disability services agencies
- Independent living centers
- Military recruitment offices
- Public libraries
- Drivers license office
- Tax collector's office
- The office of any entity authorized by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission to issue fishing, hunting, or trapping permits
A registration form is also available online. The form can be printed and submitted via mail.[37]
Click here to find your county Supervisor of Elections.
Automatic registration
Florida does not practice automatic voter registration.
Online registration
- See also: Online voter registration
Florida has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.
Voters may also apply for or modify their voter registration status while renewing their driver's license through the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles’ online renewal system here.
Same-day registration
Florida does not allow same-day voter registration.
Residency requirements
To register to vote in Florida, you must be a resident of the state. State law does not specify a length of time for which you must have been a resident to be eligible.
Verification of citizenship
Florida does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration. An individual must attest that they are a U.S. citizen when registering to vote. According to the state's voter registration application, "it is a 3rd degree felony to submit false information." [38]
All 49 states with voter registration systems require applicants to declare that they are U.S. citizens in order to register to vote in state and federal elections, under penalty of perjury or other punishment.[39] Seven states — Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Wyoming — have laws requiring verification of citizenship at the time of voter registration, whether in effect or not. In three states — California, Maryland, and Vermont — at least one local jurisdiction allows noncitizens to vote in some local elections. Noncitizens registering to vote in those elections must complete a voter registration application provided by the local jurisdiction and are not eligible to register as state or federal voters.
Verifying your registration
The page Voter Information Lookup, run by the Florida Department of State, allows residents to check their voter registration status online.
Voter ID requirements
Florida requires voters to present photo identification with a signature while voting.[40][41]
The following list of accepted ID was current as of July 2024. Click here for the Florida Secretary of State's page on accepted ID to ensure you have the most current information.
- Florida driver’s license
- Florida identification card issued by the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles
- United States passport
- Debit or credit card
- Military identification
- Student identification
- Retirement center identification
- Neighborhood association identification
- Public assistance identification
- Veteran health identification card issued by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs
- License to carry a concealed weapon or firearm issued pursuant to s. 790.06
- Employee identification card issued by any branch, department, agency, or entity of the federal government, the state, a county, or a municipality
A voter who presents an ID without a signature must show a second form of identification that includes the voter’s signature.
State profile
Demographic data for Florida | ||
---|---|---|
Florida | U.S. | |
Total population: | 20,244,914 | 316,515,021 |
Land area (sq mi): | 53,625 | 3,531,905 |
Race and ethnicity** | ||
White: | 76% | 73.6% |
Black/African American: | 16.1% | 12.6% |
Asian: | 2.6% | 5.1% |
Native American: | 0.3% | 0.8% |
Pacific Islander: | 0.1% | 0.2% |
Two or more: | 2.4% | 3% |
Hispanic/Latino: | 23.7% | 17.1% |
Education | ||
High school graduation rate: | 86.9% | 86.7% |
College graduation rate: | 27.3% | 29.8% |
Income | ||
Median household income: | $47,507 | $53,889 |
Persons below poverty level: | 19.8% | 11.3% |
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Florida. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. |
Presidential voting pattern
- See also: Presidential voting trends in Florida
Florida voted Republican in five out of the seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.
Pivot Counties (2016)
Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes. Of these 206 counties, four are located in Florida, accounting for 1.94 percent of the total pivot counties.[42]
Pivot Counties (2020)
In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. Florida had three Retained Pivot Counties and one Boomerang Pivot County, accounting for 1.66 and 4.00 percent of all Retained and Boomerang Pivot Counties, respsectively.
More Florida coverage on Ballotpedia
- Elections in Florida
- United States congressional delegations from Florida
- Public policy in Florida
- Endorsers in Florida
- Florida fact checks
- More...
Related measures
See also
External links
Support |
Opposition |
Recent news
The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Florida 2018 Nonhomestead Assessment Amendment. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.
Footnotes
- ↑ Counties could add additional early voting days from October 22 through October 26 and/or November 4.
- ↑ Counties could add additional early voting days from October 22 through October 26 and/or November 4.
- ↑ Florida Legislature, "House Ways & Means Committee Summary," accessed March 23, 2017
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Florida Legislature, "House Joint Resolution 21," accessed March 23, 2017
- ↑ Florida Legislature, "The 2016 Florida Statutes: 193.1554," accessed April 26, 2017
- ↑ Florida Legislature, "The 2016 Florida Statutes: 193.1555," accessed April 26, 2017
- ↑ Naples Herald, "Proposal Would Extend Non-Homestead Tax Cap in Florida," November 30, 2016
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Cite error: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs namedfin
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. Cite error: Invalid
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tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>
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tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Amendment 2 is for Everybody, "Homepage," accessed January 10, 2018
- ↑ Palm Beach Post, "Florida Realtors kick off push for Amendment 2 -- this time it’s about property taxes, not pot," August 17, 2017
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 League of Women Voters of Florida, "Amendments," accessed September 13, 2018
- ↑ Palm Beach GOP on Facebook, October 18, 2018, 11:40 am Facebook post, accessed October 19, 2018
- ↑ Florida Family Action, "2018 Ballot Amendment Voter Guide," accessed October 19, 2018
- ↑ TBYR, "2018 Florida Constitutional Amendments Recommendations," accessed November 1, 2018
- ↑ Tallahassee Democrat, "Yes on Amendment 2 to prevent nearly $1 billion property tax hike | Opinion," accessed September 20, 2018
- ↑ Youtube, "Amendment 2 is for Everybody," accessed February 28, 2018
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Citizens for Equitable Tax Policy, "Home," accessed September 29, 2018
- ↑ Democratic Progressive Caucus of Florida, "2018 Ballot Amendments Recommendations," accessed October 14, 2018
- ↑ Sun Sentinel, "Five good — seven bad — amendments for Florida’s Constitution | Editorial," accessed October 8, 2018
- ↑ News-Press, "Editorial: Proposed amendments too much of a gamble; vote 'no' on 11 of them," accessed October 8, 2018
- ↑ Naples News, "Editorial: Our recommendations on tax-related amendments," accessed October 10, 2018
- ↑ Your Observer, "Florida voters will decide dozens of ballot questions. Here are six for consideration," accessed October 13, 2018
- ↑ Treasure Coast Palm, "How to vote on 12 constitutional amendments on Nov. 6 ballot | Our view," accessed October 13, 2018
- ↑ Jacksonville, "Editorial: Sorting out confusing amendments for the voters," accessed October 15, 2018
- ↑ Herald-Tribune, "Editorial: Recommendations on ballot proposals," accessed October 19, 2018
- ↑ The Independent Florida Alligator, "The Alligator's endorsements for Constitutional amendments and referenda," accessed October 31, 2018
- ↑ The Orlando Sentinel, "Editorial: Florida's Election 2018: Our endorsements for governor, U.S. Senate, U.S. House and the amendments," accessed October 31, 2018
- ↑ Miami Herald, "Learn how 12 Florida amendments affect your life, and your wallet, before you vote," accessed November 4, 2018
- ↑ Tampa Bay Times, "Times recommends: Vote yes on Amendment 4, no on all of the rest," accessed October 8, 2018
- ↑ Tallahassee Democrat, "Florida's constitutional amendments: Vote 'yes' on 4 and 11, 'no' on rest | Our opinion," accessed October 12, 2018
- ↑ Daily Commercial, "Our Opinion: Our recommendations on the amendments," accessed October 23, 2018
- ↑ Florida House of Representatives, "SJR 2D," accessed March 2, 2018
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Florida Legislature, "HJR 21 Overview," accessed March 23, 2017
- ↑ Florida Secretary of State, "FAQ - Voting," accessed July 23, 2024
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Florida Division of Elections, "National Voter Registration Act (NVRA)," accessed July 23, 2024
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Florida Division of Elections, "Register to Vote or Update your Information," accessed July 23, 2024
- ↑ Florida Department of State, "Florida Voter Registration Application Instructions and Form," accessed November 1, 2024
- ↑ Under federal law, the national mail voter registration application (a version of which is in use in all states with voter registration systems) requires applicants to indicate that they are U.S. citizens in order to complete an application to vote in state or federal elections, but does not require voters to provide documentary proof of citizenship. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the application "may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to prevent duplicate voter registrations and permit State officials both to determine the eligibility of the applicant to vote and to administer the voting process."
- ↑ Florida Division of Elections, "Election Day Voting," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ Florida Division of Elections, "Florida History: Voter ID at the Polls," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
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