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Georgia lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2018 (July 24 Republican primary runoff)
- General election: Nov. 6
- Voter registration deadline: Oct. 9[1]
- Early voting: Oct. 15 - Nov. 2
- Absentee voting deadline: Nov. 6
- Online registration: Yes
- Same-day registration: No
- Voter ID: Photo ID required
- Poll times: 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.
2022 →
← 2014
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| Georgia Lieutenant Governor |
|---|
 |
| Democratic primary Republican primary General election |
| Election details |
| Filing deadline: March 9, 2018 |
| Primary: May 22, 2018 Primary runoff: July 24, 2018 (if needed) General: November 6, 2018 General runoff: December 4, 2018 (if needed) Pre-election incumbent(s): Casey Cagle (Republican) |
| How to vote |
| Poll times: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Voting in Georgia |
| Ballotpedia analysis |
| Federal and state primary competitiveness State executive elections in 2018 Impact of term limits in 2018 State government trifectas State government triplexes Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018 |
| Georgia executive elections |
| Governor Lieutenant governor |
State Rep. Geoff Duncan (R) defeated state Sen. David Shafer (R) in the Republican primary runoff for lieutenant governor in Georgia. With 100 percent of precincts reporting, Duncan led by a margin of 0.4 percent.[2] Shafer conceded on August 1, 2018, after provisional ballots had been counted.[3]
State Sen. Rick Jeffares (R), who came in third in the primary with 24 percent of the vote, endorsed Shafer on May 30, 2018, joining former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich (R-Ga.) and Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas).[4] Duncan was endorsed by Sen. Marco Rubio (R-Fla.).[5]
Satellite groups spent more than $2 million on the race, including Hometown Freedom Action Network, which spent $1.5 million on negative advertising against Shafer. Conservatives for a Stronger Georgia, which received the bulk of its money from the Republican Leadership Fund of Georgia, defended Shafer with $1.1 million in ads.[6]
Duncan described himself as the outsider in the race and called for a change to the culture of politics in Georgia, while Shafer emphasized his policy positions on limited government and law enforcement.[7][8]
The lieutenant governor's primary job is to serve as president of the Georgia State Senate. If the governor is temporarily unable to exercise his office, the lieutenant governor assumes the powers of the governor but not his title. Should the governor die or otherwise permanently leave office, the lieutenant governor becomes governor for the remainder of the term.[9]
For more information about lieutenant gubernatorial elections in 2018, click here.
| SETTING THE STAGE | |
Candidates and election results
Geoff Duncan defeated David Shafer in the Republican primary runoff for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia on July 24, 2018.
Republican primary runoff election
Republican primary runoff for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Geoff Duncan | 50.2 | 279,276 |
 | David Shafer | 49.8 | 277,523 | |
| Total votes: 556,799 | |||
 = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Candidate profiles
Geoff Duncan (R) - State representative
Duncan played professional baseball with the Florida Marlins organization for six seasons before co-founding a small marketing company. After selling the company, Duncan continued to work as an entrepreneur, focusing on venture capital. He was first elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 2012.[10]
"I want to create a culture in Georgia as Lieutenant Governor—specifically in the Georgia State Senate—that rewards good policy over good politics. That is, in my opinion, what we need to do here in Georgia," Duncan said of his goals for the office.[7]
On his campaign website, Duncan identified job creation, reducing federal and state oversight of education, and promoting anti-abortion policies as some of his priorities.[11]
David Shafer (R) - State senator
Shafer is a former executive director of the Republican Party of Georgia. He was first elected to the state Senate in 2002 and became president pro tempore in 2013. In addition to his political career, Shafer's professional experience includes being an investor and serving on the Gwinnett Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors.[12]
"I believe in a limited government that is focused on securing our God-given liberties and performing its core functions. So, I’ve worked for policies to keep taxes low, to strengthen families, and to secure our basic freedoms," Shafer said of his political identity.[8]
Shafer identified cutting the premium tax, sending education funding to the local level, and instituting tougher sentencing as some of his policy priorities.[13]
Campaign themes and policy stances
Campaign themes
These were the policy positions listed on the candidates' websites, if available.
Geoff Duncan
| “ |
Ignite a powerful economy by empowering job creators instead of politicians A serial entrepreneur, Geoff previously took a business from his living room to a full-scale operation in a 10,000 square foot facility. He knows what it takes to run a business and meet a payroll, and he knows that bigger government is not the answer. End the bureaucratic stranglehold on education by empowering parents As a father to three boys in the public education system, Geoff has first hand experience of both federal and state government overreach in the classroom. We need to empower parents and not education bureaucrats. True school choice should start at home around the kitchen table. Fight for every innocent life as if it was your own American families are the core of what makes our nation and state great. The unborn need a champion to defend their rights in the face of malicious organizations such as Planned Parenthood. Geoff Duncan is a father and leader who will fight for the next generation. Dismantle ineffective government programs and streamline budgeting process Georgia needs business friendly leadership focused on growing businesses in our state and not the government’s bloated budget. Geoff would have churches, charities, corporations, and citizens as the front line of defense against challenges in our state, not another government program.[14] |
” |
| —Geoff Duncan for Lt. Governor[15] | ||
David Shafer
| “ |
Taxes & Spending Politicians seem to forget that every dollar government spends was first earned by one of us. When times are good and revenues are high, they spend like there is no tomorrow. That is exactly what happened here in Georgia in the 1990s when state government spending grew almost three times as fast as our population. I have fought to eliminate wasteful spending and reduce taxes and I led the effort to pass zero based budgeting so that every dollar of government spending is justified. I support a cut in the premium tax, which will not only cut the insurance premiums we all pay but encourage more insurance companies to locate here in Georgia, with good paying jobs that do not pollute the environment. To make ourselves competitive with Florida and other states without an income tax, I support the phased elimination of the income tax. I sponsored a constitutional amendment to prevent an increase in the maximum income tax rate, effectively capping it. I believe that passage of this measure by the people of this state is a first step to end income taxation in Georgia. As a matter of principle, I believe that government revenue should be raised from taxing consumption, not productivity. I support the Fair Tax proposed by Congressman John Linder. When times are tough, I believe that government should cut spending, not raise taxes. I support a constitutional amendment that would require voter approval of any future tax increase. Education Our children deserve the best possible education. They should be taught to read, write, count and compute, in an environment that is uncrowded and safe. Upon graduation, they should be ready for college, technical school, or a job. I want to cut the state education bureaucracy and move those dollars to the local school systems where they can make a real difference. I support smaller class sizes. I want teachers teaching, not doing paperwork or acting as security guards. I want violent students and gang members removed from the regular school system and placed in “second chance” reform schools. I strongly support the HOPE scholarship as a merit based program to help our brightest young minds attend state colleges and universities. Crime In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson wrote that governments were instituted to secure our God given rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The framers of our State Constitution said it more succinctly when they declared that public safety is the paramount duty of state government. Convicted criminals should serve every day of their sentences. I oppose the use of parole as a tool to manage prison overcrowding. Dangerous criminals should not be put back on the streets simply because our prisons lack bed space. I support tougher truth-in-sentencing laws. Our criminal justice system should safeguard the rights of victims as zealously as those of the accused criminals. We must eliminate the urban and suburban street gangs that breed future generations of criminals. I support tougher penalties for crimes against children and the elderly. Traffic Traffic congestion keeps mothers and fathers away from their families and reduces our quality of life. I will fight to spend more of our tax dollars on infrastructure to relieve the traffic choked roadways of metro Atlanta. I believe that transportation funds should be allocated where needed, not according to gerrymandered political district lines. I support greater use of high occupancy lanes to encourage carpooling, which will reduce traffic congestion and air pollution. I believe all taxes on motor fuel, including the so-called “fourth penny” of the fuel tax, should be solely dedicated to transportation. Environment It was a Republican President, Teddy Roosevelt, who began the modern day conservation movement. I am proud to have twice won the Environmental Leadership Award from Georgia Conservation Voters, and I will continue to work to keep our air and water clean and protect our natural treasures. Illegal Immigration From the ancestors of the American Indians who walked across the frozen straits of Alaska to the Europeans who crossed the Atlantic Ocean by ship, ours is a nation of immigrants. I wholeheartedly welcome those who follow the rules and come to America legally. But history teaches us that nations which lose control of their borders cease to be nations. The federal government has a duty to protect our national border and enforce our immigration laws. I oppose any grant of government benefits to illegal aliens.[14] |
” |
| —David Schafer for Lt. Governor[16] | ||
Endorsements
Polls
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
| Georgia's Republican lieutenant gubernatorial primary runoff, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poll | Shafer (R) | Duncan (R) | Undecided | Margin of Error | Sample Size | ||||||||||||||
| University of Georgia’s School of Public and International Affairs/Cox Media Group July 5-12, 2018 | 35% | 31% | 34% | +/-3.5 | 769 | ||||||||||||||
| Rosetta Stone Communications June 7, 2018 | 46% | 19% | 35% | +/-4.9 | 400 | ||||||||||||||
| Note: A "0%" finding means the question was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org | |||||||||||||||||||
Context of the 2018 election
Past elections
2014
Casey Cagle ran for re-election to a third term as lieutenant governor of Georgia in 2014. Cagle was unopposed in the Republican primary.[18]
Voter information
How the primary works
A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for elected office to run in the general election. They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. Georgia utilizes an open primary system, in which any voter can participate in a political party's primary election regardless of their partisan affiliation. A candidate must win a majority of votes cast in the primary in order to win the election. If no candidate wins an outright majority, a runoff primary is held between the top two vote-getters.[19][20]
For information about which offices are nominated via primary election, see this article.
Poll times
In Georgia, polls are open from 7 a.m. until 7 p.m. Eastern Time. In cities with a population greater than 300,000 people, polls remain open until 8 p.m. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[21][22]
Registration requirements
- Check your voter registration status here.
To vote in Georgia, one must be a citizen of the United States and a legal resident of their county. The voter must be at least 17.5 years of age at the time of registration and 18 at the time of the election, and not serving a sentence for a felony conviction.[23][24]
The deadline to register to vote is 29 days prior to the election. Registration can be completed online, in person, or by mail.[23][25]
Automatic registration
- See also: Automatic voter registration
In Georgia, eligible voters are automatically registered to vote when they conduct transactions at the Department of Driver Services. The eligible voter may opt-out of registration.[26][27]
Online registration
- See also: Online voter registration
Georgia has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.
Same-day registration
Georgia does not allow same-day voter registration.
Residency requirements
To register to vote in Georgia, a voter must be a resident of the state, and of the county in which they are registering. State law does not specify a length of time for which you must have been a resident to be eligible.
Verification of citizenship
A Georgia state law, passed in 2009, required voters to provide proof of U.S. citizenship when registering to vote. However, as of September 2025, the law had not been implemented.[28][29]
In Georgia, an individual must attest that they are a U.S. citizen when registering to vote. According to the state's voter registration application, a voter who provides false information on a voter registration application is guilty of a felony.[30]
All 49 states with voter registration systems require applicants to declare that they are U.S. citizens in order to register to vote in state and federal elections, under penalty of perjury or other punishment.[31] Seven states — Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Wyoming — have laws requiring verification of citizenship at the time of voter registration, whether in effect or not. One state, Ohio, requires proof of citizenship only when registering to vote at a Bureau of Motor Vehicles facility. In three states — California, Maryland, and Vermont — at least one local jurisdiction allows noncitizens to vote in some local elections. Noncitizens registering to vote in those elections must complete a voter registration application provided by the local jurisdiction and are not eligible to register as state or federal voters.
Verifying your registration
The site GA My Voter Page, run by the Georgia Secretary of State's office, allows residents to check their voter registration status online.
Voter ID requirements
Georgia requires voters to present photo identification while voting.[32]
The following list of accepted ID was current as of October 2025. Click here for the Georgia Secretary of State's page on accepted ID to ensure you have the most current information.
| “ |
|
” |
Voters can obtain a free voter ID card from any county registrar's office or Department of Driver Services Office. Click here for more information on obtaining a free voter ID card in Georgia.
Early voting
Georgia permits early voting. Learn more by visiting this website.
Early voting permits citizens to cast ballots in person at a polling place prior to an election. In states that permit no-excuse early voting, a voter does not have to provide an excuse for being unable to vote on Election Day. States that allow voters to cast no-excuse absentee/mail-in ballots in person are counted as no-excuse early voting states.
Forty-seven states and the District of Columbia permit no-excuse early voting.
Absentee voting
All voters are eligible to vote absentee/by-mail in Georgia. There are no special eligibility requirements for voting absentee. A voter may request an absentee ballot between 78 days and 11 days before Election Day. A completed ballot must be received by 7 p.m. on Election Day.[35]
State overview
Partisan control
This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Georgia heading into the 2018 elections.
Congressional delegation
- Following the 2016 elections, Republicans held both U.S. Senate seats in Georgia.
- Republicans held 10 of 14 U.S. House seats in Georgia.
State executives
- As of September 2018, Republicans held 12 of 15 state executive positions, while three positions were held by nonpartisan officials.
- The governor of Georgia was Republican Nathan Deal. The state held an election for governor on November 6, 2018.
State legislature
- Republicans controlled both chambers of the Georgia General Assembly. They had a 114-64 majority in the state House and a 37-19 majority in the state Senate.
Trifecta status
- Georgia was a Republican trifecta, meaning that the Republican Party controlled the state government. Nathan Deal (R) served as governor and Republicans controlled the state legislature.
2018 elections
- See also: Georgia elections, 2018
Georgia held elections for the following positions in 2018:
- 14 U.S. House seats
- Governor
- Nine lower state executive positions
- 56 state Senate seats
- 180 state House seats
- Municipal elections in DeKalb and Fulton Counties
Demographics
| Demographic data for Georgia | ||
|---|---|---|
| Georgia | U.S. | |
| Total population: | 10,199,398 | 316,515,021 |
| Land area (sq mi): | 57,513 | 3,531,905 |
| Race and ethnicity** | ||
| White: | 60.2% | 73.6% |
| Black/African American: | 30.9% | 12.6% |
| Asian: | 3.6% | 5.1% |
| Native American: | 0.3% | 0.8% |
| Pacific Islander: | 0% | 0.2% |
| Two or more: | 2.1% | 3% |
| Hispanic/Latino: | 9.1% | 17.1% |
| Education | ||
| High school graduation rate: | 85.4% | 86.7% |
| College graduation rate: | 28.8% | 29.8% |
| Income | ||
| Median household income: | $49,620 | $53,889 |
| Persons below poverty level: | 21.1% | 11.3% |
| Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Georgia. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. | ||
As of July 2017, Georgia's three largest cities were Atlanta (pop. est. 470,000), Columbus (pop. est. 200,000), and Augusta (pop. est. 200,000).[36][37]
State election history
This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Georgia from 2000 to 2016. All data comes from the Georgia Secretary of State.
Historical elections
Presidential elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Georgia every year from 2000 to 2016.
| Election results (President of the United States), Georgia 2000-2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
| 2016 | Donald Trump |
51.1% |  Hillary Clinton |
45.9% | 5.2% |
| 2012 | Mitt Romney |
53.3% | Barack Obama |
45.5% | 7.8% |
| 2008 | John McCain |
52.2% | Barack Obama |
47.0% | 5.2% |
| 2004 | George Bush |
58.0% | John Kerry |
41.4% | 16.6% |
| 2000 | George Bush |
55.0% | Al Gore |
43.2% | 11.8% |
U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Georgia from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.
| Election results (U.S. Senator), Georgia 2000-2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
| 2016 | Johnny Isakson |
54.8% | Jim Barksdale |
41.0% | 13.8% |
| 2014 | David Perdue |
52.9% | Michelle Nunn |
45.2% | 7.7% |
| 2010 | Johnny Isakson |
58.3% | Mike Thurmond |
39.0% | 19.3% |
| 2008 | Saxby Chambliss |
49.8% | Jim Martin |
46.8% | 3.0% |
| 2004 | Johnny Isakson |
57.9% | Denise Majette |
40.0% | 17.9% |
| 2002 | Saxby Chambliss |
52.8% | Max Cleland |
45.9% | 6.9% |
Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2016. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Georgia.
| Election results (Governor), Georgia 2000-2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
| 2014 | Nathan Deal |
52.8% | Jason Carter |
44.9% | 7.9% |
| 2010 | Nathan Deal |
53.0% | Roy Barnes |
43.0% | 10.0% |
| 2006 | Sonny Perdue |
57.9% | Mark Taylor |
38.2% | 19.7% |
| 2002 | Sonny Perdue |
51.4% | Roy Barnes |
46.3% | 5.1% |
Congressional delegation, 2000-2016
This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Georgia in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.
| Congressional delegation, Georgia 2000-2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Republicans | Republicans (%) | Democrats | Democrats (%) | Balance of power |
| 2016 | 10 |
71.4% | 4 |
28.6% | R+6 |
| 2014 | 10 |
71.4% | 4 |
28.6% | R+6 |
| 2012 | 9 |
64.3% | 5 |
35.7% | R+4 |
| 2010 | 8 |
61.5% | 5 |
38.5% | R+3 |
| 2008 | 7 |
53.8% | 6 |
46.2% | R+1 |
| 2006 | 7 |
53.8% | 6 |
46.2% | R+1 |
| 2004 | 7 |
53.8% | 6 |
46.2% | R+1 |
| 2002 | 8 |
61.5% | 5 |
38.5% | R+3 |
| 2000 | 8 |
72.7% | 3 |
27.3% | R+5 |
Trifectas, 1992-2017
A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.
Georgia Party Control: 1992-2025
Eleven years of Democratic trifectas • Twenty-one years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
| Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governor | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| House | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Recent news
The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Georgia lieutenant governor Republican primary 2018. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.
See also
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Georgia government: |
Elections: |
Ballotpedia exclusives: |
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 The registration deadline was extended to October 16, 2018, in Clay, Grady, Randolph, and Turner counties by executive order of Gov. Nathan Deal in response to Hurricane Michael.
- ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "Unofficial Results," accessed July 25, 2018
- ↑ Georgia Politics, "Shafer Declines Recount, Concedes Race To Duncan," August 1, 2018
- ↑ The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "Rick Jeffares endorses David Shafer for lieutenant governor," May 31, 2018
- ↑ Atlanta Journal Constitution, "Georgia 2018: Rubio backs Duncan for lieutenant governor," March 2, 2018
- ↑ Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "‘Independent’ groups, some that hide donors, flood Georgia races," July 23, 2018
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Merion West, "An Interview with Geoff Duncan: Pitcher, Businessman, and Now Candidate for Lt. Governor," January 11, 2018
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Merion West, "An Interview with David Shafer: His Vision for Georgia," May 14, 2018
- ↑ Georgia Encyclopedia, "Lieutenant Governor," November 18, 2016
- ↑ Georgia House of Representatives, "Duncan Biography," accessed May 30, 2018
- ↑ Team Duncan, "Issues," accessed May 30, 2018
- ↑ Shafer for Georgia, "About David," accessed May 30, 2018
- ↑ Shafer for Georgia, "On the Issues," accessed May 30, 2018
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Team Duncan, "Issues," accessed June 14, 2018
- ↑ Shafer for Georgia, "On the Issues," accessed June 14, 2018
- ↑ AJC, "Deal endorses Shafer in Georgia GOP lieutenant governor runoff," July 24, 2018
- ↑ Georgia Election Results, "General Primary/General Nonpartisan/Special Election - May 20, 2014," May 29, 2014
- ↑ LexisNexis, "O.C.G.A. § 21-2-224," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ LexisNexis, "O.C.G.A. § 21-2-501," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ State of Georgia, "Vote in Person on Election Day," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ LexisNexis, "O.C.G.A. § 21-2-403," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Georgia Secretary of State, "How-to Guide: Registering to Vote," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ Georgia.gov, "Register to Vote," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ LexisNexis, "O.C.G.A. § 21-2-224," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "Georgia Automatic Voter Registration Surges After Web Fix," May 24, 2022
- ↑ The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "Automatic registration leads to surge of new Georgia voters," April 29, 2019
- ↑ LexisNexis, "O.C.G.A. § 21-2-216," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ Pew Trusts, "'Proof of Citizenship' Voting Laws May Surge Under Trump," November 16, 2017
- ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "Georgia Voter Registration Application," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ Under federal law, the national mail voter registration application (a version of which is in use in all states with voter registration systems) requires applicants to indicate that they are U.S. citizens in order to complete an application to vote in state or federal elections, but does not require voters to provide documentary proof of citizenship. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the application "may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to prevent duplicate voter registrations and permit State officials both to determine the eligibility of the applicant to vote and to administer the voting process."
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Georgia Secretary of State, "Georgia Voter Identification Requirements," accessed October 6, 2025
- ↑ [Under a 2025 law, a driver's license must be in a physical format and issued by the Department of Driver Services.]
- ↑ This includes colleges, universities, and technical colleges.
- ↑ Georgia.gov, "Vote by Absentee Ballot," accessed September 30, 2025
- ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Quick Facts - Georgia," accessed January 3, 2018
- ↑ Georgia Demographics, "Georgia Cities by Population," accessed January 3, 2018
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