Hawaii's 1st Congressional District election, 2018
General election
General election for U.S. House Hawaii District 1
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Ed Case (D) | 73.1 | 134,650 |
Cam Cavasso (R) | 23.1 | 42,498 | ||
![]() | Michelle Rose Tippens (L) | 1.9 | 3,498 | |
![]() | Zachary Burd (G) | 1.2 | 2,214 | |
Calvin Griffin (Nonpartisan) | 0.7 | 1,351 |
Total votes: 184,211 (100.00% precincts reporting) | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
- General election: Nov. 6
- Voter registration deadline: Oct. 9
- Early voting: Oct. 23 - Nov. 3
- Absentee voting deadline: Nov. 6
- Online registration: Yes
- Same-day registration: Yes
- Voter ID: Non-photo ID
- Poll times: 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.
2020 →
← 2016
|
Hawaii's 1st Congressional District |
---|
Democratic primary Republican primary General election |
Election details |
Filing deadline: June 5, 2018 |
Primary: August 11, 2018 General: November 6, 2018 Pre-election incumbent: Colleen Hanabusa (Democrat) |
How to vote |
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Voting in Hawaii |
Race ratings |
Cook Political Report: Solid Democratic Inside Elections: Solid Democratic Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Democratic |
Ballotpedia analysis |
U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018 |
See also |
U.S. Senate • 1st • 2nd Hawaii elections, 2018 U.S. Congress elections, 2018 U.S. Senate elections, 2018 U.S. House elections, 2018 |
Former U.S. Rep. Ed Case (D-Hawaii) faced former state Rep. Cam Cavasso (R) in the general election for Hawaii's 1st Congressional District on November 6, 2018. Incumbent Rep. Colleen Hanabusa (D-Hawaii) did not seek re-election.[1]
Hawaii's 1st Congressional District is located in southern Oahu and includes portions of Honolulu County.[2]
Candidates and election results
General election
General election for U.S. House Hawaii District 1
Ed Case defeated Cam Cavasso, Michelle Rose Tippens, Zachary Burd, and Calvin Griffin in the general election for U.S. House Hawaii District 1 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Ed Case (D) | 73.1 | 134,650 |
Cam Cavasso (R) | 23.1 | 42,498 | ||
![]() | Michelle Rose Tippens (L) | 1.9 | 3,498 | |
![]() | Zachary Burd (G) | 1.2 | 2,214 | |
Calvin Griffin (Nonpartisan) | 0.7 | 1,351 |
Total votes: 184,211 (100.00% precincts reporting) | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 1
The following candidates ran in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 1 on August 11, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Ed Case | 40.0 | 47,482 |
![]() | Doug Chin ![]() | 25.5 | 30,283 | |
![]() | Donna Kim | 18.2 | 21,554 | |
![]() | Kaniela Ing | 6.3 | 7,531 | |
![]() | Beth Fukumoto | 6.3 | 7,473 | |
![]() | Ernest Y. Martin | 3.2 | 3,827 | |
![]() | Sam Puletasi | 0.4 | 519 |
Total votes: 118,669 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 1
Cam Cavasso defeated Raymond Vinole in the Republican primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 1 on August 11, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Cam Cavasso | 81.8 | 10,552 | |
Raymond Vinole | 18.2 | 2,340 |
Total votes: 12,892 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Nonpartisan primary election
Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 1
Calvin Griffin defeated John Cipolla in the primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 1 on August 11, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Calvin Griffin | 58.7 | 266 | |
John Cipolla | 41.3 | 187 |
Total votes: 453 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Green primary election
Green primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 1
Zachary Burd advanced from the Green primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 1 on August 11, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Zachary Burd | 100.0 | 173 |
Total votes: 173 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Libertarian primary election
Libertarian primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 1
Michelle Rose Tippens advanced from the Libertarian primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 1 on August 11, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Michelle Rose Tippens | 100.0 | 150 |
Total votes: 150 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
District analysis
- See also: The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index
- See also: FiveThirtyEight's elasticity scores
The 2017 Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was D+17, meaning that in the previous two presidential elections, this district's results were 17 percentage points more Democratic than the national average. This made Hawaii's 1st Congressional District the 76th most Democratic nationally.[3]
FiveThirtyEight's September 2018 elasticity score for states and congressional districts measured "how sensitive it is to changes in the national political environment." This district's elasticity score was 1.05. This means that for every 1 point the national political mood moved toward a party, the district was expected to move 1.05 points toward that party.[4]
Campaign finance
The chart below contains data from financial reports submitted to the Federal Election Commission.
Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ed Case | Democratic Party | $563,845 | $482,824 | $81,021 | As of December 31, 2018 |
Cam Cavasso | Republican Party | $156,884 | $155,400 | $1,483 | As of December 31, 2018 |
Zachary Burd | Green Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
Michelle Rose Tippens | Libertarian Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
Calvin Griffin | Nonpartisan | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2018. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
Race ratings
- See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Race ratings: Hawaii's 1st Congressional District election, 2018 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Race tracker | Race ratings | ||||||||
October 30, 2018 | October 23, 2018 | October 16, 2018 | October 9, 2018 | ||||||
The Cook Political Report | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | |||||
Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | |||||
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | |||||
Note: Ballotpedia updates external race ratings every two weeks throughout the election season. |
District history
2016
Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Democratic. Incumbent Mark Takai (D) did not seek re-election in 2016. The seat was vacant following Takai's death from pancreatic cancer on July 20, 2016. Colleen Hanabusa (D) defeated Shirlene Ostrov (R), Alan Yim (L), and Calvin Griffin (I) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Hanabusa defeated six other Democratic candidates in the primary on August 13, 2016.[5][6][7]
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | ![]() |
71.9% | 145,417 | |
Republican | Shirlene Ostrov | 22.7% | 45,958 | |
Libertarian | Alan Yim | 3.3% | 6,601 | |
Independent | Calvin Griffin | 2.2% | 4,381 | |
Total Votes | 202,357 | |||
Source: Hawaii Secretary of State |
Candidate | Vote % | Votes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
80.4% | 74,022 | ||
Lei Ahu Isa | 12.5% | 11,518 | ||
Howard Kim | 3% | 2,750 | ||
Javier Ocasio | 1.2% | 1,117 | ||
Sam Puletas | 1.1% | 1,036 | ||
Lei Sharsh-Davis | 1% | 915 | ||
Steve Tataii | 0.8% | 737 | ||
Total Votes | 92,095 | |||
Source: Hawaii Secretary of State |
2014
The 1st Congressional District of Hawaii held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. Mark Takai (D) defeated Charles Djou (R) in the general election.
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | ![]() |
51.2% | 93,390 | |
Republican | Charles Djou | 47.4% | 86,454 | |
Total Votes | 179,844 | |||
Source: Hawaii Office of Elections |
Pivot Counties
- See also: Pivot Counties by state
There are no Pivot Counties in Hawaii. Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.
In the 2016 presidential election, Hillary Clinton (D) won Hawaii with 62.2 percent of the vote. Donald Trump (R) received 30 percent. In presidential elections between 1960 and 2016, Hawaii voted Democratic 86.67 percent of the time and Republican 13.33 percent of the time. The only presidential elections from 1960 to 2016 where Hawaii voted for the Republican candidate were the elections in 1972 and 1984. Richard Nixon (R) and Ronald Reagan (R), respectively, won nearly every state in those elections.[8] Hawaii voted Democratic in every presidential election from 2000 to 2016.
Presidential results by legislative district
The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state House districts in Hawaii. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[9][10]
In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won all 51 state House districts in Hawaii with an average margin of victory of 42.9 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won all 51 state House districts in Hawaii with an average margin of victory of 31.7 points. Six of those districts were controlled by Republicans heading into the 2018 elections. |
2016 presidential results by state House district | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District | Obama | Romney | 2012 Margin | Clinton | Trump | 2016 Margin | Party Control |
1 | 78.86% | 18.99% | D+59.9 | 67.83% | 22.93% | D+44.9 | D |
2 | 81.90% | 16.56% | D+65.3 | 70.83% | 20.79% | D+50 | D |
3 | 78.94% | 18.86% | D+60.1 | 66.06% | 24.28% | D+41.8 | D |
4 | 74.69% | 20.89% | D+53.8 | 61.65% | 26.42% | D+35.2 | D |
5 | 70.37% | 27.44% | D+42.9 | 60.96% | 30.41% | D+30.5 | D |
6 | 63.87% | 34.13% | D+29.7 | 55.17% | 36.08% | D+19.1 | D |
7 | 70.15% | 27.80% | D+42.3 | 62.01% | 28.48% | D+33.5 | D |
8 | 77.15% | 21.48% | D+55.7 | 66.05% | 24.87% | D+41.2 | D |
9 | 82.40% | 16.67% | D+65.7 | 71.21% | 21.87% | D+49.3 | D |
10 | 66.49% | 31.34% | D+35.2 | 59.75% | 31.99% | D+27.8 | D |
11 | 65.21% | 32.49% | D+32.7 | 59.60% | 31.32% | D+28.3 | D |
12 | 73.87% | 23.66% | D+50.2 | 64.66% | 24.79% | D+39.9 | D |
13 | 78.96% | 18.21% | D+60.8 | 65.73% | 21.35% | D+44.4 | D |
14 | 72.91% | 23.66% | D+49.2 | 61.55% | 28.21% | D+33.3 | D |
15 | 73.72% | 24.41% | D+49.3 | 62.16% | 30.30% | D+31.9 | D |
16 | 73.80% | 24.28% | D+49.5 | 63.81% | 27.75% | D+36.1 | D |
17 | 64.14% | 34.73% | D+29.4 | 61.51% | 32.48% | D+29 | R |
18 | 64.74% | 34.13% | D+30.6 | 62.93% | 31.13% | D+31.8 | D |
19 | 68.62% | 30.02% | D+38.6 | 65.35% | 28.24% | D+37.1 | D |
20 | 74.85% | 23.28% | D+51.6 | 68.93% | 24.22% | D+44.7 | D |
21 | 75.85% | 22.20% | D+53.7 | 69.81% | 22.91% | D+46.9 | D |
22 | 63.65% | 33.95% | D+29.7 | 60.51% | 32.82% | D+27.7 | D |
23 | 74.44% | 23.74% | D+50.7 | 70.35% | 22.60% | D+47.8 | D |
24 | 72.02% | 26.06% | D+46 | 67.57% | 25.28% | D+42.3 | D |
25 | 72.41% | 25.81% | D+46.6 | 65.99% | 26.66% | D+39.3 | D |
26 | 69.71% | 28.67% | D+41 | 66.03% | 27.94% | D+38.1 | D |
27 | 73.79% | 24.89% | D+48.9 | 66.44% | 27.44% | D+39 | D |
28 | 75.18% | 23.76% | D+51.4 | 65.88% | 27.53% | D+38.3 | D |
29 | 72.71% | 25.65% | D+47.1 | 65.49% | 27.73% | D+37.8 | D |
30 | 74.18% | 25.14% | D+49 | 66.96% | 27.11% | D+39.8 | D |
31 | 67.31% | 31.63% | D+35.7 | 60.03% | 33.91% | D+26.1 | D |
32 | 71.52% | 27.25% | D+44.3 | 61.88% | 31.86% | D+30 | D |
33 | 71.14% | 28.00% | D+43.1 | 64.50% | 29.83% | D+34.7 | D |
34 | 73.09% | 25.92% | D+47.2 | 63.82% | 30.29% | D+33.5 | D |
35 | 71.64% | 27.28% | D+44.4 | 60.83% | 33.40% | D+27.4 | D |
36 | 65.58% | 33.62% | D+32 | 58.08% | 35.51% | D+22.6 | R |
37 | 68.17% | 30.78% | D+37.4 | 60.07% | 33.75% | D+26.3 | D |
38 | 75.65% | 23.90% | D+51.8 | 68.58% | 27.30% | D+41.3 | D |
39 | 66.08% | 33.05% | D+33 | 55.93% | 37.10% | D+18.8 | D |
40 | 63.55% | 35.44% | D+28.1 | 52.55% | 41.16% | D+11.4 | R |
41 | 64.77% | 34.18% | D+30.6 | 52.81% | 39.86% | D+13 | D |
42 | 62.03% | 36.85% | D+25.2 | 51.48% | 41.06% | D+10.4 | D |
43 | 69.40% | 29.09% | D+40.3 | 51.86% | 39.48% | D+12.4 | R |
44 | 71.73% | 26.37% | D+45.4 | 52.37% | 37.93% | D+14.4 | D |
45 | 65.66% | 32.94% | D+32.7 | 57.08% | 35.06% | D+22 | R |
46 | 69.74% | 29.10% | D+40.6 | 57.86% | 34.83% | D+23 | D |
47 | 51.82% | 46.23% | D+5.6 | 48.08% | 40.22% | D+7.9 | D |
48 | 67.63% | 31.05% | D+36.6 | 58.22% | 33.67% | D+24.6 | D |
49 | 71.40% | 27.44% | D+44 | 63.21% | 29.76% | D+33.4 | D |
50 | 64.02% | 34.41% | D+29.6 | 59.88% | 31.83% | D+28 | R |
51 | 70.33% | 28.32% | D+42 | 61.16% | 30.89% | D+30.3 | D |
Total | 70.55% | 27.84% | D+42.7 | 62.22% | 30.04% | D+32.2 | - |
Source: Daily Kos |
State overview
Partisan control
This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Hawaii heading into the 2018 elections.
Congressional delegation
- Following the 2016 elections, Democrats held both U.S. Senate seats in Hawaii.
- Democrats held both of the U.S. House seats in Hawaii.
State executives
- As of August 2018, Democrats held two of 10 state executive positions. The remaining eight positions were officially nonpartisan.
- The governor of Hawaii was Democrat David Ige. The state held elections for governor and lieutenant governor on November 6, 2018.
State legislature
Democrats controlled both chambers of the Hawaii State Legislature. They had a 45-6 majority in the state House and a 25-0 majority in the state Senate.
Trifecta status
- Hawaii was under a state government trifecta, meaning the Democratic Party held the governorship, a majority in the state senate, and a majority in the state house.
2018 elections
- See also: Hawaii elections, 2018
Hawaii held elections for the following positions in 2018:
- One U.S. Senate seat
- Two U.S. House seats
- Governor
- Lieutenant governor
- Thirteen state Senate seats
- Fifty-one state House of Representatives seats
- Four Honolulu City Council seats
- Two statewide ballot measures
Demographics
Demographic data for Hawaii | ||
---|---|---|
Hawaii | U.S. | |
Total population: | 1,425,157 | 316,515,021 |
Land area (sq mi): | 6,423 | 3,531,905 |
Race and ethnicity** | ||
White: | 25.4% | 73.6% |
Black/African American: | 2% | 12.6% |
Asian: | 37.7% | 5.1% |
Native American: | 0.2% | 0.8% |
Pacific Islander: | 9.9% | 0.2% |
Two or more: | 23.7% | 3% |
Hispanic/Latino: | 9.9% | 17.1% |
Education | ||
High school graduation rate: | 91% | 86.7% |
College graduation rate: | 30.8% | 29.8% |
Income | ||
Median household income: | $69,515 | $53,889 |
Persons below poverty level: | 11.6% | 11.3% |
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Hawaii. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. |
As of July 2017, Hawaii's three largest cities were Urban Honolulu (pop. est. 350,395), East Honolulu (pop. est. 47,957), and Pearl City (pop. est. 47,241).[11]
State election history
This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Hawaii from 2000 to 2016. All data comes from the Hawaii Office of Elections.
Historical elections
Presidential elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Hawaii every year from 2000 to 2016.
Election results (President of the United States), Hawaii 2000-2016 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
2016 | ![]() |
61.0% | ![]() |
29.4% | 31.6% |
2012 | ![]() |
70.1% | ![]() |
27.7% | 42.4% |
2008 | ![]() |
71.5% | ![]() |
26.4% | 45.1% |
2004 | ![]() |
53.7% | ![]() |
45.0% | 8.7% |
2000 | ![]() |
55.3% | ![]() |
37.1% | 18.2% |
U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Hawaii from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.
Election results (U.S. Senator), Hawaii 2000-2016 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
2016 | ![]() |
70.1% | ![]() |
21.2% | 48.9% |
2014 | ![]() |
66.8% | ![]() |
26.5% | 40.3% |
2012 | ![]() |
61.6% | ![]() |
36.8% | 24.8% |
2010 | ![]() |
71.9% | ![]() |
20.7% | 51.2% |
2006 | ![]() |
60.3% | ![]() |
36.1% | 24.2% |
2004 | ![]() |
72.7% | ![]() |
20.2% | 52.5% |
2000 | ![]() |
67.7% | ![]() |
22.8% | 44.9% |
Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2016. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Hawaii.
Election results (Governor), Hawaii 2000-2016 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
2014 | ![]() |
49.0% | ![]() |
36.7% | 12.3% |
2010 | ![]() |
57.8% | ![]() |
40.8% | 17.0% |
2006 | ![]() |
49.8% | ![]() |
34.9% | 14.9% |
2002 | ![]() |
51.6% | ![]() |
47.0% | 4.6% |
Congressional delegation, 2000-2016
This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Hawaii in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.
Trifectas, 1992-2017
A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.
Hawaii Party Control: 1992-2025
Twenty-six years of Democratic trifectas • No Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
House | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
See also
- Hawaii's 1st Congressional District election (August 11, 2018 Democratic primary)
- Hawaii's 1st Congressional District election (August 11, 2018 Republican primary)
- United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii, 2018
- United States House of Representatives elections, 2018
Footnotes
- ↑ The Hill, "Hanabusa to primary Hawaii governor," September 2, 2017
- ↑ Hawaii Redistricting Map "Map" accessed September 25, 2012
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 7, 2017
- ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "Election Update: The Most (And Least) Elastic States And Districts," September 6, 2018
- ↑ Hawaii Secretary of State, "2016 Candidates," accessed June 8, 2016
- ↑ The Hill, "Rep. Mark Takai dies at 49," July 20, 2016
- ↑ Politico, "Hawaii House Races Results," August 13, 2016
- ↑ 270towin.com, "Historical Presidential Elections," accessed August 2, 2017
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017
- ↑ Hawaii Demographics, "Hawaii Cities by Population," accessed August 30, 2018