Historical New York budget and finance information

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The historical New York budget and finance information below applies to years prior to the most current fiscal year. With the exception of the tab labeled "Prior fiscal year budgets," the tabs below display information, from several different fiscal years, as it was presented on Ballotpedia in prior calendar years. For more current information regarding New York's budget and finances, click here.

As published 2016

New York budget and finances

General information

Budget calendar: Annual

Fiscal year: 2016

State credit rating: AA (as of 2014)

Current governor: Andrew Cuomo

Financial figures

Total spending (state and federal funds): $140.4 billion (estimated for 2015)

Per capita spending: $7,090.75 (estimated for 2015)

Total state tax collections: $77.0 billion (2014)

Per capita tax collections: $3,897.90 (2014)

State debt: $387.5 billion (as of 2014)

Per capita state debt: $19,799 (as of 2014)

State budget and finance pages • Total state expenditures • State debt • Tax policy in New York

In New York, as in other states, lawmakers and public officials are elected in part to manage the state's finances. This includes generating revenues (money coming into the state from various sources) and approving expenditures (the money spent on governmental functions and servicing state debt). State budgets are complex and fluid, as they depend on anticipated revenues and planned expenditures, which may alter over the course of a fiscal year. If revenues do not keep pace with expenditures, states generally have to raise taxes, cut services, borrow money, or a combination of the three. State budget decisions are also influenced by policy decisions at the national level, such as the Affordable Care Act or energy and environmental regulations, and issues at the local level, such as crime and the quality of education.

HIGHLIGHTS

Between fiscal years 2014 and 2015, total government spending in New York increased by approximately $6.3 billion—from $134.1 billion in fiscal year 2014 to an estimated $140.4 billion in 2015. This represents a 4.5-percent increase.

In New York in fiscal year 2014, 62.1 percent of total tax revenues came from income taxes.

Education accounted for 26.9 percent of state expenditures in fiscal year 2015, while 29.1 percent went to Medicaid.

The New York state budget and financial data presented here come from different years because the states and the federal government report and publish the information at different times.

Definitions

The following terms are used to describe a state's finances:

• Revenues come mainly from tax collections, licensing fees, federal aid, and returns on investments.
• Expenditures generally include spending on government salaries, infrastructure, education, public pensions, public assistance, corrections, Medicaid, and transportation.
• State debt refers to the money borrowed to make up for a deficit when revenues do not cover spending.
• The state credit rating is the grade given by a credit rating agency based on the general financial health of the state's government and economy.
• State funds include general and other state-based funds. A general fund is "the predominant fund for financing a state's operations." Other state funds are "restricted by law for particular governmental functions or activities."
• Federal funds are "funds received directly from the federal government."
• Total spending is calculated by adding together the totals for state and federal funds used for expenditures.

Note: In comparing dollar amounts across the states, it is important to note that the cost of living can from state to state and within a state. The amounts given on this page have not been adjusted to reflect these differences. For more information on "regional price disparities" and the Consumer Price Index, see the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Revenues

2014 revenues

See also: State government tax collections by source

The table below breaks down state government tax collections by source in 2014 (comparable figures from surrounding states are also provided to give additional context). Figures for all columns except "2013 population" and "Per capita collections" are rendered in thousands of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000). Figures in the columns labeled "2013 population" and "Per capita collections" have not been abbreviated.

Compared to neighboring states, New York had the highest state tax collections per capita, at $3,898.

State tax collections by source ($ in thousands), 2014
State	Property taxes	Sales and gross receipts	Licenses	Income taxes	Other taxes	Total	2013 population	Per capita collections
New York	N/A	$23,544,789	$1,884,841	$47,826,461	$3,722,891	$76,978,982	19,748,858	$3,898
Delaware	N/A	$480,352	$1,301,737	$1,319,213	$74,867	$3,176,169	935,968	$3,393
Maryland	$725,694	$8,022,537	$853,851	$8,756,557	$570,430	$18,929,069	5,975,346	$3,168
New Jersey	$6,705	$12,751,851	$1,516,698	$14,341,741	$1,062,231	$29,679,226	8,938,844	$3,320
Pennsylvania	$45,017	$17,419,429	$2,302,934	$13,111,325	$1,314,164	$34,192,869	12,793,767	$2,673
United States	$14,232,835	$411,414,175	$51,120,024	$357,104,785	$31,880,270	$865,752,089	318,907,401	$2,715
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "2014 annual survey of state government tax collections by category," accessed April 4, 2016

New York tax collections by source in 2014.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau

The table below lists 2014 tax collections by source as percentages of total collections. About 62.1 percent of New York's total state tax collections came from income taxes.

State tax collections by source (as percentages), 2014
State	Property taxes	Sales and gross receipts	Licenses	Income taxes	Other taxes
New York	N/A	30.6%	2.4%	62.1%	4.8%
Delaware	N/A	15.1%	41.0%	41.5%	2.4%
Maryland	3.8%	42.4%	4.5%	46.3%	3.0%
New Jersey	0.0%	43.0%	5.1%	48.3%	3.6%
Pennsylvania	0.1%	50.9%	6.7%	38.3%	3.8%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "2014 annual survey of state government tax collections by category," accessed April 4, 2016

Federal aid to the state budget

See also: Federal aid to state budgets

State governments receive aid from the federal government to fund a variety of joint programs, mainly in the form of grants for such things as Medicaid, education, and transportation. In 2013 federal aid to the states accounted for roughly 30 percent of all state general revenues. Federal aid varies from state to state. For example, Mississippi received approximately $7.5 billion in federal aid in 2013, accounting for about 43 percent of the state's general revenues, the highest percentage of all of the states. By contrast, North Dakota received about $1.5 billion in federal aid in 2013, or just 19 percent of the state's general revenues, the lowest percentage in the nation.

The table below notes what share of New York’s general revenues came from the federal government in 2013. That year, New York received approximately $46.3 billion in federal aid, 28.0 percent of the state's general revenues. Taking into consideration the state's 2013 population, this came out to about $2,355 in federal aid per capita. Figures from surrounding states are provided for additional context.

Federal aid to state budgets, 2013
State	Total federal aid ($ in thousands)	Federal aid as a % of general revenues	Ranking (by % of general revenues)	Est. 2013 population	Aid per capita
New York	$46,272,851	28.0%	34	19,651,127	$2,355
Delaware	$1,929,185	24.8%	45	925,749	$2,084
Maryland	$9,952,960	28.6%	33	5,928,814	$1,679
New Jersey	$13,755,548	25.5%	41	8,899,339	$1,546
Pennsylvania	$21,219,116	30.4%	29	12,773,801	$1,661
Sources: United States Census Bureau, "State Government Finances: 2013," accessed April 4, 2016 United States Census Bureau, "State totals: Vintage 2013," accessed April 8, 2016 Note: Per-capita figures were generated by Ballotpedia by dividing total federal aid for the state by the estimated population of that state in 2013.

Spending

Estimated 2015 expenditures

See also: Total state expenditures

The table below breaks down estimated spending totals for fiscal year 2015 (comparable figures from surrounding states are included to provide additional context). Figures for all columns except "Population” and “Per capita spending" are rendered in millions of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000,000). Figures in the columns labeled "Population” and “Per capita spending" have not been abbreviated.

New York's total estimated government spending in fiscal year 2015 was $140.4 billion, which was the highest amount when compared to surrounding states.

Total estimated state spending, FY 2015 ($ in millions)
State	State funds	Federal funds	Total spending	Population	Per capita spending
New York	$94,624	$45,743	$140,367	19,795,791	$7,090.75
Delaware	$7,355	$2,063	$9,418	945,934	$9,956.30
Maryland	$28,283	$12,053	$40,336	6,006,401	$6,715.50
New Jersey	$39,460	$15,142	$54,602	8,958,013	$6,095.32
Pennsylvania	$46,900	$25,921	$72,821	12,802,503	$5,688.03
Per-capita figures are calculated by taking the state's total spending and dividing by the number of state residents according to United States Census Bureau estimates. Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, "Examining fiscal 2013-2015 state spending," accessed April 4, 2016

Spending by function

Breakdown of spending by function in FY 2014.
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

See also: State spending by function as a percent of total expenditures

State spending in New York can be further broken down by function (elementary and secondary education, public assistance, etc.). Fiscal year 2014 information is included in the table below (information from neighboring states is provided for additional context). Figures are rendered as percentages, indicating the share of the total budget spent per category.

In fiscal year 2014, Medicaid accounted for 29.1 percent of New York's total expenditures.

State spending by function as a percent of total expenditures, FY 2014
State	K-12 education	Higher education	Public assistance	Medicaid	Corrections	Transportation	Other
New York	19.3%	7.6%	3.2%	29.1%	2.3%	6.5%	32.0%
Delaware	24.1%	4.5%	0.2%	17.3%	2.9%	7.7%	43.1%
Maryland	18.8%	14.4%	3.6%	22.5%	3.9%	10.5%	26.3%
New Jersey	23.6%	7.7%	0.8%	22.5%	3.1%	9.9%	32.5%
Pennsylvania	18.7%	2.6%	5.5%	33.3%	3.4%	9.6%	26.8%
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers Note: "Other" expenditures include "Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), institutional and community care for the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, public health programs, employer contributions to pensions and health benefits, economic development, environmental projects, state police, parks and recreation, housing and general aid to local governments."

Spending trends

Between 2010 and 2014, the share of the New York state budget spent on Medicaid increased slightly from 28.7 percent in 2010 to 29.1 percent in 2014. See the table below for further details (figures are rendered as percentages, indicating the share of the total budget spent per category).

Spending by function from 2010 to 2014 (as percentages)
Year	K-12 education	Higher education	Public assistance	Medicaid	Corrections	Transportation	Other
2014	19.3%	7.6%	3.2%	29.1%	2.3%	6.5%	32.0%
2013	19.3%	7.6%	3%	29.1%	2.5%	6.4%	32.1%
2012	19.8%	7.6%	2.8%	29.4%	2.3%	6.2%	31.8%
2011	20.7%	7.1%	2.8%	29.1%	2.4%	6.4%	31.4%
2010	20.4%	7.5%	3.0%	28.7%	2.7%	6.1%	31.5%
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers Note: "Other" expenditures include "Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), institutional and community care for the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, public health programs, employer contributions to pensions and health benefits, economic development, environmental projects, state police, parks and recreation, housing and general aid to local governments."

Fiscal year budgets

See also: Historic New York budget and finance information

Fiscal year 2016

See budget bill: New York 2015-2016 Enacted Budget

Governor Andrew Cuomo announced his fiscal year 2016 budget proposal on January 21, 2015. This budget proposed total government spending of $142 billion. Some components of the proposal included $1.7 billion in property tax credits and a $1.1 billion increase in education spending.

Governor Cuomo signed the state's official budget into law in April 2015. The final budget called for $142.8 billion in total spending. The governor noted that the state's budget was not only fiscally responsible, but established positive investments for the state's future. These investments included a 6 percent increase in public education spending and $5.4 billion for initiatives focused on creating affordable housing and student loan relief.

State debt

See also: State debt

According to a January 2014 report by the nonprofit organization State Budget Solutions, New York had a state debt of approximately $387 billion. Its state debt per capita was $19,799. In this report for fiscal year 2012, state debt was calculated based on four components: "market-valued unfunded public pension liabilities, outstanding government debt, unfunded other post employment benefit (OPEB) liabilities, and outstanding unemployment trust fund loans." The report revealed that altogether state governments faced a combined $5.1 trillion in debt, which amounted to $16,178 per capita in the nation.

Total 2012 state debt
State	Total state debt	State debt per capita	Per capita debt ranking
New York	$387,465,667,000	$19,799	10
Delaware	$15,991,093,000	$17,437	17
Maryland	$94,211,004,000	$16,010	20
New Jersey	$213,933,875,000	$24,134	6
Pennsylvania	$184,903,767,000	$14,487	24
Sources: State Budget Solutions, "State Budget Solutions' Fourth Annual State Debt Report," January 8, 2014

Taxpayer burden

TIA Methodology: To figure a state’s taxpayer burden or surplus, TIA looked at a state’s total reported assets minus capital assets and assets restricted by law (buildings, roads, land, etc.) to calculate “available assets,” which were then compared to the amount of money the state owes in bills, including retirement obligations such as pension plans and healthcare benefits for retirees. If the difference between available assets and total bills was positive, TIA called this a surplus; if it was negative, this was a burden. This amount was then divided by the number of individual tax returns with a positive tax liability, thus expressing the total state surplus or burden on a per-taxpayer basis.

According to a report released in September 2015 by the nonprofit Truth in Accounting (TIA), New York ranked eighth worst in the country in “taxpayer burden.” Rather than using per capita state debt, TIA ranked states based on what it called a “taxpayer burden,” a term that reflects “the amount each taxpayer would have to send to their state’s treasury in order for the state to be debt-free.” On the other hand, states that had sufficient resources to pay their bills were said to have a “taxpayer surplus,” which represents the amount that each taxpayer would receive if the state were to disburse its excess funds.

Based on analysis of New York’s Comprehensive Annual Financial Report from March 31, 2014, and actuarial reports for the state’s retirement plans, TIA concluded that $108.3 billion in promised retirement benefits were unfunded, but only $30.9 billion of these liabilities were reported on New York’s balance sheet. With all of the unfunded retirement benefits included in the total debt, the state had a shortfall of $131 billion, or a taxpayer burden of $20,700.

Public pensions

See also: New York public pensions and New York public employee salaries

Between fiscal years 2008 and 2012, the funded ratio of New York's state-administered pension plans decreased from 105.9 percent to 90.5 percent. The state paid 100 percent of its annual required contribution, and for fiscal year 2012 the pension system's unfunded accrued liability totaled $15.7 billion. This amounted to $814 in unfunded liabilities per capita.

Credit ratings

See also: State credit ratings

Credit rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's, assign grades to states that take into account a state's ability to pay debts and the general health of the state's economy. Generally speaking, a higher credit rating indicates lower interest costs on the general obligation bonds states sometimes sell to investors in order to finance large-scale undertakings (e.g., road construction and other public works projects). This in turn results in lower interest costs, thereby lowering the cost to taxpayers.

The table below lists the Standard and Poor's credit ratings for New York and surrounding states from 2004 to 2014. Standard and Poor's grades range from AAA, the highest available, to BBB, the lowest.

State credit ratings, 2004 to 2014
State	2014	2013	2012	2011	2010	2009	2008	2007	2006	2005	2004
New York	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA
Delaware	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA
Maryland	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA
New Jersey	A+	AA-	AA-	AA-	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA-
Pennsylvania	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA
Source: Stateline: The Daily News Service of The Pew Charitable Trusts, "Infographic: S&P State Credit Ratings, 2001-2014," June 9, 2014

Economic indicators

See also: Economic indicators by state

New York's GDP increased by 2.5 percent in 2014. Click the image to view a larger version.

Broadly defined, a healthy economy is typically one that has a "stable and strong rate of economic growth" (gross state product, in this case) and low unemployment, among many other factors. The economic health of a state can significantly affect its healthcare costs, insurance coverage, access to care, and citizens' physical and mental health. For instance, during economic downturns, employers may reduce insurance coverage for employees, while those who are laid off may lose coverage altogether. Individuals also tend to spend less on non-urgent care or postpone visits to the doctor when times are hard. These changes in turn may affect the decisions made by policymakers as they react to shifts in the industry. Additionally, a person's socioeconomic status has profound effects on their access to care and the quality of care received.

Although most New York residents earned incomes at least 400 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL), its median annual household income between 2011 and 2013 was lowest among its neighboring states, $51,962. The state had the highest portion of residents who earned incomes below 100 percent of the FPL. In September 2014, New York's unemployment rate was 6.2 percent, 0.3 percentage points higher than the national rate.

Note: Gross state product (GSP) on its own is not necessarily an indicator of economic health; GSP may also be influenced by state population size. Many factors must be looked at together to assess state economic health.

Various economic indicators by state
State	Distribution of population by FPL* (2013)				Median annual income (2011-2013)	Unemployment rate		Total GSP (2013)†
	Under 100%	100-199%	200-399%	400%+		Sept. 2013	Sept. 2014
New York	15%	20%	26%	39%	$51,962	7.5%	6.2%	$1,310,712
Massachusetts	12%	15%	24%	49%	$64,555	7.2%	6%	$446,323
New Jersey	11%	15%	28%	46%	$65,321	7.9%	6.5%	$543,071
Pennsylvania	13%	17%	30%	40%	$52,481	7.3%	5.7%	$644,915
United States	15%	19%	30%	36%	$52,047	7.2%	5.9%	$16,701,415
* Federal Poverty Level. "The U.S. Census Bureau's poverty threshold for a family with two adults and one child was $18,751 in 2013. This is the official measurement of poverty used by the Federal Government." † Median annual household income, 2011-2013. ‡ In millions of current dollars. "Gross State Product is a measurement of a state's output; it is the sum of value added from all industries in the state." Source: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, "State Health Facts"

Budget process

State documents and agenciesBelow are links to official New York budget and financial documents. The first is the state's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR). A CAFR is a detailed presentation of a government entity's financial condition. This includes fiscal activities and balances for a fiscal year. The second link is to the state's relevant budget agency or office. New York CAFR New York budget agency

New York operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:

1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies between August and September.
2. State agencies submit budget requests in October and November.
3. Agency hearings are held between October and November.
4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the New York State Legislature in mid-January. The deadline is February 1 in years following a gubernatorial election.
5. The legislature adopts a budget in March. A simple majority is needed to pass a budget.
6. The fiscal year begins in April.

New York is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.

The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget. In turn, the legislature is required by statute to pass a balanced budget.

Agencies, offices, and committees

The following standing committee in the New York State Legislature deals with budget and finance matters:

1. Finance Committee, New York State Senate

The New York Comptroller audits state agencies, public authorities, and all local governments in New York, including New York City. The comptroller's reports are published online and can be accessed here. The comptroller is the state's chief fiscal officer.

Transparency

See also: "Following the Money" report, 2015

The U.S. Public Interest Research Group, a consumer-focused nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., released its annual report on state transparency websites in March 2015. The report, entitled "Following the Money," measured how transparent and accountable state websites were with regard to state government spending. According to the report, New York received a grade of A- and a numerical score of 91, indicating that New York was "Leading" in terms of transparency regarding state spending.

As published 2015

State finances in the U.S.
State tax policy in the U.S.
Pension Policy
State finances on the ballot Taxes on the ballot Glossary of state budget terms Public pensions

The information on this tab contains: Spending (fiscal years 2013 and 2014) Revenues (fiscal year 2013) State debt (fiscal year 2012) Federal aid to the state budget (fiscal year 2012) Budget process

Between fiscal years 2013 and 2014, total government spending in New York increased by approximately $1 billion, from $133 billion in fiscal year 2013 to an estimated $134 billion in 2014. This represents a 0.75 percent increase. The cumulative rate of inflation during the same period was 1.58 percent, calculated using the Consumer Price Indices for January 2013 and January 2014. As of 2014, financial services firm Standard and Poor's had assigned New York a credit rating of AA.

HIGHLIGHTS

New York collected $73.7 billion in state government tax collections in 2013.

This amounted to $3,740 per capita, the eighth-highest in the nation.

Spending

Definitions

The following terms are used to describe a state's finances:

• Revenues come mainly from tax collections, licensing fees, federal aid, and returns on investments.
• Expenditures generally include spending on government salaries, infrastructure, education, public pensions, public assistance, corrections, Medicaid, and transportation.
• State debt refers to the money borrowed to make up for a deficit when revenues do not cover spending.
• The state credit rating is the grade given by a credit rating agency based on the general financial health of the state's government and economy.
• State funds include general and other state-based funds. A general fund is "the predominant fund for financing a state's operations." Other state funds are "restricted by law for particular governmental functions or activities."
• Federal funds are "funds received directly from the federal government."
• Total spending is calculated by adding together the totals for state and federal funds used for expenditures.

2014 expenditures

See also: Total state expenditures

The table below breaks down estimated spending totals for fiscal year 2014 (comparable figures from surrounding states are included to provide additional context). Figures for all columns except "Population” and “Per capita spending" are rendered in millions of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000,000). Figures in the columns labeled "Population” and “Per capita spending" have not been abbreviated.

In New York in fiscal year 2014, total estimated spending amounted to $134.1 billion. Estimated per capita spending was $6,790.

Total estimated state spending, FY 2014 ($ in millions)
State	State funds	Federal funds	Total spending	Population	Per capita spending
New York	$92,915	$41,171	$134,086	19,746,227	$6,790.46
Delaware	$7,253	$1,903	$9,156	935,614	$9,786.09
Maryland	$27,479	$9,859	$37,338	5,976,407	$6,247.57
New Jersey	$39,574	$13,566	$53,140	8,938,175	$5,945.29
Pennsylvania	$62,391	$23,810	$86,201	12,787,209	$6,741.19
Per-capita figures are calculated by taking the state's total spending and dividing by the number of state residents according to United States Census Bureau estimates. Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

Spending by function

See also: State spending by function as a percent of total expenditures

Breakdown of spending by function in FY 2013
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

State spending in New York can be further broken down by function (elementary and secondary education, public assistance, etc.). Fiscal year 2013 information is included in the table below (information from neighboring states is provided for additional context). Figures are rendered as percentages, indicating the share of the total budget spent per category.

In fiscal year 2013, Medicaid accounted for 29.1 percent of total state spending in New York, a greater share than in any neighboring state.

State spending by function as a percent of total expenditures, FY 2013
State	K-12 education	Higher education	Public assistance	Medicaid	Corrections	Trans- portation	Other
New York	19.3%	7.6%	3%	29.1%	2.5%	6.4%	32.1%
Delaware	24.3%	4.6%	0.3%	17.2%	3%	8.7%	42%
Maryland	19.2%	14.5%	3.8%	21%	4%	10%	27.5%
New Jersey	24.9%	7.9%	0.9%	20.4%	3.1%	10%	32.8%
Pennsylvania	14.9%	2.1%	1.5%	26.9%	2.6%	7.5%	44.6%
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers Note: "Other" expenditures include "Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), institutional and community care for the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, public health programs, employer contributions to pensions and health benefits, economic development, environmental projects, state police, parks and recreation, housing and general aid to local governments."

Spending trends

Between 2009 and 2013, the share of the state budget spent on Medicaid increased from 26.7 percent to 29.1 percent. See the table below for further details (figures are rendered as percentages, indicating the share of the total budget spent per category).

Spending by function from 2009 to 2013 (as percentages)
Year	K-12 education	Higher education	Public assistance	Medicaid	Corrections	Transportation	Other
2013	19.3%	7.6%	3%	29.1%	2.5%	6.4%	32.1%
2012	19.8%	7.6%	2.8%	29.4%	2.3%	6.2%	31.8%
2011	20.7%	7.1%	2.8%	29.1%	2.4%	6.4%	31.4%
2010	20.4%	7.5%	3.0%	28.7%	2.7%	6.1%	31.5%
2009	21.5%	7.0%	3.0%	26.7%	2.7%	5.7%	33.3%
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers Note: "Other" expenditures include "Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), institutional and community care for the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, public health programs, employer contributions to pensions and health benefits, economic development, environmental projects, state police, parks and recreation, housing and general aid to local governments."

Revenues

2013 revenues

See also: State government tax collections by source

The table below breaks down state government tax collections by source in 2013 (comparable figures from surrounding states are also provided to give additional context). Figures for all columns except "Population" and "Per capita revenue" are rendered in thousands of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000). Figures in the columns labeled "Population" and "Per capita revenue" have not been abbreviated.

In New York in 2013, per capita state tax collections totaled $3,740, a greater amount than in any neighboring state.

State tax collections by source ($ in thousands)
State	Property taxes	Sales and gross receipts	Licenses	Individual income taxes	Corporation net income taxes	Other taxes	Total	2013 population	Per capita collections
New York	N/A	$23,217,491	$1,952,367	$40,230,379	$4,920,605	$3,346,329	$73,667,171	19,695,680	$3,740.27
Delaware	N/A	$487,202	$1,259,277	$1,130,501	$309,644	$159,692	$3,346,316	925,240	$3,616.70
Maryland	$750,927	$7,347,048	$805,292	$7,693,324	$952,092	$569,508	$18,118,191	5,938,737	$3,050.85
New Jersey	$4,620	$12,198,133	$1,516,432	$12,108,615	$2,282,055	$967,026	$29,076,881	8,911,502	$3,262.85
Pennsylvania	$55,537	$17,106,300	$2,585,202	$10,777,334	$2,208,163	$1,233,090	$33,965,626	12,781,296	$2,657.45
Source: Tax Policy Center, "State Tax Collection Sources 2000-2013," June 20, 2014

New York tax collections by source in 2013
Source: Tax Policy Center

The table below lists 2013 tax collections by source as percentages of total collections. In New York, individual income taxes accounted for 54.6 percent of total state tax collections, a greater share than in any neighboring state.

State tax collections by source (as percentages)
State	Property taxes	Sales and gross receipts	Licenses	Individual income taxes	Corporation net income taxes	Other taxes
New York	N/A	31.52%	2.65%	54.61%	6.68%	4.54%
Delaware	N/A	14.56%	37.63%	33.78%	9.25%	4.77%
Maryland	4.14%	40.55%	4.44%	42.46%	5.25%	3.14%
New Jersey	0.02%	41.95%	5.22%	41.64%	7.85%	3.33%
Pennsylvania	0.16%	50.36%	7.61%	31.73%	6.50%	3.63%
Source: Tax Policy Center, "State Tax Collection Sources 2000-2013," June 20, 2014

State debt

See also: State debt

According to a January 2014 report by the nonprofit organization State Budget Solutions, New York had a state debt of approximately $387 billion. Its state debt per capita was $19,799. In this report for fiscal year 2012, state debt was calculated based on four components: "market-valued unfunded public pension liabilities, outstanding government debt, unfunded other post employment benefit (OPEB) liabilities, and outstanding unemployment trust fund loans." The report revealed that altogether state governments faced a combined $5.1 trillion in debt, which amounted to $16,178 per capita in the nation.

Total 2012 state debt
State	Total state debt	State debt per capita	Per capita debt ranking
New York	$387,465,667,000	$19,799	10
Delaware	$15,991,093,000	$17,437	17
Maryland	$94,211,004,000	$16,010	20
New Jersey	$213,933,875,000	$24,134	6
Pennsylvania	$184,903,767,000	$14,487	24
Sources: State Budget Solutions, "State Budget Solutions' Fourth Annual State Debt Report," January 8, 2014

Public pensions

See also: New York public pensions and New York public employee salaries

Between fiscal years 2008 and 2012, the funded ratio of New York's state-administered pension plans decreased from 105.9 percent to 90.5 percent. The state paid 100 percent of its annual required contribution, and for fiscal year 2012 the pension system's unfunded accrued liability totaled $15.7 billion. This amounted to $814 in unfunded liabilities per capita.

Credit ratings

See also: State credit ratings

Credit rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's, assign grades to states that take into account a state's ability to pay debts and the general health of the state's economy. Generally speaking, a higher credit rating indicates lower interest costs on the general obligation bonds states sometimes sell to investors in order to finance large-scale undertakings (e.g., road construction and other public works projects). This in turn results in lower interest costs, thereby lowering the cost to taxpayers.

The table below lists the Standard and Poor's credit ratings for New York and surrounding states from 2004 to 2014. Standard and Poor's grades range from AAA, the highest available, to BBB, the lowest.

State credit ratings, 2004 to 2014
State	2014	2013	2012	2011	2010	2009	2008	2007	2006	2005	2004
New York	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA
Delaware	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA
Maryland	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA	AAA
New Jersey	A+	AA-	AA-	AA-	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA-
Pennsylvania	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA	AA
Source: Stateline: The Daily News Service of The Pew Charitable Trusts, "Infographic: S&P State Credit Ratings, 2001-2014," June 9, 2014

Federal aid to the state budget

See also: Federal aid to state budgets

State governments receive aid from the federal government to fund a variety of joint programs, such as Medicaid. Federal aid varies from state to state. For example, Mississippi received approximately $7.7 billion in federal aid in 2012, which accounted for more than 45 percent of the state's general revenues. By contrast, Alaska received roughly $2.9 billion in federal aid in 2012, just under 20 percent of the state's general revenues.

The table below notes what share of New York’s general revenues came from the federal government in 2012. That year, New York received approximately $48.7 million in federal aid, 32.8 percent of the state's total general revenues. Figures from surrounding states are provided for additional context.

Federal aid to state budgets, 2012
State	Total federal aid ($ in thousands)	Federal aid as a % of general revenue	Ranking
New York	$48,698,785	32.78%	27
Delaware	$1,814,112	24.68%	46
Maryland	$10,030,264	30.16%	33
New Jersey	$13,412,759	26.25%	42
Pennsylvania	$20,440,103	30.60%	32
Source: United States Census Bureau, "State Government Finances: 2012," accessed February 24, 2014

Stimulus

According to Recovery.gov, the official government website for the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board, under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, New York received $14.90 billion in federal stimulus funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act between February 2009 and June 2013.

Budget process

New York operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:

1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies between August and September.
2. State agencies submit budget requests in October and November.
3. Agency hearings are held between October and November.
4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the New York State Legislature in mid-January. The deadline is February 1 in years following a gubernatorial election.
5. The legislature adopts a budget in March. A simple majority is needed to pass a budget.
6. The fiscal year begins in April.

New York is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.

The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget. In turn, the legislature is required by statute to pass a balanced budget.

Agencies, offices, and committees

The following standing committee in the New York State Legislature deals with budget and finance matters:

1. Finance Committee, New York State Senate

The New York Comptroller audits state agencies, public authorities, and all local governments in New York, including New York City. The comptroller's reports are published online and can be accesssed here. The comptroller is the state's chief fiscal officer.

Studies and reports

U.S. PIRG "Following the Money" report

See also: "Following the Money" report, 2014

The U.S. Public Interest Research Group, a consumer-focused nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., released its annual report on state transparency websites in April 2014. The report, entitled "Following the Money," measured the transparency and accountability of state websites with regard to state government spending. According to the report, New York received a grade of B+ and a numerical score of 88, indicating that New York was advancing in terms of transparency regarding state spending.

As published 2014

The information on this tab contains: Spending (fiscal year 2013) Spending by function (fiscal year 2012) Spending trends (fiscal years 2008 to 2012) Revenues (fiscal year 2013) Historical spending (fiscal years 2009 to 2012) Budget transparency

Between fiscal year 2009 and fiscal year 2013, New York's total expenditures increased by approximately $4 billion, from $129 billion in 2009 to $133 billion in 2013. This was a three percent increase, below the cumulative rate of inflation during the same period (9.06 percent, calculated using the Consumer Price Indices for January 2009 and January 2013).

Spending

Definitions

Although each state executes its budget process differently, the National Association of State Budget Officers (NASBO) breaks down state expenditures into four general categories. This allows for comparisons among the 50 states. NASBO's categories are as follows:

• General fund: "The predominant fund for financing a state’s operations. Revenues are received from broad-based state taxes. However, there are differences in how specific functions are financed from state to state."
• Other funds: "Expenditures from revenue sources that are restricted by law for particular governmental functions or activities. For example, a gasoline tax dedicated to a highway trust fund would appear in the 'Other funds' column. For Medicaid, other state funds include provider taxes, fees, donations, assessments, and local funds."
• Federal funds: "Funds received directly from the federal government."
• Bonds: "Expenditures from the sale of bonds, generally for capital projects."

2013

Breakdown of expenditures in FY 2013.
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

The table below breaks down expenditures for fiscal year 2013 (comparable figures from surrounding states are provided to give additional context). Figures for all columns except "Per capita expenditures" are rendered in millions of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000,000). Figures in the column labeled "Per capita expenditures" have not been abbreviated.

Total state expenditures, FY 2013 ($ in millions)
State	General fund	Federal funds	Other funds	Bonds	Total	Per capita expenditures**
New York	$58,960	$38,574	$32,305	$3,258	$133,097	$6,773.00
Delaware	$3,659	$1,783	$3,281	$439	$9,162	$9,896.85
Maryland	$15,119	$11,811	$8,909	$1,135	$36,974	$6,236.32
New Jersey	$31,618	$12,485	$6,735	$1,247	$52,085	$5,852.68
Pennsylvania	$27,761	$24,144	$15,175	$800	$67,880	$5,314.00
**Per capita figures are calculated by taking the state's total expenditures and dividing by the number of state residents according to United States Census estimates. Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

Spending by function

2012

Breakdown of expenditures by function in FY 2012
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

State expenditures in New York can be further broken down by function (elementary and secondary education, public assistance, etc.). Fiscal year 2012 data is included in the table below (information from neighboring states is provided for additional context). Figures are rendered as percentages, indicating the share of the total budget spent per category.

Expenditures by function, FY 2012 (as percentages)
State	Elementary and secondary ed.	Higher ed.	Public assistance	Medicaid	Corrections	Transportation	Other
New York	19.8%	7.6%	2.8%	29.4%	2.3%	6.2%	31.8%
Delaware	24.6%	4.5%	0.3%	15.9%	3.0%	8.9%	42.9%
Maryland	19.5%	14.5%	3.7%	21.5%	4.3%	9.9%	26.5%
New Jersey	24.7%	7.8%	0.9%	21.6%	3.2%	9.3%	32.4%
Pennsylvania	18.4%	2.8%	1.9%	33.2%	3.5%	9.3%	30.8%
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers Note: "Other" expenditures include "Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), institutional and community care for the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, public health programs, employer contributions to pensions and health benefits, economic development, environmental projects, state police, parks and recreation, housing and general aid to local governments."

Spending trends

From 2008 to 2012, expenditures on elementary and secondary education, public assistance and corrections decreased, with corrections expenditures decreasing the most at 0.6 percentage points, a 20.7 percent decrease in the share of the budget. During that same time period, expenditures on higher education, Medicaid and transportation increased, with Medicaid increasing the most at 2.7 percentage points, a 10.7 percent increase in the share of the budget since FY 2008. The table below details changes in expenditures from 2008 to 2012. Figures are rendered as percentages, indicating the share of the total budget spent per category.

Expenditures from 2008 to 2012 (as percentages)
Year	Elementary and secondary ed.	Higher ed.	Public assistance	Medicaid	Corrections	Transportation	Other
2012	19.8%	7.6%	2.8%	29.4%	2.3%	6.2%	31.8%
2011	20.7%	7.1%	2.8%	29.1%	2.4%	6.4%	31.4%
2010	20.4%	7.5%	3.0%	28.7%	2.7%	6.1%	31.5%
2009	21.5%	7.0%	3.0%	26.7%	2.7%	5.7%	33.3%
2008	20.9%	7.1%	3.1%	26.7%	2.9%	5.6%	33.6%
Change in %	-1.10%	0.50%	-0.30%	2.70%	-0.60%	0.60%	-1.80%
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers Note: "Other" expenditures include "Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), institutional and community care for the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, public health programs, employer contributions to pensions and health benefits, economic development, environmental projects, state police, parks and recreation, housing and general aid to local governments."

Revenues

2013 revenues

Breakdown of general fund revenue sources in FY 2013.
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

The table below breaks down general fund revenues by source in fiscal year 2013 (comparable figures from surrounding states are also provided to give additional context). Figures for all columns except "Per capita revenue" are rendered in millions of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000,000). Figures in the column labeled "Per capita revenue" have not been abbreviated.

Revenue sources in the general fund, FY 2013 ($ in millions)
State	Sales tax	Personal income tax	Corporate income tax	Gaming tax	Other taxes and fees	Total	Per capita revenue**
New York	$11,232	$40,227	$6,253	$18	$2,461	$60,191	$3,062.98
Delaware	$0	$1,084	$206	$0	$2,440	$3,730	$4,029.17
Maryland	$7,686	$4,075	$873	$0	$2,324	$14,958	$2,522.93
New Jersey	$8,460	$12,193	$2,454	$1,118	$6,697	$30,922	$3,474.64
Pennsylvania	$8,968	$11,472	$2,492	$89	$5,801	$28,822	$2,256.34
**Per capita figures are calculated by taking the state's total revenues and dividing by the number of state residents according to United States Census estimates for 2013. Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

Revenue trends

The table below details the change in revenue sources in the general fund from 2009 to 2013. Figures for all columns except "Per capita revenue" are rendered in millions of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000,000). Figures in the column labeled "Per capita revenue" have not been abbreviated.

Revenue sources in the general fund, New York ($ in millions)
Year	Sales tax	Personal income tax	Corporate income tax	Gaming tax	Other taxes and fees	Total	Per capita revenue**
2013	$11,232	$40,227	$6,253	$18	$2,461	$60,191	$3,062.98
2012	$11,126	$38,767	$5,760	$17	$2,398	$58,068	$2,966.27
2011	$10,782	$36,209	$5,279	$17	$2,509	$54,796	$2,809.66
2010	$9,871	$34,752	$5,371	$19	$2,041	$52,054	$2,683.44
2009	$10,269	$36,840	$5,556	$22	$2,521	$55,208	$2,825.17
Change in %	9.38%	9.19%	12.54%	-18.18%	-2.38%	9.03%	8.42%
**Per capita figures are calculated by taking the state's total revenues and dividing by the number of state residents according to United States Census estimates. Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

Historical spending

The state budget historical spending below was compiled by the National Association of State Budget Officers. Figures reflect the reported "Total Expenditures" in Table 1. Figures for all columns are rendered in millions of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000,000).

Historical state spending in New York ($ in millions)
Fiscal year	General Fund		Other funds		Federal funds		Bonds		Budget totals
	Total	% of Budget	Total	% of Budget	Total	% of Budget	Total	% of Budget
2011-2012	$56,489	42%	$32,843	25%	$40,311	30%	$3,861	3%	$133,504
2010-2011	$53,313	40%	$31,163	23%	$44,707	34%	$3,582	3%	$132,765
2009-2010	$54,262	42%	$30,578	24%	$40,834	32%	$3,263	3%	$128,937
Averages:	$54,688	42%	$31,528	24%	$41,951	32%	$3,569	3%	$131,735

Budget transparency

Transparency evaluation
	Open Book New York	Project Sunlight
Searchability	Y	Y
Grants	N	N
Contracts	Y	Y
Line item expenditures	N	N
Dept./agency budgets	Y	N
Public employee salaries	N	N
Last evaluated in 2010.

See also: Evaluation of New York state website and Constitutional provisions regarding reading of bills

Listed below are several transparency resources on New York government spending. The first two are government sponsored, and the third is sponsored by the Empire Center for New York State Policy.

• Open Book New York was created by New York Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli.
• Project Sunlight was created by New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo.
• See Through NY was created by the Empire Center for New York State Policy.

Government tools

The table to the right is helpful in evaluating Open Book New York and Project Sunlight.

Limitations and Suggestions for Improvements

Public employee salaries were to be placed online, as were specific spending details and line-item expenditures.

Multi-measure budget transparency profile

The Institute of Government and Public Affairs at the University of Illinois created a multi-measure transparency profile for New York, which measured state transparency as of September 2011 using indicators from a range of organizations. These indicators measured both website transparency and other recognized facets of governmental transparency. In addition, IGPA presented four unique indicators of non-transparency based on the observation that transfers or reassignments between general and special funds can obscure the true fiscal condition of a state.

IGPA devised a budget transparency index based on information available from the National Association of State Budget Officers. New York tied for fourth in the nation with two other states, earning seven out of eight possible points.

New York - IGPA score for budget process, contents and disclosure
Budget transparency indicator	Yes or no?
Performance measures
"Generally Accepted Accounting Principles" budget
Multi-year forecasting
Annual cycle
Binding revenue forecast
Legislative revenue forecast
Nonpartisan staff
Constitution or statutory tax/spend limitations	N
TOTAL	7

In addition to the individual state profile, IGPA offers a 50-state comparison and profiles for other states.

U.S. PIRG "Following the Money" report

See also: "Following the Money" report, 2014

The U.S. Public Interest Research Group, a consumer-focused nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., released its annual report on state transparency websites in April 2014. The report, entitled "Following the Money," measured how transparent and accountable state websites were with regard to state government spending. According to the report, New York received a grade of B+ and a numerical score of 88, indicating that New York was an "advancing" state in terms of transparency regarding state spending.

Prior fiscal year budgets

Fiscal year 2016

See budget bill: New York 2015-2016 Enacted Budget

Governor Andrew Cuomo announced his fiscal year 2016 budget proposal on January 21, 2015. This budget proposed total government spending of $142 billion. Some components of the proposal included $1.7 billion in property tax credits and a $1.1 billion increase in education spending.

Governor Cuomo signed the state's official budget into law in April 2015. The final budget called for $142.8 billion in total spending. The governor noted that the state's budget was not only fiscally responsible, but established positive investments for the state's future. These investments included a 6 percent increase in public education spending and $5.4 billion for initiatives focused on creating affordable housing and student loan relief.

Fiscal year 2015

See budget bill: Enacted Budget for Fiscal Year 2015

Governor Andrew Cuomo announced his fiscal year 2015 budget proposal on January 21, 2014. Under the governor's proposal, total spending for fiscal year 2015 would have equaled approximately $137.2 billion.

In April 2014, Cuomo signed into law the fiscal year 2015 budget. The enacted budget totaled $138 billion. The budget included funding for the expansion of pre-kindergarten programs. The budget also included $1.5 billion in property tax cuts.

Fiscal year 2014

See budget bill: 2014 Enacted Budget Financial Plan

Governor Andrew Cuomo proposed his FY 2014 state budget on January 22, 2013.

The governor's proposed $142.6 billion budget was a 5.3 percent increase over the FY 2013 budget, including federal funds for recovery from Hurricane Sandy and the enactment of the federal health care law. Without that federal money, the increase in state operating funds would be 1.6 percent.

The enacted budget was comprised of a number of budget bills. Gov. Cuomo exercised a number of line-item vetoes and vetoes of appropriations before signing the bills into law. The budget included $61.2 billion for the General Fund, an increase of 3.73 percent from FY 2013.

Fiscal year 2013

See also: New York state budget (2012-2013)

Fiscal year 2012

See also: New York state budget (2011-2012)

Fiscal year 2011

See also: New York state budget (2010-2011)

Fiscal year 2010

See also: New York state budget (2009-2010)

See also

• New York state budget and finances