Hybrid primary

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A hybrid primary, also known as a semi-closed primary, is a type of primary election used to choose candidates who will run in the general election. The National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) defines a hybrid system as one that falls between an open and closed system. NCSL further defines a hybrid system as follows:[1]
“ Depending on the state, choosing a ballot may actually be a form of registration in the party. States in this category also vary according to how they treat unaffiliated voters. They may or may not be permitted to vote in party primaries. In some states, such as Alaska, political parties may decide for themselves whether to permit voters who are unaffiliated or are members of another party to participate in their primary. The parties may not necessarily all choose the same approach in a given state.[2] ”
—National Conference of State Legislatures
Nominees for elected offices at all levels are chosen by party organizations in a variety of ways, including primary elections, caucuses, and conventions. The precise method of choosing nominees can vary significantly between states, and even within states for different offices. For example, nominees for state-level offices may be selected at primaries or conventions, while presidential nominees may be chosen by delegates selected at primaries or caucuses.

Usage

Presidential primaries and caucuses

See also: Important dates in the 2016 presidential race

The states listed below utilize hybrid primaries/caucuses for presidential nominating contests.[3]

  • Massachusetts
  • North Carolina
  • Oklahoma (Democrats only)
  • Rhode Island
  • South Dakota (Democrats only)
  • West Virginia

Correlations with 2016 primary and caucus winners

The tables below correlate the winners of each 2016 nominating contest with the type of contest (open, closed, or mixed). Hillary Clinton outperformed Bernie Sanders in open Democratic primaries and caucuses, winning 13 of 23. Donald Trump similarly outperformed his rivals in open Republican contests, winning 13 of 18. Meanwhile, Clinton won 17 of the 26 closed Democratic primaries and caucuses. Trump won 19 of the 28 closed Republican contests, edging out Ted Cruz, who won eight closed contests (Marco Rubio won the remaining closed contest).

Winners of 2016 primaries and caucuses correlated with primary type
Candidate Open contest Closed contest Mixed contest Total
Democrats
Clinton 13 17 4 34
Sanders 10 9 3 22
TOTALS 23 26 7 56
Republicans
Trump 13 19 4 36
Cruz 2 8 0 10
Kasich 1 0 0 1
Rubio 2 1 0 3
TOTALS 18 28 4 50

For a full list of primaries and caucuses by winner and contest type, click "[show]" on the table below.

Congressional primaries

As of January 2016, the states below utilized a hybrid primary process for congressional elections. Variations are noted in the text alongside each state name. Note that the type of primary utilized for congressional elections in a given state may differ from the type of primary conducted for presidential races. For information about presidential primaries, see below.

  • Alaska[4]
  • Arizona: Unaffiliated voters, voters registered as independents and voters registered as members of unrecognized parties may vote in the partisan primary election of their choice.[5]
  • Massachusetts[6]
  • Nebraska: For congressional elections, unaffiliated voters may vote in any party's primary. An affiliated voter is required by law to vote in his or her party's primary.[7]
  • New Hampshire: Unaffiliated voters must affiliate to vote in a primary but may disaffiliate after the primary.[8]
  • North Carolina: State law provides for closed primaries, but both parties' rules allow for unaffiliated voters to participate.[9]
  • Oklahoma[10]
  • Rhode Island: According to FairVote, "An unaffiliated voter for the past 90 days may designate his or her party affiliation on election day by voting for that party in the primary."[11][12]
  • South Dakota[13]
  • Utah[14]
  • West Virginia: State law provides for closed primaries, but both major parties' rules allow for unaffiliated voters to participate.[15]

See also

Presidential Elections-2016-badge.png

Footnotes

  1. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Primary Election Types," accessed February 4, 2016
  2. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributed to the original source.
  3. ↑ FairVote, "Who Can Vote in Presidential Primaries?" accessed March 9, 2016
  4. ↑ Justia, "Section 15.25.104," accessed February 4, 2016
  5. ↑ Arizona State Legislature, "16-467. Method of voting on ballot," accessed January 19, 2016
  6. ↑ Massachusetts Legislature, "Mass. Gen. Laws ch.53 §37," accessed January 19, 2016
  7. ↑ Nebraska Legislature, "Section 32-912," accessed February 23, 2016
  8. ↑ New Hampshire General Court, "659:14," accessed January 19, 2016
  9. ↑ Justia, "§163-59," accessed January 19, 2016
  10. ↑ Justia, "Section 26-1-104," accessed February 4, 2016
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fairvote
  12. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "§ 17-15-24," accessed January 19, 2016
  13. ↑ South Dakota Legislature, "Section 12-6-26," accessed February 4, 2016
  14. ↑ Utah Legislature, "Section 20A-2-107.5," accessed February 4, 2016
  15. ↑ West Virginia Legislature, "§3-5-4," accessed January 19, 2016
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This article is curated by the Public Policy Desk:
 Jerrick Adams • Sarah Groat • Taylor Kempema • Adam Vaughn
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