Immigration policy ballot measures

Voters have decided on immigration policy ballot measures across the U.S. As a state ballot measure topic, immigration policy covers measures related to immigration and immigrants, including policies on public benefits, employment, education, voting, and law enforcement. It also includes measures that establish or amend state constitutional rights related to firearms. The topic is grouped within the social issue policy area.

This page provides information on:

• Related ballot measures
• Upcoming ballot measures
• Comprehensive list of ballot measures by year and state

Topic information

• State ballot measure topics
• Local ballot measure topics
• History of ballot measures by topic

Topic path

State ballot measure

Social issue policy

Immigration policy

Related ballot measures

Related state and local ballot measure topics

State ballot measures

English language policy

Local ballot measures

Local immigration policy

Explore more state ballot measure topics

Scroll to explore topics. Click a topic to view more information.

Budget and tax policy

Economic regulations Banking policy Business regulations Insurance policy Public economic investment policy Tax policy Business taxes Carbon taxes and fees Fees, licenses, and charges Food and beverage taxes Fuel taxes Income taxes Property taxes Property tax exemptions Sales taxes Severance taxes Tobacco and cigarette taxes Budget policy Balanced budget requirements Budget stabilization funds Debt limits Revenue allocation Revenue and spending limits Restricted-use funds Bond issues Bond issue requirements Tax and revenue administration

Criminal justice and law enforcement policy

Civil law and trials Civil trials Tort law Criminal sentences and trials Bail policy Criminal sentencing Criminal trials Death penalty Juvenile criminal justice Parole policy Drug regulations Alcohol laws Drug crime policy Marijuana laws Psychedelic substance laws Smoking bans Tobacco laws Law enforcement and corrections Corrections governance Law enforcement funding Law enforcement officers and departments Prison and jail funding Prison work regulations Crime victims' rights Dueling bans

Education policy

Higher education Higher education funding Higher education governance Public K–12 education Public education funding Public education governance Public school teachers and staff Religion in public schools School class size policy Early childhood education School choice policy

Election policy

Direct democracy Ballot measure supermajority requirements Ballot measure process Initiative and referendum process Recall process Electoral systems Cumulative voting Presidential electoral vote Primary election systems Proportional representation Ranked-choice voting Runoff elections Term limits Congressional term limits Executive official term limits Judicial term limits Local official term limits State legislative term limits Voting policy Absentee and mail voting Citizenship voting requirements Early voting Literacy, poll tax, and property voting requirements Primary election participation Race and suffrage Residency voting requirements Voter ID policy Voter registration Voting age policy Voting rights for persons with criminal convictions Women's suffrage Age limits for officials Campaign finance Election administration and governance Redistricting policy

Environment and energy policy

Energy policy Carbon emissions regulations Energy conservation and efficiency Energy funds Energy market regulations Energy transmission projects Fossil fuel energy Hydroelectric energy Nuclear energy Solar energy Hunting and fishing Fisheries and fishing regulations Game and fish commissions Hunting regulations Right to hunt and fish Natural disaster policy Earthquake infrastructure Flood infrastructure and management Storm infrastructure Wildfire management Agriculture policy Animal treatment laws Food policy Forestry and timber Mineral resources Parks, land, and natural area conservation Pollution, waste, and recycling policy

Governance policy

Administrative agencies Administrative organization Administrative powers and rulemaking Local government Local government organization Local government officials and elections Local government finance and taxes State constitutions Constitutional rights Constitutional wording changes State constitution ratification State constitutional conventions State executives Executive branch structure State executive elections State executive powers and duties State legislatures State legislative authority State legislative elections State legislative processes and sessions State legislative structure State legislative vote requirements State judiciary State judicial authority State judicial selection State judiciary oversight State judiciary structure Census policy Civil service Ethics rules and commissions Federal government issues Jury rules Impeachment rules Open meetings and public information Salaries of government officials State capitals State flags, symbols, and holidays Statehood Time standards

Infrastructure policy

Housing policy Homestead tax exemptions Housing assistance programs Housing development funding Rent control and regulations Transportation policy Airport infrastructure Highways and bridges Non-motorized transportation Ports and harbors Public transportation Railways Toll roads Transportation taxes and fees Vehicle and driver regulations Water infrastructure Drinking water systems Sewage and stormwater Water irrigation policy Water storage Eminent domain policy Land use and development policy Public land policy Telecommunications infrastructure Utility policy

Labor, healthcare, and public assistance policy

Labor union policy Collective bargaining Labor disputes and strikes Labor union deductions Right-to-work laws Healthcare policy Complementary and alternative healthcare Healthcare facility funding Healthcare governance Private health insurance Public health insurance Vaccinations and disease policy Work regulations Child labor regulations Gender-based labor regulations Minimum wage laws Paid sick leave laws Workers' compensation laws Working hours regulations Public assistance programs Public employee retirement funds Public works labor and contracting

Military and veteran policy

Defense-related funding Government continuity policy Military service policy Military-related advisory questions Nuclear weapons policy State National Guard and militia Veterans policy

Social issue policy

Abortion policy Affirmative action American Indian issues Assisted death policy Athletics and sports English language policy Family-related policy Firearms policy Gambling policy Immigration policy LGBTQ issues Race and ethnicity issues Religion-related policy Sex and gender issues Sexual content regulations Sunday regulations

Upcoming ballot measures

See also: 2026 ballot measures and 2027 ballot measures

The following is a list of state ballot measures related to this topic that are certified or potential for this year and future elections:

2026

1. Arizona Designate Drug Cartels as Terrorist Organizations and Require State DHS to Address Threats Measure (2026) - On the ballot
2. Colorado Notification of U.S. Department of Homeland Security for Certain Criminal Charges and Immigration Status Initiative (2026) - On the ballot

List of state ballot measures

Click the tabs to view state ballot measures related to this topic, organized by year or state.

Years

States

2026

1. Arizona Designate Drug Cartels as Terrorist Organizations and Require State DHS to Address Threats Measure (2026) - On the ballot
2. Colorado Notification of U.S. Department of Homeland Security for Certain Criminal Charges and Immigration Status Initiative (2026) - On the ballot

2024

1. Arizona Proposition 314, Immigration and Border Law Enforcement Measure (2024)

2022

1. Arizona Proposition 308, In-State Tuition for Non-Citizen Residents Measure (2022)
2. Massachusetts Question 4, Remove Proof of Citizenship or Immigration Status for Driver's License Applications Referendum (2022)

2018

1. Florida Amendment 11, Repeal Prohibition on Aliens' Property Ownership, Delete Obsolete Provision on High-Speed Rail, and Repeal of Criminal Statutes' Effect on Prosecution Amendment (2018)
2. Oregon Measure 105, Repeal Sanctuary State Law Initiative (2018)

2014

1. Oregon Measure 88, Alternative Driver Licenses Referendum (2014)

2012

1. Maryland In-State Tuition Referendum, Question 4 (2012)
2. Montana Proof of Citizenship Question, LR-121 (2012)

2008

1. Arizona Proposition 202, Suspend Businesses Licenses for Employing Persons in Violation of Immigration Law Initiative (2008)
2. Florida Amendment 1, Property Possession Amendment (2008)
3. Oregon Measure 58, Public School English Immersion Initiative (2008)

2006

1. Arizona Proposition 100, Expansion of Non-Bailable Offenses Amendment (2006)
2. Arizona Proposition 102, Prohibit Persons in Violation of Federal Immigration Law from Receiving Punitive Damages in Civil Lawsuits Amendment (2006)
3. Arizona Proposition 300, Prohibit Education Financial Assistance and In-State Tuition for Non-Citizens Measure (2006)
4. Colorado Referendum H, Elimination of Immigrant Income Tax Deduction Measure (2006)
5. Colorado Referendum K, Lawsuit for Federal Immigration Law Enforcement Measure (2006)
6. New Mexico Prohibition of Property Acquisition by Aliens, Constitutional Amendment 1 (2006)

2004

1. Arizona Proposition 200, Voter ID, Citizenship Proof for Voter Registration, and Immigration Status Verification for Public Benefits Initiative (2004)

2002

1. New Mexico Constitutional Amendment 4 (2002)

1994

1. California Proposition 187, Prohibit Persons in Violation of Immigration Law from Using Public Healthcare, Schools, and Social Services Initiative (1994)

1966

1. Washington SJR 20, Repeal Ban on Noncitizens Owning Land Amendment (1966)

1962

1. Washington SJR 21, Repeal Ban on Noncitizens Owning Land Amendment (1962)

1960

1. Washington SJR 4, Remove Restriction on Alien Land Ownership Amendment (1960)

1956

1. California Proposition 13, Repeal of Law Prohibiting Immigrants From Owning Real Estate Measure (1956)

1954

1. California Proposition 18, Property Ownership Rights for Foreigners Amendment (1954)

1952

1. California Proposition 14, Removal of Restrictions on Certain Immigrants Amendment (1952)

1950

1. Washington SJR 9, Allow Canadians to Own Land Amendment (1950)

1944

1. Colorado Amendment 3, Rights of Aliens to Acquire Property Amendment (1944)

1930

1. Arizona Measure Nos. 106-107, Prohibit Noncitizens from Employment on State, County, and Municipal Works Amendment (1930)

1928

1. Virginia Question 3, Selection of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration of Virginia Amendment (June 1928)

1920

1. Nebraska Amendment 2, Property Rights Regulation Amendment (September 1920)

1919

1. North Dakota Commissioner of Immigration Referendum (1919)

1914

1. Arizona Measure Nos. 318-319, Require Employers to Have at Least 80% U.S. Citizen Employees Initiative (1914)
2. Washington Allow Noncitizen Residents to Own Land Amendment (1914)

1912

1. Colorado Measure 6, Funds for State Immigration Bureau Initiative (1912)

1896

1. Minnesota Prohibit Aliens from Voting, Amendment 2 (1896)

Arizona

1. Arizona Designate Drug Cartels as Terrorist Organizations and Require State DHS to Address Threats Measure (2026) - On the ballot
2. Arizona Measure Nos. 106-107, Prohibit Noncitizens from Employment on State, County, and Municipal Works Amendment (1930)
3. Arizona Measure Nos. 318-319, Require Employers to Have at Least 80% U.S. Citizen Employees Initiative (1914)
4. Arizona Proposition 100, Expansion of Non-Bailable Offenses Amendment (2006)
5. Arizona Proposition 102, Prohibit Persons in Violation of Federal Immigration Law from Receiving Punitive Damages in Civil Lawsuits Amendment (2006)
6. Arizona Proposition 200, Voter ID, Citizenship Proof for Voter Registration, and Immigration Status Verification for Public Benefits Initiative (2004)
7. Arizona Proposition 202, Suspend Businesses Licenses for Employing Persons in Violation of Immigration Law Initiative (2008)
8. Arizona Proposition 300, Prohibit Education Financial Assistance and In-State Tuition for Non-Citizens Measure (2006)
9. Arizona Proposition 308, In-State Tuition for Non-Citizen Residents Measure (2022)
10. Arizona Proposition 314, Immigration and Border Law Enforcement Measure (2024)

California

1. California Proposition 13, Repeal of Law Prohibiting Immigrants From Owning Real Estate Measure (1956)
2. California Proposition 14, Removal of Restrictions on Certain Immigrants Amendment (1952)
3. California Proposition 18, Property Ownership Rights for Foreigners Amendment (1954)
4. California Proposition 187, Prohibit Persons in Violation of Immigration Law from Using Public Healthcare, Schools, and Social Services Initiative (1994)

Colorado

1. Colorado Amendment 3, Rights of Aliens to Acquire Property Amendment (1944)
2. Colorado Measure 6, Funds for State Immigration Bureau Initiative (1912)
3. Colorado Notification of U.S. Department of Homeland Security for Certain Criminal Charges and Immigration Status Initiative (2026) - On the ballot
4. Colorado Referendum H, Elimination of Immigrant Income Tax Deduction Measure (2006)
5. Colorado Referendum K, Lawsuit for Federal Immigration Law Enforcement Measure (2006)

Florida

1. Florida Amendment 1, Property Possession Amendment (2008)
2. Florida Amendment 11, Repeal Prohibition on Aliens' Property Ownership, Delete Obsolete Provision on High-Speed Rail, and Repeal of Criminal Statutes' Effect on Prosecution Amendment (2018)

Maryland

1. Maryland In-State Tuition Referendum, Question 4 (2012)

Massachusetts

1. Massachusetts Question 4, Remove Proof of Citizenship or Immigration Status for Driver's License Applications Referendum (2022)

Minnesota

1. Minnesota Prohibit Aliens from Voting, Amendment 2 (1896)

Montana

1. Montana Proof of Citizenship Question, LR-121 (2012)

Nebraska

1. Nebraska Amendment 2, Property Rights Regulation Amendment (September 1920)

New Mexico

1. New Mexico Constitutional Amendment 4 (2002)
2. New Mexico Prohibition of Property Acquisition by Aliens, Constitutional Amendment 1 (2006)

North Dakota

1. North Dakota Commissioner of Immigration Referendum (1919)

Oregon

1. Oregon Measure 105, Repeal Sanctuary State Law Initiative (2018)
2. Oregon Measure 58, Public School English Immersion Initiative (2008)
3. Oregon Measure 88, Alternative Driver Licenses Referendum (2014)

Virginia

1. Virginia Question 3, Selection of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration of Virginia Amendment (June 1928)

Washington

1. Washington Allow Noncitizen Residents to Own Land Amendment (1914)
2. Washington SJR 20, Repeal Ban on Noncitizens Owning Land Amendment (1966)
3. Washington SJR 21, Repeal Ban on Noncitizens Owning Land Amendment (1962)
4. Washington SJR 4, Remove Restriction on Alien Land Ownership Amendment (1960)
5. Washington SJR 9, Allow Canadians to Own Land Amendment (1950)

See also

State & Local Ballot Measures

Ballotpedia

Measures

• • State ballot measures
• • Local ballot measures
• • Analyses

Topics

• • State ballot measure topics
• • Local ballot measure topics

Laws

• • Laws governing ballot measures
• • Changes to laws governing ballot measures
• • Types of ballot measures
• • Ballot measure policy topics

History

• • Historical Ballot Measures (HBM) Factbooks
• • History of ballot measures by topic

Campaigns

• • Campaign finance
• • Endorsements
• • Polls

Footnotes

State ballot measures

State

Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming

By year

2026 • 2025 • 2024 • 2023 • 2022 • 2021 • 2020 • 2019 • 2018 • 2017 • 2016 • 2015 • 2014 • 2013 • 2012 • 2011 • 2010 • 2009 • 2008 • 2007 • 2006 • 2005 • 2004 • 2003 • 2002 • 2001 • 2000 • 1999 • 1998 • 1997 • 1996 • 1995 • 1994 • 1993 • 1992 • 1991 • 1990 • 1989 • 1988 • 1987 • 1986 • 1985 • 1984 • 1983 • 1982 • 1981 • 1980 • 1979 • 1978 • 1977 • 1976 • 1975 • 1974 • 1973 • 1972 • 1971 • 1970 • 1969 • 1968 • 1967 • 1966 • 1965 • 1964 • 1963 • 1962 • 1961 • 1960 • 1959 • 1958 • 1957 • 1956 • 1955 • 1954 • 1953 • 1952 • 1951 • 1950 • 1949 • 1948 • 1947 • 1946 • 1945 • 1944 • 1943 • 1942 • 1941 • 1940 • 1939 • 1938 • 1937 • 1936 • 1935 • 1934 • 1933 • 1932 • 1931 • 1930 • 1929 • 1928 • 1927 • 1926 • 1925 • 1924 • 1923 • 1922 • 1921 • 1920 • 1919 • 1918 • 1917 • 1916 • 1915 • 1914 • 1913 • 1912 • 1911 • 1910 • 1909 • 1908 • 1907 • 1906 • 1905 • 1904 • 1903 • 1902 • 1901 • 1900