Jay Nixon
Jeremiah W. "Jay" Nixon (b. February 13, 1956 in DeSoto, MO) is a former Democratic governor of Missouri.
Nixon was first elected governor on November 4, 2008, and was re-elected to a second term in 2012. He defeated two challengers in the Aug. 7 Democratic primary and overtook Republican Dave Spence and Libertarian Jim Higgins in the general election on November 6, 2012. He was ineligible to seek re-election in 2016 due to term limits.
Before becoming governor, Nixon served as attorney general of Missouri. He was elected to four consecutive terms in the office beginning in 1992.[1][2] Prior to that, he was a member of the Missouri State Senate.
Nixon's long tenure as attorney general is memorable for his victory in the U.S. Supreme Court in Nixon v. Shrink, which reinstated Missouri’s campaign contribution limits and cleared the way nationally for campaign finance reform. In two other cases of significance, Nixon’s work in the Blue Cross and Blue Shield and the Health Midwest cases resulted in the formation of the state’s two largest health care foundations, and his litigation against tobacco companies for illegally marketing cigarettes to young people resulted in the largest settlement in the history of the state.
Biography
Nixon is a native of De Soto, Missouri. He earned his bachelor's degree in political science and his Juris Doctorate from the University of Missouri-Columbia in 1978 and 1981, respectively. After earning his J.D., he became an attorney in private practice.[1]
Education
- B.A., Political science, University of Missouri-Columbia (1978)
- J.D., University of Missouri-Columbia (1981)
Political career
Governor of Missouri (2009-2017)
Nixon was elected governor on November 4, 2008, and entered office in early 2009.
In 2010, Nixon had a 44 percent to 30 percent approval rating among Missouri voters, according to a survey by Public Policy Polling. Among Democrats, Nixon showed a weak 54 to 26 percent approval rating. But among Republicans he nearly broke even with 34 to 37 percent. PPP said that among voters Nixon would pull in 14 or 15 percent of Republicans.[3]
Nixon won re-election in 2012 but was not eligible to seek a third term in 2016 due to term limits.
Job creation ranking
A June 2013 analysis by The Business Journals ranked 45 governors based on the annual private sector growth rate in all 50 states using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Nixon was ranked number 39. The five governors omitted from the analysis all assumed office in 2013.[4][5]
Judicial appointments
As governor, Nixon was responsible for appointing judges to Missouri state courts. In Missouri, the governor make a judicial appointment after candidates are recommended by a judicial nominating commission. After the governor appoints a judge, she or he must run for retention in the next general election more than one year after taking office. For an up-to-date list of all of Nixon's appointees, see Judges appointed by Jay Nixon.
Homeland Security and Public Safety Committee
In October 2013, Nixon was appointed Chair of the Homeland Security and Public Safety Committee in the National Governors Association by NGA Chair Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin and NGA Vice Chair Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper.[6]
Noteworthy events
Ordered to appear as a public defender in case by the Missouri State Public Defender's office
On August 2, 2016, the director of the Missouri State Public Defender exercised his power to delegate cases to private attorneys and ordered Governor Nixon to defend a criminal case in Cole County. The director, Michael Barrett, criticized the governor for repeatedly cutting funding to the public defender office while its caseload steadily increased. Barrett also stated that numerous job vacancies had been left unfilled due to the office's inability to completely fund its payroll. Missouri's public defense system ranked 49th in the nation in a 2009 study done by The Spangenberg Group and The Center for Justice, Law and Society at George Mason University.[7]
The office's lack of funding, argued Barrett, "only adds to the escalating sentiment that the poor and disenfranchised do not receive a fair shake in Missouri's criminal justice system."[8] " He further added: "You [Nixon] did not restrict a single dollar from your own budget, and the average withhold from 12 of your executive agencies does not even add up to half of one percent."[8]
Exercising the power granted to him under Section 600.042.5 of the Missouri Revised Statutes, which gives the director the authority to "[d]elegate the legal representation of any person to any member of the state bar of Missouri," Barrett ordered the governor, a member of the state bar, to serve as a public defender in a criminal case.[9][8]
The previous month, the office had filed a petition alleging that the governor had withheld $3.5 million of a $4.5 million appropriation made to the public defender system by the state legislature in the 2016-2017 fiscal budget. The petition alleged that withholding money from indigent defense violates the Missouri Constitution and that, in prior years, the governor's office had been engaging in tactics to deny timely disbursement of funds to the public defender system. The governor withheld one percent of budget allotments to state agencies in 2016 but 8.5 percent from the public defender system, according to director Barrett. The plaintiffs called it a political move and accused the governor of attempting to weaken the criminal justice system.[10]
Peter Joy, director of the Criminal Justice Clinic at Washington University in St. Louis, stated that actions to appoint private attorneys to serve as public defenders in other states have been challenged in court; it is possible the governor could refuse to "represent someone unless there was a court order, ordering him to do so.”[11]
Criticism of response to Ferguson unrest
- See also: Shooting in Ferguson, Missouri
Nixon received criticism from national media for a slow response to confrontations between protesters and police in the City of Ferguson following the August 9 shooting of Michael Brown by police officer Darren Wilson.[12] The shooting stirred tensions between a largely black community and a largely white police force, which boiled over into protests the following week. National media coverage highlighted the military-grade weaponry displayed by local police during the demonstrations, as well as the lack of information about the circumstances surrounding Brown's death.[13]
Nixon's first comments about the shooting came during an event on August 12, where he asked for prayers and patience from Missouri residents. The situation escalated on that evening with the arrest of two reporters and images of armored vehicles and tear gas deployed on the streets of Ferguson. President Barack Obama denounced violence by police and protesters on the morning of August 14. The governor held a press conference in the afternoon of August 14, where he announced that the Missouri Highway Patrol would replace St. Louis County police in handling crowd-control operations in Ferguson. The protests following the highway patrol's arrival were peaceful, with Ferguson-born patrol captain Ronald Johnson meeting with demonstrators. Local police and the U.S. Department of Justice began investigations into the Brown shooting, which are ongoing as of August 15, 2014.[14]
On the afternoon of August 16, Nixon declared a state of emergency in Ferguson and announced a nightly curfew from midnight to 5 a.m. to be enforced by the highway patrol.[15] He canceled the curfew in Ferguson following calls from the NAACP, ACLU and others. Nixon cited the added security of the National Guard in his decision, claiming, "With these additional resources in place, the Missouri State Highway Patrol and local law enforcement will continue to respond appropriately to incidents of lawlessness and violence and protect the civil rights of all peaceful citizens to make their voices heard. We will not use a curfew tonight."[16]
Challenge from the State Auditor
On August 26, 2011, Governor Nixon was sued by Missouri's state auditor, who alleged the governor violated the state constitution by cutting spending on education and other services to help cover the costs of the Joplin tornado and spring flooding. The Governor reportedly announced $170 million in budget cuts for the fiscal year that began July 1, 2011.[17]
Auditor Schweich and his attorneys argued that the cuts were intended to be permanent and that the governor can reduce expenditures only when revenues fall below projections. The Governor's attorneys claimed that the cuts were temporary and authorized under a constitutional section that gives the governor the power to control the rate of expenditures. The section of the Missouri Constitution under question states, "The governor may control the rate at which any appropriation is expended during the period of the appropriation by allotment or other means, and may reduce the expenditures of the state or any of its agencies below their appropriations whenever the actual revenues are less than the revenue estimates upon which the appropriations were based."[18]
Special session
Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon signed a tax incentives bill on July 15, 2010 designed to support the state's automotive industry and manufacturing jobs. The bill passed after a four-week special legislative session he called to start on June 24, 2010. The incentives allow automakers to retain withholding taxes only after a company makes a firm commitment to make capital investments in production capacity and keep workers on the job in Missouri. To offset the cost of the incentives, the governor asked legislators to reform the state employee pension system. Legislators complied and passed the bill; Nixon signed it into law on July 19. Members of the new retirement system are required to contribute 4 percent of their pay to the pension system.[19][20]
Tax credits
On July 21, 2010, Nixon unveiled a tax review commission, composed of 25 business, community and legislative leaders. He outlined three priorities for the commissioners - determine which of the 61 tax credit programs have a return on investment, which do not, and then make recommendations. And he wanted to ensure that the tax credits create jobs, boost development and build strong communities. Nixon stressed several times that he did not want to eliminate tax credits, noting that it would create uncertainty in the market and would affect the bond ratings of Missouri.[21] Critics argued that if the governor was serious about stimulating productive economic growth in Missouri, he would eliminate the tax incentive programs entirely.[22]
The commission traveled around Missouri to hear from residents, with its first stop in St. Joseph. All of the testimony at the first hearing was in favor of tax credits. Nine residents testified in favor of different tax credits. But due to the low numbers, the commission went into recess for a majority of the time between 3 p.m. and 9 p.m.[23]
Economic development
In September of 2010, Nixon outlined his plan to move the state's economy forward at the Governor's Economic Development Conference in Kansas City. The governor said that he had worked hard to keep the state's fiscal house in order since he entered office in 2009 and noted how he had managed to cut $1.5 billion from the state budget over the two previous years. Nixon said the state managed to keep its AAA bond ratings by all three rating agencies, which made Missouri one of only seven states across the country with AAA ratings by all three bond rating agencies at the time. The governor also talked about a steering committee he initiated and charged with the task of producing a strategic plan for the state's economic future.[24]
Fiscal policy
In 2010, Nixon received a grade of "B" on his taxing and spending record by the Cato Institute, a free-market think tank. Scores ranging from 0 to 100 were calculated for each governor based on seven tax and spending variables. Those scores were then converted to the letter grades "A" to "F." Nixon received a score of 59 and a grade of "B."[25]
Nixon proposed a budget for fiscal 2012 that would reduce total spending by 2.5 percent. Total spending recommended by the governor in his State of the State Address is $23.3 billion compared to estimated total spending of $23.8 billion for the fiscal year 2011, ending June 30.[26]
State plane
It cost the state nearly $400,000 to fly Nixon around the state during his first two years in office, with different state agencies picking up the tab. The last flight paid by the governor's office was on Jan. 31, 2009, his first month in office. Lawmakers are working on legislation to prohibit the governor from using funds from other departments for travel expenses.[27]
Teacher sexual abuse
In August 2011, Nixon signed SB54 into law, a bill designed to protect students from sexual abuse from their teachers. Among the more controversial parts of the bill was section 162.069 which states, "Teachers also cannot have a nonwork-related website that allows exclusive access with a current or former student." This makes it a crime for teachers to have a current or former student under the age of 18 as a friend on a social networking site such as Facebook. Many teachers took issue with this facet of the measure.[28]
Stance on Syrian refugee resettlement
- Main article: U.S. governors and their responses to Syrian refugees
Following the Paris terrorist attacks on November 13, 2015, in which members of the Islamic State (ISIS) killed at least 129 people and wounded more than 350, The Washington Post reported that one of the terrorists possibly came to France posing as a Syrian refugee.[29] Many governors issued statements of support or opposition to President Barack Obama’s plan to allow 10,000 Syrian refugees into the United States. Nixon expressed uncertainty on the resettlement of Syrian refugees in the state of Missouri. He said:
| “ | The safety of Missourians is my highest priority, and the terrorists who were involved in planning and perpetrating the attacks in Paris must be caught and brought to justice. The screening process for refugees is the responsibility of the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and I call on our federal partners to implement the strongest possible safeguards to protect our state and nation.[30] | ” |
| —Gov. Jay Nixon[31] | ||
Attorney General of Missouri (1992 - 2008)
Nixon was first elected as Missouri's attorney general on November 3, 1992, on a platform of fighting crime, cleaning up government corruption, and protecting consumers and the environment. Nixon followed William L. Webster as attorney general, whose term had been plagued by scandal. The 1992 race for attorney general between Nixon and former State House Minority Leader David Steelman was remarkably nasty and memorable for biting personal attacks on both sides. Nixon beat Steelman 51% to 45%, with an unusually high 4% of the votes going to the Libertarian candidate. Nixon was re-elected as Attorney General in 1996, 2000, and 2004.
One of the most popular programs Nixon implemented was the state’s No Call program, which reduces unwanted telemarketing calls. Nixon recovered more than $1.2 million from telemarketers who violated the No Call law. He also created an Agriculture and Environment Division, which has worked to protect the interests of the state regarding the flow of the Missouri River. Attorneys take legal action to stop pollution of the state’s air, water and soil and to look after Missouri’s agricultural interests.
Nixon’s victory in the U.S. Supreme Court in Nixon v. Shrink reinstated Missouri’s campaign contribution limits and cleared the way nationally for campaign finance reform. In two other cases of significance, Nixon’s work in the Blue Cross and Blue Shield and the Health Midwest cases resulted in the formation of the state’s two largest health care foundations, which used more than $1.5 billion to help provide health care services to underserved populations of the state. Litigation by Nixon against tobacco companies for illegally marketing cigarettes to young people resulted in the largest settlement in the history of the state.
Noteworthy events
As attorney general, Nixon was heavily involved in controversial decisions regarding school desegregation, capital punishment, and abortion. Nixon oversaw the state's involvement in the court settlements that ended mandatory busing to achieve desegregation in St. Louis and Kansas City's public schools. His role in the desegregation cases caused friction with some African American leaders. Nixon is also a supporter of capital punishment, which also caused some political difficulties with opponents of the death penalty. In addition, Missouri Republicans criticized Nixon for soliciting campaign contributions from utility company Ameren during a criminal investigation by his office of the company.[32]
Missouri State Senate (1986 - 1992)
Nixon was elected to the Missouri Senate in 1986. Two years later, he made his first bid for statewide office, an unsuccessful effort to oust incumbent U.S. Senator John Danforth. Nixon was soundly defeated by the popular Danforth, winning only 32% of the vote compared to Danforth's 68%.
Elections
2016
- See also: Missouri gubernatorial election, 2016
Nixon was ineligble to seek re-election in 2016 due to term limits.
2012
- See also: Missouri gubernatorial election, 2012
Nixon won the Aug. 7 Democratic primary election and faced Republican Dave Spence and Libertarian Jim Higgins in the general election, which he won.[33][34]
- General
| Governor of Missouri General Election, 2012 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Democratic |  Jay Nixon Incumbent |
54.8% | 1,494,056 | |
| Republican | Dave Spence | 42.5% | 1,160,265 | |
| Libertarian | Jim Higgins | 2.7% | 73,509 | |
| Total Votes | 2,727,830 | |||
| Election results via Missouri Secretary of State | ||||
- Primary
| Missouri Governor Democratic Primary, 2012 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Vote % | Votes | ||
| Jay Nixon Incumbent |
86% | 270,140 | ||
| William B. Campbell | 8.2% | 25,775 | ||
| Clay Thunderhawk | 5.8% | 18,243 | ||
| Total Votes | 314,158 | |||
| Election results via Missouri Secretary of State. | ||||
Nixon led by 45 percent to 38 percent over Missouri Lt. Gov. Peter Kinder (R), who was expected to run against Nixon for the state's top political spot in 2012. While Nixon's fate appeared up in the air, his candidacy received a boost in November when Kinder, following a controversy where he was photographed with an ex-stripper in a bar, announced he would not be running.[35] He defeated both challengers, Clay Thunderhawk and William Campbell, in the Democratic primary on August 7, 2012. He then won in the general election on November 6, 2012.[36][37]
Noteworthy events
Defamation suit over banker ads
Tensions over negative advertising campaigns on both sides culminated on October 12, 2012, when Spence filed a defamation lawsuit against Nixon in Cole County Circuit Court for an advertisement claiming Spence used his position as a bank board member to arrange an "insider loan" of federal bailout money to buy himself a vacation home. Spence denied any link between the loan and the $40 million in bailout money the bank received in 2009 before he joined the board. He said he was not present when the other board officials made their decision to approve the loan.[38]
Partly in reaction to the banker ads, Spence told the press days before filing suit that Nixon had "sold his soul to the devil" trying to win re-election.[38]
Nixon's campaign manager refused requests to take down the ad, where it was airing in markets across Missouri. "You see a lot of crazy stunts during the course of a campaign, but this frivolous lawsuit is misguided and desperate," he said.[38]
Endorsements
Nixon's 2012 re-election campaign was endorsed by:
Campaign advertisements
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2008
On November 4, 2008, Nixon won election as Governor.[41]
| Governor of Missouri, 2008 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Democratic | Jay Nixon |
58.4% | 1,680,611 | |
| Republican | Kenny Hulshof | 39.5% | 1,136,364 | |
| Libertarian | Andrew W. Finkenstadt | 1.1% | 31,850 | |
| Constitution | Gregory Thompson | 1% | 28,941 | |
| Write-in | Mark Serati | 0% | 8 | |
| Write-in | Theodis Brown, Sr. | 0% | 4 | |
| Total Votes | 2,877,778 | |||
2004
In the race for state Attorney General in 2004, Nixon grabbed 60% of the vote and his Republican opponent, Chris Byrd, received 37%.
1998
In the 1998 race for U.S. Senator, Nixon got 44% of the vote and his Republican opponent, Kit Bond, received 53%.
1988
In the 1988 race for U.S. Senate, Nixon's 32% of the vote was defeated by Republican John Danforth's 68%.
Campaign finance summary
Note: The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may represent only a portion of all the funds spent on their behalf. Satellite spending groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer. Campaign finance data from elections may be incomplete. For elections to federal offices, complete data can be found at the FEC website. Click here for more on federal campaign finance law and here for more on state campaign finance law.
2016 Democratic National Convention
- Delegate to the 2016 DNC (click to expand)
- See also: Democratic National Convention, 2016
Jay Nixon Democratic National Convention, 2016 Status: Superdelegate State: Missouri Supporting: Hillary Clinton Delegates to the DNC 2016 Calendar and delegate rules overview • Types of delegates • State election law and delegates • Superdelegates by state Nixon was a superdelegate to the 2016 Democratic National Convention from Missouri.[42] Nixon was one of 13 superdelegates from Missouri. Superdelegates to the 2016 Democratic National Convention were not bound by the results of their state’s primary or caucus results to support a specific presidential candidate. Nixon supported Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination.[43]Clinton formally won the Democratic nomination for president on July 26, 2016.[44]
What is a superdelegate?
Superdelegates in 2016 were automatic delegates to the Democratic National Convention, meaning that, unlike regular delegates, they were not elected to this position. Also unlike regular delegates, they were not required to pledge their support to any presidential candidate, and they were not bound by the results of their state's presidential primary election or caucus. In 2016, superdelegates included members of the Democratic National Committee, Democratic members of Congress, Democratic governors, and distinguished party leaders, including former presidents and vice presidents. All superdelegates were free to support any presidential candidate of their choosing at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[45]
Missouri primary results
- See also: Presidential election in Missouri, 2016
Missouri Democratic Primary, 2016 Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates Hillary Clinton 49.6% 312,285 36 Bernie Sanders 49.4% 310,711 35 Henry Hewes 0.1% 650 0 Roque De La Fuente 0.1% 345 0 Keith Judd 0% 288 0 Willie Wilson 0% 307 0 Martin O'Malley 0.1% 442 0 John Wolfe 0% 247 0 Jon Adams 0.1% 433 0 Other 0.6% 3,717 0 Totals 629,425 71 Source: The New York Times and Missouri Secretary of State Delegate allocation
Missouri had 84 delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Of this total, 71 were pledged delegates. National party rules stipulated how Democratic delegates in all states were allocated. Pledged delegates were allocated to a candidate in proportion to the votes he or she received in a state's primary or caucus. A candidate was eligible to receive a share of the state's pledged delegates if he or she won at least 15 percent of the votes cast in the primary or caucus. There were three types of pledged Democratic delegates: congressional district delegates, at-large delegates, and party leaders and elected officials (PLEOs). Congressional district delegates were allocated proportionally based on the primary or caucus results in a given district. At-large and PLEO delegates were allocated proportionally based on statewide primary results.[48][49]
Thirteen party leaders and elected officials served as unpledged delegates. These delegates were not required to adhere to the results of a state's primary or caucus.[48][50]
Personal
Note: Please contact us if the personal information below requires an update.
Nixon is married to Georganne Wheeler Nixon; they have two children, Jeremiah, Jr., and Will. They attend the First United Methodist Church in Jefferson City.[51]
Recent news
The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Jay Nixon Missouri Governor. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.
See also
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External links
- Social media:
- Biographies:
- Executive actions:
- Interest group ratings:
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Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Governor Jay Nixon, "Meet Jay," accessed December 31, 2011
- ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "November 6, 2012 General Election Results," accessed November 7, 2012
- ↑ "Nixon outpolls McCaskill in favorability, survey says," Missouri Watchdog, December 8, 2010
- ↑ The Business Journals, "Governors and jobs: How governors rank for job creation in their states," June 27, 2013
- ↑ The Business Journals, "How state governors rank on their job-growth record," June 27, 2013
- ↑ NGA News Release, NGA Chooses New Committee Leadership, E-mail communication to Kristen Mathews October 23, 2013
- ↑ NLADA, "Assessment of the Missouri State Public Defender System," October 2009
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Missouri State Public Defender, "Office of the Director," August 2, 2016
- ↑ Missouri Revised Statutes, "Section 600.042.1," accessed August 4, 2016
- ↑ KY3, "Missouri's public defender system sues over governor's hold on funds," July 13, 2016
- ↑ KLTA5, "Missouri Governor Ordered to Serve as Public Defender Amid Budget Crisis," August 4, 2016
- ↑ USA Today, "Timeline: Michael Brown shooting in Ferguson, Mo.," August 15, 2014
- ↑ TIME, "Missouri Governor Stumbles in the Ferguson Spotlight," August 14, 2014
- ↑ The New York Times, "New Tack on Unrest Eases Tension in Missouri," August 14, 2014
- ↑ Business Insider, "One Person Shot, Seven Arrested After Protesters Defy Curfew In Ferguson," August 16, 2014
- ↑ The Hill, "Mo. governor lifts Ferguson curfew," August 18, 2014
- ↑ The Columbia Missourian, "UPDATE: Missouri auditor sues Gov. Nixon over disaster-related budget cuts," August 26, 2011
- ↑ The Associated Press, "Judge weighing Nixon's budget cuts" October 31, 2011
- ↑ "Missouri Watchdog," "Missouri governor signs tax incentives bill for automakers," July 15, 2010
- ↑ Missouri Watchdog, "New state workers to start paying into pension system next year," July 19, 2010
- ↑ Missouri Watchdog, "Reforming, not eliminating, tax credit programs in Missouri," September 9, 2010
- ↑ Missouri Watchdog, "Mixed reaction to governor's tax credit review commission," July 23, 2010
- ↑ Missouri Watchdog, "Missouri Tax Credit Review Commission hits the highway," September 14, 2010
- ↑ Missouri Watchdog, "Governor outlines plan to grow economy in Missouri," September 16, 2010
- ↑ Missouri Watchdog, "Missouri governor receives 'B' grade in fiscal policy," September 30, 2010
- ↑ 'Missouri Watchdog, "Budget proposal outlines reduction in state spending," January 20, 2011
- ↑ Missouri Watchdog, "Nixon spends $400,000 flying on state plane," February 18, 2011
- ↑ Thejournal.com, "MO Outlaws Teacher Student Friends," August 3, 2011
- ↑ Washington Post, "Were Syrian refugees involved in the Paris attacks? What we know and don’t know," November 17, 2015
- ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ KOMU, "Gov. Nixon speaks about allowing Syrian refugees into Missouri," November 16, 2015
- ↑ STLToday.com, "DNR still gnawing at that Ameren bone, and hitting Nixon with it," April 23, 2007
- ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "November 6, 2012 General Election Results," accessed November 7, 2012
- ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "Election Night Reporting: Unofficial primary results," accessed August 8, 2012
- ↑ St. Louis Post-Dispatch, "Peter Kinder drops out of governor's race," November 19, 2011
- ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "Certified candidate list," accessed June 29, 2012
- ↑ AP Election Results-Campaign 2012, "Missouri-Summary Vote Results," August 7, 2012
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 The Columbia Tribune, "Spence files defamation suit," October 13, 2012
- ↑ St Louis Post-Dispatch, "Missouri Republican Spence gets $950k from GOP governors group," October 9, 2012
- ↑ Missouri Association of School Administrators, "MASA Endorses Gov. Jay Nixon for Re-Election: Governor’s Experienced Leadership Strengthens Schools & Communities," October 6, 2012
- ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "November 4, 2008 general election results," December 2, 2008
- ↑ Ballotpedia's list of superdelegates to the 2016 Democratic National Convention is based on our own research and lists provided by the Democratic National Committee to Vox.com in February 2016 and May 2016. If you think we made an error in identifying superdelegates, please send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.
- ↑ Five Thirty Eight, “The Endorsement Primary,” June 7, 2016
- ↑ To find out which candidate a superdelegate supported, Ballotpedia sought out public statements from the superdelegate in other media outlets and on social media. If we were unable to find a public statement that clearly articulated which candidate the superdelegate supported at the national convention, we listed that superdelegate as "unknown." If you believe we made an error in identifying which candidate a superdelegate supported, please email us at editor@ballotpedia.org.
- ↑ Congressional Research Service, "The Presidential Nominating Process and the National Party Conventions, 2016: Frequently Asked Questions," December 30, 2015
- ↑ CNN, "Clinton wins Missouri Democratic primary as Sanders concedes," March 18, 2016
- ↑ CNN, "Missouri exit polls," accessed March 24, 2016
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Democratic National Committee, "2016 Democratic National Convention Delegate/Alternate Allocation," updated February 19, 2016
- ↑ The Green Papers, "2016 Democratic Convention," accessed May 7, 2021
- ↑ Democratic National Committee's Office of Party Affairs and Delegate Selection, "Unpledged Delegates -- By State," May 27, 2016
- ↑ Project Vote Smart, "Biography Governor Jeremiah 'Jay' W. Nixon's Biography," accessed September 28, 2012
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by ' |
Missouri State Senate 1986-1992 |
Succeeded by ' |
| Preceded by ' |
Attorney General of Missouri 1992-2008 |
Succeeded by Chris Koster (D) |
| Preceded by Matt Blunt (R) |
Governor of Missouri 2009-2017 |
Succeeded by Eric Greitens (R) |
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