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Kaiali'i Kahele

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Kaiali'i Kahele
Image of Kaiali'i Kahele
Office of Hawaiian Affairs Hawaii Island Resident Trustee
Tenure

2024 - Present

Term ends

2028

Years in position

0

Predecessor
Prior offices
Hawaii State Senate District 1

U.S. House Hawaii District 2
Successor: Jill Tokuda
Predecessor: Tulsi Gabbard

Elections and appointments
Last elected

August 10, 2024

Education

Bachelor's

University of Hawaii, Manoa

Military

Service / branch

U.S. Air Force

Service / branch

U.S. Air National Guard

Personal
Birthplace
Hilo, Hawaii
Profession
Nonprofit executive
Contact

Kaiali'i Kahele is a member of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, representing Hawaii Island Resident Trustee. He assumed office on November 5, 2024. His current term ends on November 7, 2028.

Kahele won election to the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to represent Hawaii Island Resident Trustee outright in the primary on August 10, 2024, after the general election was canceled.

Biography

Kahele was born in Hilo, Hawaii. He graduated from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa with a bachelor's degree in education in 1998. He became a member of the Hawaii Air National Guard in 1999 and served as a pilot in Iraq and Afghanistan. Following deployment, Kahele continued to serve as a lieutenant colonel. Kahele has also worked as a teacher, nonprofit executive, and commercial pilot.[1][2][3]

Elections

2024

See also: Hawaii Office of Hawaiian Affairs Board of Trustees election, 2024

Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for Office of Hawaiian Affairs Hawaii Island Resident Trustee

Kaiali'i Kahele won election outright against Z. Ka'apana Aki, Hope Louise Cermelj, and Hulali Waltjen-Kuilipule in the primary for Office of Hawaiian Affairs Hawaii Island Resident Trustee on August 10, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Kaiali'i Kahele
Kaiali'i Kahele (Nonpartisan)
 
56.7
 
80,186
Z. Ka'apana Aki (Nonpartisan)
 
24.3
 
34,325
Hope Louise Cermelj (Nonpartisan)
 
11.1
 
15,688
Image of Hulali Waltjen-Kuilipule
Hulali Waltjen-Kuilipule (Nonpartisan)
 
7.9
 
11,160

Total votes: 141,359
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Endorsements

Ballotpedia did not identify endorsements for Kahele in this election.

2022

See also: Hawaii gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2022

General election

General election for Governor of Hawaii

Joshua Green defeated Duke Aiona in the general election for Governor of Hawaii on November 8, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Joshua Green
Joshua Green (D)
 
63.2
 
261,025
Image of Duke Aiona
Duke Aiona (R)
 
36.8
 
152,237

Total votes: 413,262
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for Governor of Hawaii

The following candidates ran in the Democratic primary for Governor of Hawaii on August 13, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Joshua Green
Joshua Green
 
62.9
 
158,161
Image of Vicky Cayetano
Vicky Cayetano
 
20.9
 
52,447
Image of Kaiali'i Kahele
Kaiali'i Kahele
 
15.0
 
37,738
Van Tanabe
 
0.5
 
1,236
Image of Richard Kim
Richard Kim Candidate Connection
 
0.4
 
991
David Bourgoin
 
0.2
 
590
Image of Clyde McClain Lewman
Clyde McClain Lewman
 
0.1
 
249

Total votes: 251,412
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for Governor of Hawaii

The following candidates ran in the Republican primary for Governor of Hawaii on August 13, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Duke Aiona
Duke Aiona
 
49.6
 
37,608
Image of BJ Penn
BJ Penn
 
26.1
 
19,817
Image of Gary Cordery
Gary Cordery Candidate Connection
 
10.9
 
8,258
Image of Heidi Tsuneyoshi
Heidi Tsuneyoshi
 
9.6
 
7,255
Image of Lynn Barry Mariano
Lynn Barry Mariano
 
1.2
 
903
Image of Paul Morgan
Paul Morgan
 
1.0
 
796
Image of Keline-Kameyo Kahau
Keline-Kameyo Kahau Candidate Connection
 
0.6
 
469
Walter Woods
 
0.6
 
438
Moses Paskowitz
 
0.2
 
189
George Hawat
 
0.2
 
140

Total votes: 75,873
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for Governor of Hawaii

No candidate advanced from the primary.

Candidate
%
Votes
Keleionalani Taylor
 
61.9
 
755
Caleb Nazara
 
38.1
 
464

Vote totals may be incomplete for this race.

Total votes: 1,219
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Libertarian primary election

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

2020

See also: Hawaii's 2nd Congressional District election, 2020

Hawaii's 2nd Congressional District election, 2020 (August 8 Republican primary)

Hawaii's 2nd Congressional District election, 2020 (August 8 Democratic primary)

General election

General election for U.S. House Hawaii District 2

The following candidates ran in the general election for U.S. House Hawaii District 2 on November 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Kaiali'i Kahele
Kaiali'i Kahele (D)
 
63.0
 
171,517
Image of Joseph Akana
Joseph Akana (R)
 
30.9
 
84,027
Image of Michelle Rose Tippens
Michelle Rose Tippens (L)
 
2.5
 
6,785
Image of Jonathan Hoomanawanui
Jonathan Hoomanawanui (Aloha Aina Party)
 
2.4
 
6,453
Image of Ron Burrus
Ron Burrus (Nonpartisan) Candidate Connection
 
1.0
 
2,659
Image of John Giuffre
John Giuffre (American Shopping Party)
 
0.2
 
661

Total votes: 272,102
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Watch the Candidate Conversation for this race!

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2

Kaiali'i Kahele defeated Brian Evans, Brenda Lee, and Noelle Famera in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2 on August 8, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Kaiali'i Kahele
Kaiali'i Kahele
 
76.5
 
100,841
Image of Brian Evans
Brian Evans Candidate Connection
 
9.4
 
12,337
Brenda Lee
 
8.1
 
10,694
Image of Noelle Famera
Noelle Famera Candidate Connection
 
6.1
 
7,992

Total votes: 131,864
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2

The following candidates ran in the Republican primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2 on August 8, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Joseph Akana
Joseph Akana
 
44.1
 
15,107
Image of Elise Hatsuko Kaneshiro
Elise Hatsuko Kaneshiro Candidate Connection
 
15.4
 
5,294
David Hamman
 
10.0
 
3,430
Robert Nagamine
 
8.4
 
2,887
Nicholas Love
 
7.6
 
2,616
Image of Steven Bond
Steven Bond
 
6.5
 
2,218
Felipe San Nicolas
 
4.3
 
1,465
Image of Karla Gottschalk
Karla Gottschalk
 
2.8
 
953
Raymond Quel
 
0.9
 
305

Total votes: 34,275
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2

Ron Burrus defeated Byron McCorriston in the primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2 on August 8, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Ron Burrus
Ron Burrus Candidate Connection
 
59.2
 
1,308
Byron McCorriston
 
40.8
 
901

Total votes: 2,209
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Aloha Aina Party primary election

Aloha Aina Party primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2

Jonathan Hoomanawanui advanced from the Aloha Aina Party primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2 on August 8, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Jonathan Hoomanawanui
Jonathan Hoomanawanui
 
100.0
 
3,423

Total votes: 3,423
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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American Shopping Party primary election

American Shopping Party primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2

John Giuffre advanced from the American Shopping Party primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2 on August 8, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of John Giuffre
John Giuffre
 
100.0
 
134

Total votes: 134
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Libertarian primary election

Libertarian primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2

Michelle Rose Tippens advanced from the Libertarian primary for U.S. House Hawaii District 2 on August 8, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Michelle Rose Tippens
Michelle Rose Tippens
 
100.0
 
1,014

Total votes: 1,014
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2018

See also: Hawaii State Senate elections, 2018

General election

General election for Hawaii State Senate District 1

Incumbent Kaiali'i Kahele defeated Kimberly Arianoff in the general election for Hawaii State Senate District 1 on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Kaiali'i Kahele
Kaiali'i Kahele (D)
 
87.5
 
12,492
Kimberly Arianoff (L)
 
12.5
 
1,792

Total votes: 14,284
(100.00% precincts reporting)
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for Hawaii State Senate District 1

Incumbent Kaiali'i Kahele advanced from the Democratic primary for Hawaii State Senate District 1 on August 11, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Kaiali'i Kahele
Kaiali'i Kahele
 
100.0
 
9,542

Total votes: 9,542
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Libertarian primary election

Libertarian primary for Hawaii State Senate District 1

Kimberly Arianoff advanced from the Libertarian primary for Hawaii State Senate District 1 on August 11, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Kimberly Arianoff
 
100.0
 
15

Total votes: 15
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2016

See also: Hawaii State Senate elections, 2016

Elections for the Hawaii State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election took place on August 13, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was June 7, 2016.

Incumbent Kaiali'i Kahele defeated Kimberly Arianoff in the Hawaii State Senate District 1 general election.[4]

Hawaii State Senate, District 1 General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.png Kaiali'i Kahele Incumbent 88.86% 14,488
     Libertarian Kimberly Arianoff 11.14% 1,816
Total Votes 16,304
Source: State of Hawaii - Office of Elections


Incumbent Kaiali'i Kahele defeated Dennis Onishi and Kaloa Robinson in the Hawaii State Senate District 1 Democratic primary.[5][6]

Hawaii State Senate, District 1 Democratic Primary, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.png Kaiali'i Kahele Incumbent 57.71% 6,592
     Democratic Dennis Onishi 35.34% 4,037
     Democratic Kaloa Robinson 6.94% 793
Total Votes 11,422

Campaign themes

2024

Ballotpedia survey responses

See also: Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection

Kaiali'i Kahele did not complete Ballotpedia's 2024 Candidate Connection survey.

Campaign website

Kahele’s campaign website stated the following:

KE ALA HOʻOKELE

Kai’s vision is to navigate OHA toward a beacon of hope and empowerment for Native Hawaiians. Inspired by its original mission from 1978, Kai envisions OHA as a dynamic and flexible institution that uses its resources to empower community leaders, support talented and hardworking Hawaiians, and inspire the next generation of ‘ōiwi leaders. Kai sees OHA expanding its impact by fostering innovation and leadership within Hawaiian communities. Drawing on extensive experience and connections at state and federal levels, Kai is committed to transforming OHA into a catalyst for positive change, ensuring it reaches new heights in serving and uplifting Native Hawaiians. Together, we can chart a course toward hope, resilience, and unity for our lāhui.


EMPOWER COMMUNITY LEADERS

OHA can use its resources to recognize, support, and empower community leaders who know their communities best but have been overlooked. This includes building capacity to support these individuals and infusing energy into Native Hawaiian communities to inspire innovation and progress.


RESTORE TRUST AND BUILD CAPACITY

OHA must evolve from its past issues with fiscal accountability and internal controversy and commit itself to re-earning the trust of the public, state government, and OHA’s beneficiaries. OHA needs to build strategic capacity as an enterprise that can flexibly understand and respond to the dynamic needs of the lāhui and Native Hawaiian communities.


FOSTER INNOVATION

OHA can serve as an incubator to inspire the best and brightest minds in the Native Hawaiian community to drive innovation. This includes creating opportunities for talented Native Hawaiians to develop and accelerate new ideas and solutions that can move the lāhui forward.


DATA IMPACT

OHA has historically maintained vital databases of resources for use across research, grant writing, and projects. The Papakilo Database, Kipuka Database, and Native Hawaiian Data Book are important resources that require critical reinvestment and consistent updating. Native Hawaiians represent a higher number of disproportionately impacted communities in this State, and up-to-date data collection, dissemination, and disaggregation of data specifically for Native Hawaiians will substantially assist those organizations and community leaders seeking resources that impact the Native Hawaiian community.


ADVOCATE FOR STATE AND FEDERAL RESOURCES

OHA must continue to advocate for fulfilling the state’s Public Land Trust revenue obligations. This includes developing both short-term and long-term political and strategic goals to ensure OHA has the resources needed to deliver progress for its beneficiaries. Additionally, OHA should concentrate its efforts on identifying federal resources for projects that can benefit Native Hawaiian communities. This involves building greater capacity in its Washington D.C. office, working together with the other Native American and Alaskan & Tribal organizations, and strengthening its relationship with Hawaiiʻs congressional delegation as well as other Members of Congress. [7]

—Kaiali'i Kahele’s campaign website (2024)[8]

2022

Kaiali'i Kahele did not complete Ballotpedia's 2022 Candidate Connection survey.

2020

Kaiali'i Kahele did not complete Ballotpedia's 2020 Candidate Connection survey.

Campaign finance summary


Note: The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may represent only a portion of all the funds spent on their behalf. Satellite spending groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer. Campaign finance data from elections may be incomplete. For elections to federal offices, complete data can be found at the FEC website. Click here for more on federal campaign finance law and here for more on state campaign finance law.


Kaiali'i Kahele campaign contribution history
YearOfficeStatusContributionsExpenditures
2024* Office of Hawaiian Affairs Hawaii Island Resident TrusteeWon primary$7,779 $7,679
2022Governor of HawaiiLost primary$190,022 $288,672
2020U.S. House Hawaii District 2Won general$1,253,139 $1,059,753
2018Hawaii State Senate District 1Won general$133,347 N/A**
Grand total$1,584,287 $1,356,103
Sources: OpenSecretsFederal Elections Commission ***This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* Data from this year may not be complete
** Data on expenditures is not available for this election cycle
Note: Totals above reflect only available data.

Noteworthy events

Tested positive for coronavirus on December 26, 2021

See also: Government official, politician, and candidate deaths, diagnoses, and quarantines due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020-2021
Covid vnt.png
Coronavirus pandemic
Select a topic from the dropdown below to learn more.


Kahele announced on December 26, 2021, that he tested positive for COVID-19. He said he was vaccinated at the time he contracted the virus.[9]

Congressional tenure

Key votes

See also: Key votes

Ballotpedia monitors legislation that receives a vote and highlights the ones that we consider to be key to understanding where elected officials stand on the issues. To read more about how we identify key votes, click here.

Key votes: 117th Congress, 2021-2023

The 117th United States Congress began on January 3, 2021 and ended on January 3, 2023. At the start of the session, Democrats held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives (222-213), and the U.S. Senate had a 50-50 makeup. Democrats assumed control of the Senate on January 20, 2021, when President Joe Biden (D) and Vice President Kamala Harris (D), who acted as a tie-breaking vote in the chamber, assumed office. We identified the key votes below using Congress' top-viewed bills list and through marquee coverage of certain votes on Ballotpedia.

Key votes: 117th Congress, 2021-2023
Vote Bill and description Status
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (228-206)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (220-210)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (220-207)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (220-204)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (220-210)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (217-213)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (363-70)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (350-80)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (228-197)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (342-88)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (243-187)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (218-211)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (321-101)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (260-171)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (224-206)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (258-169)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (230-201)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (217-207)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (227-203)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (220-203)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (234-193)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (232-197)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (225-201)


Committee assignments

2021-2022

Kahele was assigned to the following committees:[Source]


State legislative tenure

Scorecards

See also: State legislative scorecards and State legislative scorecards in Hawaii

A scorecard evaluates a legislator’s voting record. Its purpose is to inform voters about the legislator’s political positions. Because scorecards have varying purposes and methodologies, each report should be considered on its own merits. For example, an advocacy group’s scorecard may assess a legislator’s voting record on one issue while a state newspaper’s scorecard may evaluate the voting record in its entirety.

Ballotpedia is in the process of developing an encyclopedic list of published scorecards. Some states have a limited number of available scorecards or scorecards produced only by select groups. It is Ballotpedia’s goal to incorporate all available scorecards regardless of ideology or number.

Click here for an overview of legislative scorecards in all 50 states.  To contribute to the list of Hawaii scorecards, email suggestions to editor@ballotpedia.org.






2020

In 2020, the Hawaii State Legislature was in session from January 15 to July 10.

Legislators are scored on their votes on issues related to Hawaiian interests.
Legislators are scored on their votes on conservative issues.


2019


2018


2017


2016


Committee assignments

2019-2020

Kahele was assigned to the following committees:

2017 state legislative session

At the beginning of the 2017 legislative session, this legislator served on the following committees:

Hawaii committee assignments, 2017
Education, Vice chair
Higher Education, Chair
Housing
Ways and Means

See also

Hawaii State Executive Elections News and Analysis
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Hawaii State Executive Offices
Hawaii State Legislature
Hawaii Courts
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Hawaii elections: 2025202420232022202120202019201820172016
Party control of state government
State government trifectas
State of the state addresses
Partisan composition of governors

External links

Footnotes

  1. U.S. Congressman Kaialiʻi Kahele, "About," accessed July 21, 2022
  2. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "KAHELE, Kaialiʻi 1974 –," accessed July 21, 2022
  3. YouTube, "Kai Kahele for Governor," June 10, 2022
  4. State of Hawaii, "General Election 2016 - State of Hawaii – Statewide November 8, 2016," accessed November 23, 2016
  5. State of Hawaii, "2016 Candidate Report," accessed June 10, 2016
  6. Hawaii.gov, "Primary Election results," accessed September 12, 2016
  7. Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  8. Kaiali'i Kahele’s campaign website, “Hawai'i is not for Sale,” accessed July 25, 2024
  9. Hawaii News Now, "Kahele tests positive for COVID, says he’s experiencing mild symptoms," December 26, 2021
  10. Congress.gov, "H.R.3684 - Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act," accessed April 15, 2022
  11. Congress.gov, "H.R.1319 - American Rescue Plan Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022
  12. Congress.gov, "H.R.5376 - Inflation Reduction Act of 2022," accessed January 20, 2023
  13. Congress.gov, "H.R.3617 - Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act," accessed January 20, 2023
  14. Congress.gov, "H.R.1 - For the People Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022
  15. Congress.gov, "H.R.1808 - Assault Weapons Ban of 2022," accessed January 20, 2023
  16. Congress.gov, "S.1605 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022," accessed April 15, 2022
  17. Congress.gov, "H.R.7776 - James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023," accessed January 20, 2023
  18. Congress.gov, "H.R.6 - American Dream and Promise Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022
  19. Congress.gov, "S.3373 - Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022," accessed January 20, 2023
  20. Congress.gov, "H.R.4346 - Chips and Science Act," accessed January 20, 2023
  21. Congress.gov, "H.R.3755 - Women's Health Protection Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022
  22. Congress.gov, "H.R.1996 - SAFE Banking Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022
  23. Congress.gov, "H.R.2471 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022," accessed January 20, 2023
  24. Congress.gov, "H.R.5 - Equality Act," accessed April 15, 2022
  25. Congress.gov, "H.R.8404 - Respect for Marriage Act," accessed January 20, 2023
  26. Congress.gov, "H.R.6833 - Continuing Appropriations and Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023," accessed January 20, 2023
  27. Congress.gov, "H.R.7688 - Consumer Fuel Price Gouging Prevention Act," accessed January 20, 2023
  28. Congress.gov, "H.R.8 - Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021," accessed January 20, 2023
  29. Congress.gov, "H.R.5746 - Freedom to Vote: John R. Lewis Act," accessed January 20, 2023
  30. Congress.gov, "S.2938 - Bipartisan Safer Communities Act," accessed January 20, 2023
  31. Congress.gov, "H.Res.24 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.," accessed April 15, 2022
  32. Congress.gov, "H.R.2617 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023," accessed January 20, 2023

Political offices
Preceded by
Mililani Trask
Office of Hawaiian Affairs Hawaii Island Resident Trustee
2024-Present
Succeeded by
-
Preceded by
Tulsi Gabbard (D)
U.S. House Hawaii District 2
2021-2023
Succeeded by
Jill Tokuda (D)
Preceded by
-
Hawaii State Senate District 1
2016-2020
Succeeded by
-