Kansas state legislative Republican primaries, 2018

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2018 Kansas
State Legislature elections
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GeneralNovember 6, 2018
PrimaryAugust 7, 2018
2018 elections
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Debate between supporters and opponents of former Gov. Sam Brownback's (R) 2012 tax cuts made the August 7 legislative primaries a battle between rival Republican factions. Twenty-three of the 31 contested primaries featured contests between pro-Brownback supporters of the cuts and anti-Brownback opponents. All 125 state House seats are up; the next state Senate elections were scheduled for 2020.

In 2018, 19 incumbents faced primary challengers, while 14 chose not to seek reelection. Twelve of the 19 who faced challengers generally opposed Brownback's tax cuts, five mostly supported them, and two did not firmly belong to either faction. Of the 14 who retired, seven were pro-Brownback, six were anti-Brownback, and one did not belong to either faction.

Six of the 12 anti-Brownback incumbents lost their primaries. One pro-Brownback incumbent lost his primary.

Anti-Brownback candidates won six of the 12 open primaries. Pro-Brownback candidates won five.[1]

This was not the first time the Brownback tax cuts—which lowered income tax rates and exempted more than 300,000 businesses from taxation—have been an issue in the Republican primaries. Eighteen legislators opposed to Brownback's policies were defeated in 2012. Fourteen incumbents supportive of Brownback were unseated in 2016.

In the 2017 legislative session, the Kansas State Legislature largely repealed the tax cuts and overrode Brownback when he vetoed the repeal. Anti-Brownback Republicans said the repeal was necessary to address the budget deficit and increase education funding. Read more below.

The state legislative elections occurred alongside a Republican gubernatorial primary to select Brownback’s successor. He resigned in January 2018 to take a position in the Trump administration and was replaced by Lieutenant Gov. Jeff Colyer.[2] Colyer and Secretary of State Kris Kobach, the leading candidates in the Republican primary, both indicated support for lowering taxes.[3]

As of August 2018, Kansas was one of 26 Republican trifectas, a term used to describe a single-party government where one political party holds the governor's office and a majority in both chambers of the state legislature. To find out more about state government trifectas, click here.

For information about the Democratic primary elections in Kansas, click here.



Incumbents who did not advance to the general election

Retiring incumbents

Fourteen Republican state House incumbents did not file for re-election.

Incumbents defeated

Seven state House incumbents were defeated in their primaries.

Competitiveness

See also: 2018 primary election competitiveness in state and federal government and Kansas state legislative Democratic primaries, 2018

There 11 Democratic primaries in 2018 compared to five in 2014, the last election where only the state House was up.

Year Total seats Open seats Total candidates Democratic primaries contested Republican primaries contested Total contested Incumbents contested in primaries Total incumbents contested in primaries
2018 125 14 232 11 30 16.4% 26 23.4%
2016 165 34 354 14 55 20.9% 39 29.8%
2014 125 13 238 5 29 13.6% 21 18.8%

Factional conflict

Overview

This section tracked factional conflict between the pro-Brownback and anti-Brownback factions in the 31 contested state House Republican primaries in 2018.

Heading into the 2018 elections, there were 85 Republicans and 40 Democrats in the state House. A two-thirds supermajority (84 votes) is needed to override a gubernatorial veto. In 2017, anti-Brownback Republicans, Republicans without a clear faction, and Democrats voted together to override Brownback's veto of legislation that repealed the tax cuts.

The chart below provides an overview of the factions' memberships heading into the 2018 Republican primaries.

Kansas Republican factions
Faction Pre-primary members Retirements Incumbents with challenges Post-primary members
Anti-Brownback 41 6 12 33
Pro-Brownback 38 7 5 43
No clear faction 6 1 2 9
Total 85 14 19 85

Battleground races

Of the 31 contested Republican primaries in 2018, 19 featured challengers running against incumbents, 10 were open primaries in seats where a Republican incumbent retired, and two were for seats held by Democrats.

Factional conflicts in Kansas state House Republican primaries
District Incumbent Incumbent faction Incumbent running? Challenger(s) Challenger(s) faction
District 5 Kevin Jones Pro-Brownback No
Mark Samsel Approveda Anti-Brownback
Renee Slinkard Pro-Brownback
District 6 Jene Vickrey Approveda Pro-Brownback Yes
Clifford Blackmore Pro-Brownback
District 8 Patty Markley Anti-Brownback Yes
Chris Croft Approveda Pro-Brownback
District 11 Jim Kelly Approveda Anti-Brownback Yes
John Lowrance Pro-Brownback
District 12 Doug Blex Approveda Pro-Brownback Yes
Brad Hall Unclear faction
District 13 Larry Paul Hibbard Approveda Anti-Brownback Yes
Londa Tindle Pro-Brownback
District 14 Keith Esau Pro-Brownback No
Charlotte Esau Approveda Pro-Brownback
Aaron Young Anti-Brownback
Tom Stanion Anti-Brownback
District 17 Tom Cox Approveda Anti-Brownback Yes
Jim Eschrich Unclear faction
District 18 Cindy Neighbor Democratic Democratic seat (Yes)
Cathy Gordon Unclear faction
Eric Jenkins Approveda Pro-Brownback
District 27 Sean Tarwater Sr. Approveda Unclear faction Yes
Rochelle Bird Pro-Brownback
Karen Snyder Anti-Brownback
District 28 Joy Koesten Anti-Brownback Yes
Kellie Warren Approveda Pro-Brownback
District 29 Brett Parker Democratic Democratic seat (Yes)
Peggy Galvin Approveda Anti-Brownback
James Todd Anti-Brownback
District 30 Randy Powell Pro-Brownback No
Wendy Bingesser Approveda Pro-Brownback
Colleen Webster Anti-Brownback
District 38 Willie Dove Approveda Pro-Brownback Yes
Noel Hull Unclear faction
District 39 Shelee Brim Anti-Brownback No
Kristy Acree Anti-Brownback
Owen Donohoe Approveda Pro-Brownback
District 42 Jim Karleskint Approveda Anti-Brownback Yes
Lance Neelly Pro-Brownback
District 45 Thomas Sloan Anti-Brownback No
Cynthia Smith Approveda Anti-Brownback
Ronald Thacker Pro-Brownback
District 49 Scott Schwab Pro-Brownback No
Fsehazion Desalegn Anti-Brownback
Megan Lynn Approveda Pro-Brownback
District 59 Blaine Finch Approveda Unclear faction Yes
Shari Weber Unclear faction
District 64 Susie Swanson Anti-Brownback No
Susan Carlson Approveda Unclear faction
Kathy Martin Pro-Brownback
District 74 Don Schroeder Anti-Brownback Yes
Stephen Owens Approveda Pro-Brownback
District 75 Mary Martha Good Anti-Brownback Yes
Will Carpenter Approveda Pro-Brownback
District 80 Anita Judd-Jenkins Anti-Brownback Yes
Bill Rhiley Approveda Pro-Brownback
District 87 Roger Elliott Anti-Brownback No
Renee Erickson Approveda Pro-Brownback
Jeff Kennedy Anti-Brownback
District 93 John Whitmer Pro-Brownback Yes
J.C. Moore Approveda Anti-Brownback
District 97 Leslie Osterman Pro-Brownback No
Nick Hoheisel Approveda Anti-Brownback
Michael Walker Unclear faction
District 100 Daniel Hawkins Approveda Pro-Brownback Yes
James Breitenbach Unclear faction
District 104 Steven R. Becker Anti-Brownback Yes
Paul Waggoner Approveda Pro-Brownback
District 107 Susan Concannon Approveda Anti-Brownback Yes
Sam Sacco Pro-Brownback
District 113 Greg Lewis Approveda Anti-Brownback Yes
Brett Fairchild Pro-Brownback
District 124 J. Stephen Alford Anti-Brownback No
Jeffrey Locke Unclear faction
Martin Long Approveda Anti-Brownback

Methodology

Determining incumbents' factions
Incumbents' factions were determined by their votes on legislation related to the Brownback tax cuts in Kansas' 2017 legislative session. This spreadsheet contains information on how members voted and shows our methodology for designating their faction.

Click on the boxes below to see the factions for members who were in the legislature when the 2017 tax cuts were repealed.[5]



Determining challengers' factions
Challengers' factions were determined by how they addressed tax and budget policy as well as education spending. Anti-Brownback Republicans said the tax cuts needed to be repealed to address inadequate spending on public education and a state supreme court order to increase education funding. Pro-Brownback Republicans said the government needed to spend existing school funding more effectively, especially on teacher salaries and classroom expenses, rather than attempting to increase revenue by repealing the tax cuts.[6]

We looked at challenger's campaign websites, their statements to media outlets, and their responses to a survey conducted by the organization Women for Kansas that asked about their position on the Brownback tax cuts. Additionally, supporters of Brownback's tax policies were identified based on endorsements by the Kansas Chamber of Commerce, which supported the Brownback tax cuts in 2012 and opposed their repeal in 2017, and endorsements by retiring incumbents.[7][8] We also used endorsements by the Kansas City Chamber of Commerce and the MainStream Coalition, which endorsed candidates opposed to the tax cuts.[9]

Read the sections below to see the statements and endorsements that we used to designate the candidates' factions.

District 5

Incumbent Kevin Jones , a pro-Brownback Republican, did not seek re-election. Republicans Mark Samsel and Renee Slinkard filed to replace him.

Mark Samsel: anti-Brownback.

  • Samsel told The Ottawa Herald that he agreed with the tax policy changes made in the 2017 legislative session. He added, “[w]hile the Legislature’s perspective on responsible governing improved since the 2016 election cycle, more work can be done, specifically with regard to our state’s physical and mental health infrastructure.”[10]

Renee Slinkard: pro-Brownback,

  • Slinkard listed "Reduce Taxes on Families & Small Businesses" and "Balance the Budget without Gimmicks" as positions on her website.[11]
  • Slinkard was endorsed by the Kansas Chamber of Commerce.[12]

District 6

Incumbent Jene Vickrey, a pro-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Clifford Blackmore filed to challenge her.

Clifford Blackmore: pro-Brownback.

  • In a Facebook post on February 20, Blackmore wrote, "Governor's proposed budget shows a $300.7 million deficit in FY 2020. How much longer will the insanity continue? Will the legislature rubber stamp more spending and higher taxes?"[13]

District 8

Incumbent Patty Markley, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Chris Croft filed to challenge her.

Chris Croft: pro-Brownback.

  • On his campaign website, Croft wrote, "[s]kyrocketing taxes hurt families, and property taxes increasingly penalize homeowners, especially seniors on fixed incomes. We must respect taxpayers and reduce the overall tax burden."[14]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Croft.[15]

District 11

Incumbent Jim Kelly, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican John Lowrance filed to challenge him.

John Lowrance: pro-Brownback.

  • On his Facebook page, Lowrance wrote, "[t]he State's spending should not exceed its revenues. A balanced budget should be achievable without raising taxes."[16]

District 12

Incumbent Doug Blex, a pro-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Brad Hall filed to challenge him.

Ballotpedia could not locate information on Brad Hall. If you have information, please email editor@ballotpedia.org.

District 13

Incumbent Larry Paul Hibbard, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Londa Tindle filed to challenge him.

Londa Tindle: pro-Brownback.

  • Tindle listed "Reduce Income and Property Taxes" as a position on her campaign website.[17]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Tindle.[15]

District 14

Incumbent Keith Esau, a pro-Brownback Republican, did not seek re-election. Republicans Charlotte Esau, Aaron Young and Tom Stanion filed to replace him.

Charlotte Esau: pro-Brownback.

  • Esau listed "Reduce Income & Property Taxes" and "No More Runaway Spending" as positions on her campaign website.[18]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Esau.[15]

Aaron Young: anti-Brownback.

  • Young wrote the following on his campaign website: "The policies of the current administration were unsuccessful in creating significant growth and creating jobs in our state. I don't believe the failure to be one of poor policy, but one of poor administration...when the policies were proven less successful than anticipated, there was no reconsideration, just a stubborn insistence on staying the course. But no matter the source of the failure, the legislature was faced with only one course of action - an emergent correction to our budget shortfall."[19]

Tom Stanion: anti-Brownback.

  • The Kansas City Chamber of Commerce endorsed Stanion.[9]
  • The MainStream Coalition endorsed Stanion.[20]

District 17

Incumbent Tom Cox, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Jim Eschrich filed to challenge him.

Jim Eschrich: Unclear faction.

District 18

Incumbent Cindy Neighbor, a Democrat, filed for re-election. Republicans Cathy Gordon and Eric Jenkins filed to challenge her.

Ballotpedia could not locate information on Cathy Gordon. If you have information, please email editor@ballotpedia.org.

Eric Jenkins: pro-Brownback

  • On his campaign website, Jenkins said, "Since the last election, Kansas imposed a massive, retroactive tax increase on nearly all Kansans, including those at the very bottom end of the income scale."[21]
  • Jenkins was endorsed by the Kansas Chamber of Commerce[21]

District 27

Incumbent Sean Tarwater Sr., an incumbent without a clear faction, filed for re-election. Republicans Rochelle Bird and Karen Snyder filed to challenge him.

Rochelle Bird: pro-Brownback.

  • Bird's campaign website said the following: "Topeka loves taxes, raising them retroactively on families and small businesses. They even refused to return the federal tax cuts to us, stealing our money so they could get a ‘windfall’ for more government. Enough is enough – let’s keep our pocketbooks safe from politicians!"[22]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Bird.[15]

Karen Snyder: anti-Brownback

  • When asked by Women for Kansas, Snyder said she supported "a balanced fiscal policy such as characterized our state in the years before Brownback."[23]
  • The Kansas City Chamber of Commerce endorsed Snyder.[9]
  • The MainStream Coalition endorsed Snyder.[20]

District 28

Incumbent Joy Koesten, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Kellie Warren filed to challenge her.

Kellie Warren: pro-Brownback

  • On her campaign website, Warren wrote, "My opponent enacted a retroactive tax increase on all of us. I believe retroactive taxes are fundamentally unfair."[24]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Warren.[15]

District 29

Incumbent Brett Parker, a Democrat, filed for re-election. Republicans Peggy Galvin and James Todd filed to challenge him.

Peggy Galvin: anti-Brownback

  • On her campaign website, Galvin said, "I’ve watched as our district went careening from one end of the political spectrum to the other, and I’ve lived here long enough to know that’s not healthy and not representative of our district. I commit to consistent communication and engagement with ALL voters, not just those with whom I agree. That’s the essence of representative democracy."[25]

James Todd: anti-Brownback

  • In a 2016 interview with The Kansas City Star, Todd, then a state representative, said he was part of a group of Republicans trying to roll back the Brownback tax cuts.[26]

District 30

Incumbent Randy Powell, a pro-Brownback Republican, did not seek re-election. Republicans Wendy Bingesser and Colleen Webster filed to replace him.

Wendy Bingesser: pro-Brownback

  • On her campaign website, Bingesser wrote, "[w]e must stop irresponsible state spending which has reached an all-time high, with more debt and taxes. Revenues now exceed estimates, yet politicians borrow and spend even more. This is unsustainable."[27]
  • Powell endorsed Bingesser.[28]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Bingesser.[15]

Colleen Webster: anti-Brownback

  • When asked by Women for Kansas, Webster said she supported "a balanced fiscal policy such as characterized our state in the years before Brownback." She added, "Seven years of LLCs getting a free ride (an unsuccessful experiment to create more jobs) while all other Kansans pulled their weight including paying a ridiculously high food tax was so unfair to most Kansans. We need a reasonable tax plan where everyone pays one’s fair share and we do not overtax essential items to live like food."[29]
  • The Kansas City Chamber of Commerce endorsed Webster.[9]
  • The MainStream Coalition endorsed Webster.[20]

District 38

Incumbent Willie Dove, a pro-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Noel Hull filed to challenge him.

Ballotpedia could not locate information on Noel Hull. If you have information, please email editor@ballotpedia.org.

District 39

Incumbent Shelee Brim, an anti-Brownback Republican, did not seek re-election. Republicans Kristy Acree and Owen Donohoe filed to replace her.

Kristy Acree: anti-Brownback

  • When announcing her run, Acree said she would "[continue] to provide tax and budget stability to allow businesses to expand and grow jobs."[30]
  • Brim endorsed Acree.[30]
  • The Kansas City Chamber of Commerce endorsed Acree.[9]
  • The MainStream Coalition endorsed Acree.[20]

Owen Donohoe: pro-Brownback

  • In his campaign announcement, Donohoe pledged to never vote for a tax increase.[31]
  • Donohue was endorsed by the Kansas Chamber of Commerce.[32]

District 42

Incumbent Jim Karleskint, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Lance Neelly filed to replace him.

Lance Neelly: pro-Brownback

  • On his Facebook page, Neelly wrote, "Enough is Enough! Kansans have been taxed enough! Kansas cannot continue to throw money at issues that need to be solved. There is not enough accountability for where the money is going. Millions of dollars of Our money in taxes."[33]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Neelly.[15]

District 45

Incumbent Thomas Sloan, an anti-Brownback Republican, did not seek re-election. Republicans Cynthia Smith and Ronald Thacker filed to replace him.

Cynthia Smith: anti-Brownback

  • According to the Lawrence Journal-World, Smith "said she hopes to follow in the footsteps of retiring Rep. Tom Sloan by keeping the 45th District in the hands of moderate Republicans."[34]

Ronald Thacker: pro-Brownback

  • According to the Lawrence Journal-World, Thacker "said he thinks the Kansas Supreme Court overstepped its authority when it ordered the Legislature to increase funding for public schools."[34]

District 49

Incumbent Scott Schwab, a pro-Brownback Republican, did not seek re-election. Republicans Fsehazion Desalegn and Megan Lynn filed to replace him.

Fsehazion Desalegn: anti-Brownback

  • On her campaign website, Desalegn wrote, "[n]ot having a stable budget will prevent Kansas from attracting businesses and people to set up roots here. I want to create a culture of compromise in Topeka because while no one can get everything they want in a yearly budget, it doesn't mean we should give up on priorities both sides agree on."[35]

Megan Lynn: pro-Brownback

  • On her campaign website, Lynn wrote, "[r]ising income taxes and property taxes place a greater burden on Kansas families and especially our seniors. We can reduce the overall tax burden if we effectively manage our expenses and demand fiscal accountability."[36]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Lynn.[15]

District 59

Incumbent Blaine Finch, an incumbent without a clear faction, filed for re-election. Republican Shari Weber filed to replace him.

Ballotpedia could not locate information on Shari Weber. If you have information, please email editor@ballotpedia.org.

District 64

Incumbent Susie Swanson, an anti-Brownback Republican, did not seek re-election. Republicans Susan Carlson and Kathy Martin filed to replace her.

Susan Carlson: unclear faction

  • Carlson wrote the following on her campaign website: "Overall I am conservative. Regarding financial matters and taxes I consider myself a fiscal conservative. I do not follow liberal lines of thinking, but I could be considered a moderate on several social issues; such as mental health and substance abuse, which are areas I dealt with regularly in my job for the past two decades."[37]

Kathy Martin: pro-Brownback

  • Martin was endorsed by the Kansas Chamber of Commerce.[38]

District 74

Incumbent Don Schroeder, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Stephen Owens filed to challenge him.

Stephen Owens: pro-Brownback

  • Owens told The Garden City Telegram that he “very much stood in opposition” to the repeal of the Brownback tax cuts, saying it “put too much burden on the taxpayer.”[39]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Owens.[40]

District 75

Incumbent Mary Martha Good, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Will Carpenter filed to challenge her.

Will Carpenter: pro-Brownback

  • Carpenter ran for the state House in 2012 and was asked by The Wichita Eagle what he thought of the Brownback tax cuts. He said, "[a]nytime you can put money back in people’s pocket it is a good thing for the economy. The tax cut may have been too large too fast. Maybe it should have been phased in over more years to see what effect it would have. I also believe that it needed a property tax relief element."[41]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Carpenter.[15]

District 80

Incumbent Anita Judd-Jenkins, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Bill Rhiley filed to challenge her.

Bill Rhiley: pro-Brownback

  • Rhiley listed the following positions on his campaign website: "SUPPORT doubling the Kansas Income Tax standard deduction," "Oppose tax increase greater than that created by increase in state GNP," and "Supportive of simple state income tax rate of 5% of the Federal income tax amount."[42]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Rhiley.[15]

District 87

Incumbent Roger Elliott, an anti-Brownback Republican, did not seek re-election. Republicans Renee Erickson and Jeff Kennedy filed to replace him.

Renee Erickson: pro-Brownback

  • On her campaign website, Erickson said, ""[t]he Kansas House of Representatives is largely void of leaders who are committed to common-sense, conservative solutions. Rather than innovating through fresh ideas that will introduce reform and responsibility into a broken school finance system, the answer has been to yet again throw more money at the problem which will inevitably trigger yet another tax increase Kansans can't afford."[43]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Erickson.[15]

Jeff Kennedy: anti-Brownback

  • When asked by Women for Kansas, Kennedy said he supported "a balanced fiscal policy such as characterized our state in the years before Brownback." He added, "I was one of the individuals who did not pay any state income tax which I thought was completely unfair, and unrelated to any job generating initiative."[44]

District 93

Incumbent John Whitmer, a pro-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican J.C. Moore filed to challenge him.

J.C. Moore: anti-Brownback

  • When asked by Women for Kansas about what he thought of the Brownback tax cuts, Moore said, "[w]e must have tax policies which restore physical responsibility to Kansas. That means the taxes must [sic] pay our debts and allow us to invest in the future."[45]

District 97

Incumbent Leslie Osterman, a pro-Brownback Republican, did not seek re-election. Republicans Nick Hoheisel and Michael Walker filed to replace him.

Nick Hoheisel: anti-Brownback

  • In 2013, Hoheisel was part of an effort to form the Moderate Party of Kansas. According to group founder Aaron Estabrook, the party would work to bring together centrist Democrats and Republicans “to find common ground in the face of extremism.”[46]

Ballotpedia could not locate information on Michael Walker. If you have information, please email editor@ballotpedia.org.

District 100

Incumbent Daniel Hawkins, a pro-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican James Breitenbach filed to challenge him.

Ballotpedia could not locate information on James Breitenbach. If you have information, please email editor@ballotpedia.org.

District 104

Incumbent Steven R. Becker, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Paul Waggoner filed to challenge him.

Paul Waggoner: pro-Brownback

  • Waggoner told The Hutchinson News the following when asked whether he supported the Brownback tax cuts: "The first lesson is you shouldn’t cut taxes unless you know have a clear idea about where you are cutting spending. The 2012 tax cuts created havoc because this rule was ignored. The combined effect of raising both sales taxes in 2015, and income taxes in 2017, has raised the overall tax burden to record levels in Kansas. The only way to makes taxes go down, or at least stay level, is to control spending. Taxes and spending are two sides of the same coin. My state tax goals are (ultimately) a lower, flatter, and fairer tax system for everyone."[47]
  • At a forum in June 2018, Waggoner said that taxpayer dollars were being spent irresponsibly by the state government and criticized the Kansas Supreme Court for mandating school funding increases.[48]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Waggoner.[40]

District 107

Incumbent Susan Concannon, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Sam Sacco filed to challenge her.

Sam Sacco: pro-Brownback

  • Sacco told North Central Kansas News, "I will look at Kansas as a business and will work to reduce government spending, instead of covering up the mismanagement of tax payers' money through mindless tax increases."[49]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Sacco.[15]

District 113

Incumbent Greg Lewis, an anti-Brownback Republican, filed for re-election. Republican Brett Fairchild filed to challenge him.

Brett Fairchild: pro-Brownback

  • Fairchild told The Hutchinson News the following when asked whether he supported the Brownback tax cuts: "I supported the 2012tax cuts, but in retrospect it was a mistake to include the exemption for LLC’s in the tax cut package. I opposed the 2Ol7 income tax increase and opposed the 2015 sales tax increase."[50]
  • The Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed Fairchild.[40]

District 124

Incumbent J. Stephen Alford, an anti-Brownback Republican, did not seek re-election. Republicans Jeffrey Locke and Martin Long filed to replace him.

Jeffrey Locke: unclear faction

  • When asked by Women for Kansas, if he supported "a balanced fiscal policy such as characterized our state in the years before Brownback," Locke said, "[i]f elected, I would advocate a policy advanced by Dr. Arthur Hall, Den of Applied Economics at Kansas University that would ensure all Kansans and visitors passing through Kansas, would pay their fair share and would also maximize GDP growth to climb out of the debt that has been kicked down the road and not dealt with as needed."[51]

Martin Long: anti-Brownback:

  • When asked by Women for Kansas, if he supported "a balanced fiscal policy such as characterized our state in the years before Brownback," Long said, "Yes, absolutely! This restoration of a balanced fiscal policy has already began during the 2017 & 2018 Legislative Sessions. If elected, I would like to continue that momentum."[52]

Other retirements

These Republicans filed to replace retiring incumbents and did not receive challengers:

  • District 15: John Toplikar, a Republican with an unclear faction, filed to replace incumbent Erin Davis, a pro-Brownback Republican.
  • District 26: Adam Thomas, a Republican with an unclear faction, filed to replace incumbent Larry Campbell, an anti-Brownback Republican.
  • District 85: Michael Capps, a Republican with an unclear faction, filed to replace incumbent Chuck Weber, a pro-Brownback Republican.[53]
  • District 106: Bill Pannbacker, a Republican with an unclear faction, filed to replace incumbent Clay Aurand, a Republican with an unclear faction.

Election results

Kansas State Legislative Republican Primary Elections (August 7, 2018)

  • Incumbents are marked with an (i) after their name.
  • Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
Office Candidates
Kansas House of Representatives District 5

Green check mark transparent.pngMark Samsel 
Renee Slinkard 
Kansas House of Representatives District 6

Green check mark transparent.pngJene Vickrey (i)
Clifford Blackmore 
Kansas House of Representatives District 8

Patty Markley (i)
Green check mark transparent.pngChris Croft 
Kansas House of Representatives District 11

Green check mark transparent.pngJim Kelly (i)
John Lowrance  Candidate Connection
Kansas House of Representatives District 12

Green check mark transparent.pngDoug Blex (i)
Brad Hall 
Kansas House of Representatives District 13

Green check mark transparent.pngLarry Paul Hibbard (i)
Londa Tindle 
Kansas House of Representatives District 14

Green check mark transparent.pngCharlotte Esau 
Tom Stanion 
Aaron Young 
Kansas House of Representatives District 17

Green check mark transparent.pngTom Cox (i)
Jim Eschrich 
Kansas House of Representatives District 18

Cathy Gordon 
Green check mark transparent.pngEric Jenkins 
Kansas House of Representatives District 27

Green check mark transparent.pngSean Tarwater Sr. (i)
Rochelle Bird 
Karen Snyder 
Kansas House of Representatives District 28

Joy Koesten (i)
Green check mark transparent.pngKellie Warren 
Kansas House of Representatives District 29

Peggy Galvin 
Green check mark transparent.pngJames Todd 
Kansas House of Representatives District 30

Green check mark transparent.pngWendy Bingesser  Candidate Connection
Colleen Webster 
Kansas House of Representatives District 38

Green check mark transparent.pngWillie Dove (i)
Noel Hull 
Kansas House of Representatives District 39

Kristy Acree 
Green check mark transparent.pngOwen Donohoe 
Kansas House of Representatives District 42

Green check mark transparent.pngJim Karleskint (i)
Lance Neelly 
Kansas House of Representatives District 45

Green check mark transparent.pngCynthia Smith 
Ronald Thacker 
Kansas House of Representatives District 49

Fsehazion Desalegn 
Green check mark transparent.pngMegan Lynn 
Kansas House of Representatives District 59

Green check mark transparent.pngBlaine Finch (i)
Shari Weber 
Kansas House of Representatives District 64

Green check mark transparent.pngSusan Carlson 
Kathy Martin 
Kansas House of Representatives District 74

Don Schroeder (i)
Green check mark transparent.pngStephen Owens 
Kansas House of Representatives District 75

Mary Martha Good (i)
Green check mark transparent.pngWill Carpenter 
Kansas House of Representatives District 80

Anita Judd-Jenkins (i)
Green check mark transparent.pngBill Rhiley 
Kansas House of Representatives District 87

Green check mark transparent.pngRenee Erickson 
Jeff Kennedy 
Kansas House of Representatives District 93

John Whitmer (i)
Green check mark transparent.pngJ.C. Moore 
Kansas House of Representatives District 97

Green check mark transparent.pngNick Hoheisel 
Michael Walker 
Kansas House of Representatives District 100

Green check mark transparent.pngDaniel Hawkins (i)
James Breitenbach 
Kansas House of Representatives District 104

Steven R. Becker (i)
Green check mark transparent.pngPaul Waggoner 
Kansas House of Representatives District 107

Green check mark transparent.pngSusan L. Concannon (i)
Sam Sacco 
Kansas House of Representatives District 113

Green check mark transparent.pngGreg Lewis (i)
Brett Fairchild 
Kansas House of Representatives District 124

Jeffrey Locke 
Green check mark transparent.pngMartin Long 


Campaign activity

Mailers by Kansas Chamber of Commerce and Americans for Prosperity

On July 27, The Hutchinson News reported that three anti-Brownback Republicans—Greg Lewis, Steven Becker, and Don Schroeder—claimed that Americans for Prosperity-Kansas and the Kansas Chamber of Commerce paid for mailers opposing them or supporting their opponents.[54]

Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsements

On July 10, the Kansas Chamber of Commerce endorsed 22 pro-Brownback candidates running in contested primaries.[15]

MainStream Coalition endorsements

The MainStream Coalition endorsed eight anti-Brownback Republicans running in contested primaries.[20]

Noteworthy events

2017 legislative session dispute over tax cuts

On June 6, 2017, the Kansas legislature overrode Gov. Sam Brownback's (R) veto of legislation that repealed tax cuts Brownback had signed in 2012. Legislators' successful override came after several months of intra-party and inter-party conflict within the Republican-controlled Kansas Legislature.

Anti-Brownback Republicans wanted to roll back the tax cuts to address an $887 million revenue shortfall in Kansas’ budget over two years and to respond to a state Supreme Court ruling in March 2017 that state funding for K-12 education had failed to meet constitutional requirements. Pro-Brownback Republicans argued that a rollback would amount to a tax hike and hurt the economy.

Democrats supported repealing the tax cuts but, in some cases, voted alongside pro-Brownback because they felt that additional tax revenue beyond a repeal of the tax cuts was needed or because of attached legislation related to school funding.

Eventually, the lines between these factions blurred enough to pass legislation on the tax cuts and to override Brownback’s veto.[55]

The 2012 tax cuts reduced the state’s income tax brackets from three to two. The original rates were 6.5 percent, 6.25 percent, and 3.5 percent, depending on an individual’s annual income. The 2012 legislation dropped those rates to 4.9 and 3 percent. It also established state income tax exemptions for more than 300,000 farmers and business owners throughout Kansas.[56]

The bill to repeal the cuts passed on June 5. The House voted 69-52 to remove the tax exemptions, bring back a third tax bracket, and raise income tax rates (5.7, 5.25, and 3.1). The Senate voted for the bill 26-14. The bill was expected to generate $1.2 billion in revenue over two years. Brownback immediately stated his intentions to veto the bill, saying, “Senate Bill 30 is a $1.2 billion tax hike, making it the largest in state history. This is bad for Kansas and bad for the many Kansans who would have more of their hard-earned money taken from them.” Following Brownback’s veto, the Legislature voted in favor of an override: 88-31 in the House and 27-13 in the Senate. Included among the yes votes for the override were eight House Republicans and six Senate Republicans who unseated Republican lawmakers aligned with Brownback in the 2016 primary elections.[6]

In February 2017, the Legislature passed a similar bill to rollback the tax cuts, but Brownback vetoed it. In response, the House voted 85-40 to override the veto. The Senate voted 24-16 to override Brownback, which was three votes shy of the 27 needed for the override to pass.

2016 primaries

In the primary elections held on August 2, 2016, six Republican incumbents were defeated in the state Senate primaries, while eight Republican incumbents were defeated in the state House primaries. The 14 incumbents who were ousted were pro-Brownback Republicans. They were displaced by Republicans running against the policies of Gov. Sam Brownback (R).

House incumbents defeated in 2016

Senate incumbents defeated in 2016

2012 primaries

In the 2012 elections, 19 Republican incumbents, mostly from the anti-Brownback wing of the party, were unseated.[57]

Media coverage

This section provides an overview of media reactions to the Kansas state legislative Republican primaries.[58] Selected articles are presented as a jumping-off point for deeper exploration of media coverage and as an overview of narratives that have emerged surrounding the elections.


Partisan control

The tables below show the partisan breakdowns of the Kansas House of Representatives and the Kansas State Senate as of August 2018:

Kansas House of Representatives

Party As of August 2018
     Democratic Party 40
     Republican Party 85
Total 125

Kansas State Senate

Party As of August 2018
     Democratic Party 9
     Republican Party 31
Total 40

Voter information

How the primary works

A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for elected office to run in the general election. They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. In Kansas, parties decide who may vote in their primaries. As of October 2025, the Democratic Party held an open primary and the Republican Party held a closed primary. Regardless of the party's rules, an unaffiliated voter can declare their affiliation with a party on the day of the primary and vote in that party's primary. Previously affiliated voters who want to change their affiliation to vote in a different party's primary must do so before the candidate filing deadline, which is June 1 or the next business day.[59][60]

For information about which offices are nominated via primary election, see this article.

Poll times

Unless otherwise set by the county, polls in Kansas open at 7:00 a.m. and close at 7:00 p.m. Central time (6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Mountain time). Counties are given the discretion to open polls as early as 6 a.m. and close polls as late as 8 p.m. Central time (5 a.m. to 7 p.m. Mountain time). Polls must be open for a minimum of 12 consecutive hours and may not close before 7 p.m. Central time (6 p.m. Mountain time).[61] Anyone in line when the polls close must be allowed to vote.[62]

Registration requirements

Check your voter registration status here.

To vote in Kansas, one must be a citizen of the United States and a resident of Kansas. In order to register, an individual must be least 18 years old before the next election, have "received final discharge from imprisonment, parole, or conditional release if convicted of a felony," and have abandoned their previous residence or name. Voters must register at least 21 days prior to Election Day. Registration can be done by completing and returning an application, either in person or by mail. Registration may also be completed online.[63]

On June 18, 2018, a federal judge struck down a Kansas law requiring citizens to present proof of citizenship when registering to vote. A federal appeals court subsequently affirmed that decision. For more information, see below.

Automatic registration

See also: Automatic voter registration

Kansas does not practice automatic voter registration.

Online registration

See also: Online voter registration

Kansas has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.

Same-day registration

See also: Same-day voter registration

Kansas does not allow same-day voter registration.

Residency requirements

To register to vote in Kansas, you must be a resident of the state. According to the Kansas Secretary of State's office, "Kansas does not have a length of residence requirement. However, you have to be registered 21 days prior to an election and be a resident of Kansas at the time of registration."[62]

Verification of citizenship

See also: Laws permitting noncitizens to vote in the United States

Kansas does not require voters to provide proof of citizenship at the time of voter registration. An individual must attest that they are a U.S. citizen when registering to vote. According to the state's voter registration application, an applicant who provides false information "may be convicted and sentenced to up to 17 months in prison."[64]

A Kansas state law that went into effect in 2013 required voters to provide proof of U.S. citizenship when registering to vote. However, the provision was challenged in court and on June 18, 2018, Judge Julie Robinson, of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas, struck down the proof of citizenship requirement and ordered Secretary of State Kris Kobach (R) to stop enforcing the rule. On June 20, 2018, Kobach’s office advised county clerks to comply with Robinson’s order. Kobach appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, which heard oral arguments on March 18, 2019. On April 29, 2020, a Tenth Circuit panel affirmed the district court's ruling.[65][66][67][68]

All 49 states with voter registration systems require applicants to declare that they are U.S. citizens in order to register to vote in state and federal elections, under penalty of perjury or other punishment.[69] Seven states — Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Wyoming — have laws requiring verification of citizenship at the time of voter registration, whether in effect or not. One state, Ohio, requires proof of citizenship only when registering to vote at a Bureau of Motor Vehicles facility. In three states — California, Maryland, and Vermont — at least one local jurisdiction allows noncitizens to vote in some local elections. Noncitizens registering to vote in those elections must complete a voter registration application provided by the local jurisdiction and are not eligible to register as state or federal voters.

Verifying your registration

The Voter View site, run by the Kansas Secretary of State office, allows residents to check their voter registration status online.

Voter ID requirements

Kansas requires voters to present photo identification while voting.[70]

The following list of accepted forms of identification was current as of October 2025. Click here for the most current information from the Kansas Secretary of State.

“ State law requires voters to show photographic identification when casting a vote in person. If the photo ID has an expiration date on it, the ID must not have expired at the time of voting. An acceptable photo ID does not have to have an expiration date on the document in order to be valid. Acceptable forms of photo ID include:
  • A driver’s license or nondriver’s identification card issued by Kansas or by another state or district of the United States;
  • A concealed carry of handgun license issued by Kansas or a concealed carry of handgun or weapon license issued by another state or district of the United States;
  • A United States passport;
  • An employee badge or identification document issued by a municipal, county, state, or federal government office;
  • A military identification document issued by the United States;
  • A student identification card issued by an accredited postsecondary institution of education in the state of Kansas;
  • A public assistance identification card issued by a municipal, county, state or federal government office; and
  • An identification card issued by an Indian tribe.

Exemptions exist for individuals 65 years of age or older who may use expired photo IDs or individuals whose religious beliefs prohibit photographic identification. Voters with religious objections may sign an affidavit before the election or at the poll on election day to be exempt.

State photo ID requirements do not apply to military and overseas citizens who vote under the federal Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA); for mail ballot elections; or voters who qualify, apply and are accepted to the permanent advance voting list, as long as they remain on the permanent advance voting list.[71]

”

To view Kansas state law pertaining to voter identification, click here.

Voters who do not have a photo ID can obtain one for free through the Division of Vehicles, Kansas Department of Revenue. The voter must provide proof of identity and proof of residence.[72] The voter must also sign an affidavit. Voters can access the Certification Requesting Fee Waiver for Nondriver Identification Card form at all driver's license offices, county election offices, and on the secretary of state's website. If a voter does not have the proper documents to obtain a nondriver ID card, he or she can obtain a Kansas birth certificate from the Kansas Office of Vital Statistics for free. Voters can also apply for a free State Voter Identification Document. Voters should contact the election division of the secretary of state's office at election@sos.ks.gov or (800) 262-VOTE to apply.[70]

Early voting

Kansas permits early voting. Learn more by visiting this website.

Early voting permits citizens to cast ballots in person at a polling place prior to an election. In states that permit no-excuse early voting, a voter does not have to provide an excuse for being unable to vote on Election Day. States that allow voters to cast no-excuse absentee/mail-in ballots in person are counted as no-excuse early voting states.

Forty-seven states and the District of Columbia permit no-excuse early voting.

Absentee voting

All voters are eligible to vote absentee in Kansas. There are no special eligibility requirements for voting absentee. An absentee ballot application must be received by the Tuesday prior to the election. Kansas refers to absentee voting as "advance voting."[73]


Pivot Counties

See also: Pivot Counties by state

There are no Pivot Counties in Kansas. Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.

In the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump (R) won Kansas with 56.7 percent of the vote. Hillary Clinton (D) received 36.1 percent. In presidential elections between 1864 and 2016, Kansas voted Republican 84.21 percent of the time and Democratic 15.78 percent of the time. In the five presidential elections between 2000 and 2016, Kansas voted Republican all five times.[74]

Presidential results by legislative district

The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state House districts in Kansas. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[75][76]

In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won 29 out of 125 state House districts in Kansas with an average margin of victory of 21.8 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won 34 out of 125 state House districts in Kansas with an average margin of victory of 20.9 points. Clinton won six districts controlled by Republicans heading into the 2018 elections.
In 2012, Mitt Romney (R) won 96 out of 125 state House districts in Kansas with an average margin of victory of 32.8 points. In 2016, Donald Trump (R) won 91 out of 125 state House districts in Kansas with an average margin of victory of 35.5 points. Trump won 11 districts controlled by Democrats heading into the 2018 elections.


See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ New York Times, "Kansas election results," accessed August 7, 2018
  2. ↑ Washington Examiner, "Kansas Gov. Sam Brownback will resign Jan. 31 to become Trump's religious freedom ambassador," January 25, 2018
  3. ↑ Associated Press, "Candidate chides Kansas governor for not signing tax pledge," June 7, 2018
  4. ↑ Weber resigned in July and was replaced by Michael Capps.
  5. ↑ Emil Bergquist, who joined the legislature after the 2017 legislative session and replaced pro-Brownback Republican Greg Lakin, is considered a member without a clear faction.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kansas City Star, "Legislature rolls back Brownback tax cuts after midnight; he immediately says he’ll veto," June 5, 2018
  7. ↑ USA Today, "Kansas tax cuts produced strong results," June 25, 2017
  8. ↑ Kansas City Star, "Education spending in Kansas: Both sides ‘are telling the truth,’" August 25, 2014
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Kansas City Chamber of Commerce, "KC BizPAC," accessed July 31, 2018
  10. ↑ The Ottawa Herald, "Changing culture top priority for House candidate," January 2, 2018
  11. ↑ Renee Slinkard for House, "Issues," accessed July 25, 2018
  12. ↑ Renee Slinkard for House, "Renee Slinkard Earns Key Endorsements," accessed July 25, 2018
  13. ↑ Facebook, "Blackmore for Kansas House District 6," February 20, 2018
  14. ↑ Chris Croft for House, "Issues," accessed July 25, 2018
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 Kansas Chamber of Commerce, "Chamber PAC Announces 1st Round of Pro-Business Primary Endorsements," July 10, 2018
  16. ↑ Facebook, "John Lowrance for Kansas House of Representatives," accessed July 25, 2018
  17. ↑ Londa Tindle for House, "Home," accessed July 25, 2018
  18. ↑ Charlotte Esau for House, "My Priorities," accessed July 25, 2018
  19. ↑ Aaron Young for House, "Issues," accessed July 25, 2018
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 MainStream Coalition, "MainPAC Endorsements," accessed August 2, 2018
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Eric Jenkins, "Home," accessed July 25, 2018
  22. ↑ Rochelle Bird for House, "Her Principles," accessed July 25, 2018
  23. ↑ Women for Kansas, "KS House District 27 Karen Snyder," accessed July 25, 2018
  24. ↑ Kellie Warren for House," "Issues," accessed July 25, 2018
  25. ↑ Peggy Galvin, "Home," accessed July 25, 2018
  26. ↑ Kansas City Star, "School finance is a key issue for Todd, Parker," October 25, 2016
  27. ↑ Wendy Bingesser for House, "Issues," accessed July 25, 2018
  28. ↑ Kansas City Star, "GOP lawmaker drops re-election bid in district where two openly gay Dems are running," June 1, 2018
  29. ↑ Women for Kansas, "KS House District 30 Coleen Webster," accessed July 25, 2018
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Kristy Acree for House, "SHAWNEE NATIVE ENDORSED BY RETIRING REPRESENTATIVE," May 18, 2018
  31. ↑ Owen Donohue for House, "Rep. Owen Donohoe files for State Representative," accessed July 25, 2018
  32. ↑ Owen Donohue for House, "Endorsements from Kansans for Life, KS Chamber and Family Policy Alliance," accessed July 25, 2018
  33. ↑ Facebook, "Lance Neelly For 42nd District Kansas State Representative," accessed July 25, 2018
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Lawrence Journal-World, "Local candidates for Kansas House share views at Lawrence forums," July 14, 2018
  35. ↑ Fsehazion Desalegn for House, "Goals," accessed July 25, 2018
  36. ↑ Megan Lynn for Kansas, "Issues," accessed July 25, 2018
  37. ↑ Susan Carlson for House, "On the Issues," accessed July 25, 2018
  38. ↑ Facebook, "Kathy Martin for Kansas State Representative 64th District," accessed July 25, 2018
  39. ↑ The Garden City Telegram, "Schroeder faces challenge if he seeks re-election," March 6, 2018
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 The Hutchinson News, "Kansas Chamber PAC backs conservative challengers," July 11, 2018
  41. ↑ The Wichita Eagle, "Will Carpenter, Karen Hasting face off for District 75 seat," July 10, 2018
  42. ↑ Bill Rhiley for Kansas, "Taxes and Spending," accessed July 25, 2018
  43. ↑ Renee Erickson for House, "Renee Erickson Files by Petition for Kansas House," accessed July 25, 2018
  44. ↑ Women for Kansas, "KS House District 87 Jeff Kennedy," accessed July 25, 2018
  45. ↑ Women for Kansas, "KS House District 93 J.C. Moore," accessed July 25, 2018
  46. ↑ Kansas City Star, "Man working for third political party in Kansas," June 14, 2013
  47. ↑ The Hutchinson News, "Paul Waggoner, R-Hutchinson," July 15, 2018
  48. ↑ Hutchinson News, "Waggoner points out differences with Becker," June 29, 2018
  49. ↑ North Central Kansas News, "107th District Candidate Sam Sacco Talks Issues & Concerns With Concordia Residents," May 30, 2018
  50. ↑ The Hutchinson News, "Brett Fairchild, R-St. John," July 15, 2018
  51. ↑ Women for Kansas, "KS House District 124 Jeffrey Grant Locke," accessed July 25, 2018
  52. ↑ Women for Kansas, "KS House District 124 Martin Long," accessed July 25, 2018
  53. ↑ Weber resigned on July 14 and Capps was appointed to fill his seat for the rest of 2018. Read more here.
  54. ↑ The Hutchinson News, "Mailers attack legislators who repealed Brownback tax policy," July 27, 2018
  55. ↑ Kansas City Star, "Legislature overrides Brownback’s veto of bill that rolls back his 2012 tax cuts," June 6, 2018
  56. ↑ U.S. News and World Report, "Kansas Lawmakers Revive Plan to Fix Budget With Big Tax Hike," May 10, 2017
  57. ↑ kwch.com, "Primary election results show changes coming to KS politics," accessed August 4, 2016
  58. ↑ In selecting articles for inclusion in this section, Ballotpedia has drawn from a variety of sources and viewpoints to identify articles that are representative of broader trends in media coverage.
  59. ↑ Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes, "Kan. Stat. Ann. § 25–3301," accessed October 15, 2025
  60. ↑ Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes, "Kan. Stat. Ann. § 25–3304," accessed October 15, 2025
  61. ↑ Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes, "25-106. Hours of voting; change of hours, how made; rules and regulations," accessed October 15, 2025
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 State of Kansas Secretary of State, “Frequently Asked Questions” accessed October 15, 2025 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "FAQ" defined multiple times with different content
  63. ↑ Kansas Secretary of State, "Kansas Voter Registration Instructions," accessed October 15, 2025
  64. ↑ Kansas Secretary of State, "Kansas Voter Registration Application," accessed October 15, 2025
  65. ↑ United States District Court for the District of Kansas, "Fish v. Kobach and Bednasek v. Kobach: Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law," June 18, 2018
  66. ↑ The Topeka Capital-Journal, "Kobach's office tells counties to stop asking for proof of citizenship," June 20, 2018
  67. ↑ AP News, "Kansas hopes to resurrect proof-of-citizenship voting law," March 18, 2019
  68. ↑ United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, "Fish v. Schwab: Opinion and Order," April 29, 2020
  69. ↑ Under federal law, the national mail voter registration application (a version of which is in use in all states with voter registration systems) requires applicants to indicate that they are U.S. citizens in order to complete an application to vote in state or federal elections, but does not require voters to provide documentary proof of citizenship. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the application "may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to prevent duplicate voter registrations and permit State officials both to determine the eligibility of the applicant to vote and to administer the voting process."
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Kansas Secretary of State, "Elections - FAQ," accessed October 15, 2025
  71. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  72. ↑ Kansas Department of Health and Environment, "Birth Certificate for Voter ID," accessed October 15, 2025
  73. ↑ Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes, “K.S.A. 25-1122” accessed October 15, 2025
  74. ↑ 270towin.com, "Kansas," accessed June 1, 2017
  75. ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
  76. ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017
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