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Louis Cespedes
Louis Cespedes (Our Flatbush) ran for election to the New York City Council to represent District 45. He lost in the general election on November 2, 2021.
Cespedes was also a Democratic candidate for District 45 representative on the New York City Council in 2017. He was defeated in the primary election on September 12, 2017. Click here to read Cespedes' response to Ballotpedia's 2017 municipal candidate survey.
Biography
Cespedes earned a bachelor's degree in architecture from the Pratt Institute.[1]
At the time of his 2017 run for city council, Cespedes was a building designer and urban planner. His experience also includes service as a member of Community Board 17 and work for the New York City Housing Authority, for the Department of Buildings, and as a domestic and international consultant to municipal governments.[1][2]
Elections
2021
See also: City elections in New York, New York (2021)
General election
General election for New York City Council District 45
Incumbent Farah Louis defeated Louis Cespedes in the general election for New York City Council District 45 on November 2, 2021.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Farah Louis (D) | 93.5 | 19,206 |
 | Louis Cespedes (Our Flatbush) | 5.6 | 1,158 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.8 | 167 | ||
| Total votes: 20,531 | |||
 = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Democratic primary election
Democratic Primary for New York City Council District 45
The following candidates advanced in the ranked-choice voting election: Farah Louis in round 1 .
|
Total votes: 19,297 |
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| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
2017
Incumbent Jumaane D. Williams defeated Louis Cespedes in the Democratic primary for the District 45 seat on the New York City Council.[3]
| New York City Council, District 45 Democratic Primary Election, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
 Jumaane D. Williams Incumbent |
89.99% | 9,008 |
| Louis Cespedes | 9.47% | 948 |
| Write-in votes | 0.54% | 54 |
| Total Votes | 10,010 | |
| Source: New York City Board of Elections, "2017 Primary: Certified Results," accessed September 28, 2017 | ||
Campaign themes
2021
Ballotpedia survey responses
See also: Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection
Louis Cespedes did not complete Ballotpedia's 2021 Candidate Connection survey.
2017
Cespedes participated in Ballotpedia's 2017 survey of municipal government candidates.[4] The following sections display his responses to the survey questions. When asked what his top priority would be if elected, the candidate made the following statement:
| “ | Creating Jobs and Better Educational alternatives for parents, youth, and adults.[5] | ” |
| —Lou Cespedes (September 8, 2017)[2] | ||
Ranking the issues
The candidate was asked to rank the following issues by importance in the city, with 1 being the most important and 12 being the least important: city services (trash, utilities, etc.), civil rights, crime reduction/prevention, environment, government transparency, homelessness, housing, K-12 education, public pensions/retirement funds, recreational opportunities, transportation, and unemployment. This table displays this candidate's rankings from most to least important.
| Issue importance ranking | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate's ranking |
Issue | Candidate's ranking |
Issue |
| K-12 education | Transportation | ||
| Housing | Environment | ||
| Unemployment | Government transparency | ||
| Civil rights | City services (trash, utilities, etc.) | ||
| Homelessness | Public pensions/retirement funds | ||
| Crime reduction/prevention | Recreational opportunities | ||
Nationwide municipal issues
The candidate was asked to answer questions from Ballotpedia regarding issues facing cities across America. The questions are in the left column and the candidate's responses are in the right column. Some questions provided multiple choices, which are noted after those questions.
| Question | Response |
|---|---|
| Important | |
| State | |
| Regulatory and licensing reforms, and tax reform | |
| The City itself. It is one of the greatest human creations and constructs, the work of many cultures, hands, and minds. | |
| Accessibility to Housing | |
| NO. We need Right to Know, Body Cams, and we need better more diversity in the leadership of the NYPD. We need captains that are women and people of color. | |
| I do. I would like to see greater support for work permits and education through current visa options, and to build on union apprenticeships in critical fields of work to provide greater labor access to rebuild our infrastructure. | |
| Yes. But it is becoming insufficient. The MTA needs to diversify it contract structure and needs to allow for private contractors to fill the void in Public Transportation through Metrocards | |
| No. Many changes are required in tax policy, in homeless support services, in vacancy and development laws that penalize warehousing. Furthermore we need to create greater incentives for homeowners and homeownership to create stronger, more sustainable communities. |
Additional themes
Cespedes' campaign website highlighted the following issues. Click "show" on the boxes below for more information about his positions.[6]
| First 45 Days |
|---|
| "In the first 45 days I will implement programs and initiatives that will form the basis of my work in the city council.
Estas son las iniciativas que llevare acabo en los primero 45 dias y formaran la base de mi compromiso como concejal municipal. 1. Our Target:No Plastic! This will be a campaign to rid our neighborhood of plastic shopping bags. We will focus on Target first and work with their corporate leadership to pledge an end to the use of plastic bags. We will then target other large merchants and work our way down to supermarkets and deli's. 2. Be a D45'er 'Be a D45'er' is a business development initiative focused on at-risk youth and the formerly incarcerated. We will develop partnerships to keep our streets and commercial corridors clean with buy in from local merchants. We will help local merchants provide goods by offering free delivery to residents in the 45th distirct. 3. East Flatbush Gateway - 'Friends of the Open Cut' We will establish a non-profit corporation to work with MTA, freight operators, the community boards and neighboring council members to begin a study for a new shuttle service on the decommissioned Bay Ridge Line, the 'open cut' that runs from Sunset Park to Canarsie, connecting D,F,N,Q 2,5 trains. 4. Recycling and Composting for Profit We can help families by saving our refundable plastic and glass. I will propose a new container design for apartment buildings and houses to allow for easy access to bottles and cans without having to rummage through garbage. 5. Corporate / Non-Profit 'Mentorships' - After School Magnet Programs We will go out to NYC's largest professional corporations and request not their money but their talent's time. In exchange we should allow companies to deduct their employees time as a charitable donation. I will focus on developing these 'mentorships' with local non-profits and universities to teach after-school magnet programs in these sectors. If elected I will dedicate $45,000.00 taxable dollars of my own salary toward these programs.
6. Prospect Park Loop I will propose an MTA spring and summer bus loop service on weekends that will allow residents from East Flatbush, Brownsville easier access to Prospect Park. The proposed loop will circle from Ocean Ave to Foster, Utica to Ralph Ave, and then Empire. 7. Petition for a New Post-Office We will begin an on-line petition and work with our Congressional representatives to propose a complete overhaul of the Flatbush Post-Office - or request to open a new Post-Office to serve the northern part of the district. 7. Tablets for Kidz We will begin a drive together with mobile service companies like Verizon, AT&T and Sprint to allow us to recycle old tablets for schoolchildren that do not have computers. The goal is to use this hardware to support taking notes for school work, and getting remote tutoring. 9. Second Chance Vocation Training We will propose working with the Brooklyn DA's office to find vocational training opportunities for paroled men and women and those returning to communities after release from jail. The commitment will be to help them develop skills and make a living without losing benefits they need. 10. Salvation Army - Teenage Homelessness I will engage the Salvation Army in Brooklyn to assist in targeting homeless teenagers and placing them in foster homes through faith based organizations. As a Christian community we should be able to respond to teens in need and use the power of faith to be an example to give direction and hope." |
| Accessible Housing |
|---|
| "We want homes for the homeless, and we want to build a community of homeowners.
Queremos vivienda para los desamparados, y queremos crear una comunidad de proprietarios. Planning our communities is CENTRAL to this campaign. My goal will be to bring a comprehensive and inclusive approach to local governance on an urban scale. This involves looking closely at the existing Zoning Resolution and recent amendments, understanding how to work within the Mandatory Inclusionary Housing and Zoning for Quality and Affordability programs. Gentrification in some neighborhoods is a great concern, and while I support responsible equitable development, market forces unchecked, will continue to harass rent controlled tenants, out-buy working class families seeking to purchase a home, and take advantage of renters. We seek to diversify not gentrify! Our campaign supports the ADU (Accessory Dwelling Unit) legislative effort, to help homeowners convert basement and cellar spaces for legal occupancy as apartments. We plan to address the life safety and life quality issues presently threatening illegal basement tenants, while helping homeowners legalize basement and cellars as a means of securing income to pay for their mortgages and maintenance. As part of our plan, I will promote a robust intra-community board and inter committee ULURP (Uniform Land Use Review Procedure) process to establish 'contextual district' regulations that promote smaller developments, and preserve the character of our neighborhoods. Additionally, we will seek to incentivize developers to better distribute new residential and commercial buildings in targeted areas where high-density development is desired. I am opposed to the 421A, and our campaign will demand the 421A focus more exclusively on affordable housing for middle income and lower income families on the Mitchell Lama model. We also support additional targeted efforts to increase home-ownership through a series of tools and programs to increase access to market rate housing. We must move demand away from the rental market, and we must change the jargon associated with renting. Renters should be 'stakeholders' and we must build structures around empowering renters to collectively engage landlords. We must create Neighborhood Development Corporations specifically to address the challenge of acquiring land and developing housing for middle income and working class families. We believe an 'all of the above' strategy will ensure communities stay vibrant, diverse, secure, and prosperous without sacrificing our most vulnerable. The homeless rate in New York City has skyrocketed and it is impacting East Flatbush and East New York disproportionately. In our community we’ve seen the rapid expansion of homeless shelters and storage buildings resulting directly from increases in the value of housing stock and evictions. We believe in the 'right' to fair and safe housing, and our goal is to provide quality-housing access through rezoning, tax incentives, and a robust campaign against the permanent expansion of homeless shelters." |
| Education and Training |
|---|
| "Education is not for us a choice but rather a necessity which is demanded by our survival.
La educacion no es para nosotros una eleccion, sino una necesidad que nos exige la sobrevivencia. New York City Public Schools are among the most segregated school districts in the country. We as a community and as parents must demand self-determination in our schools, and we must wrest control of our children’s education from an institutional structure that does not proportionally fund our schools. Parents must have greater control over the programing schools offer; it’s teachers and accessibility. Our position is we should acknowledge the potential of charter schools if public schools cannot perform, and public funds should be allocated for failing schools to be administered by charter administrators under strict guidelines. Public schools are not the problem, the problem rather is in the NYCDOE School Board and a closed approach to addressing education universally, without regard for economic contexts or thematic learning alongside the 'common core' curriculum. We need a diversified teaching model that has a shared foundation, but allows for greater mentoring, allows students to focus on 'magnet' curriculum, and gives them the tools to learn even with persistent limitations. We advocate for a curriculum and teaching model that focuses on STEM and Creative education, using modern technology to support learning in the classroom and at home. We must focus on how our children enjoy learning and what motivates them. Our goal will be to demand greater accessibility to those public resources paid for by our taxes, to house and provide support to youth in higher risk and lower-performing schools. We must also use these same resources to provide greater access for adult vocational and business training. For next year's Participatory Budget, we will put forth a design proposals to build a public community center and technology labs above the Nostrand Avenue Brooklyn Public Library. There is an important national debate taking place in our country about the future of public schools in our communities, and it is incumbent on us to engage in a broad discussion about the future of the public school system, funding, curriculum, and the foundation that all schools must provide for families and communities." |
| Social and Criminal Justice |
|---|
| "Let's Stop this Violence! - Demos Fin a esta Violencia!
Gun violence and gangs are destroying families and killing youth. Hand-wringing and squabbling about policing, gun control, and so-called criminal justice reform will not solve the challenges we face in this community. I am proposing plans for several initiatives to create job diversity, business sustainability, and mentoring through faith-based programs, inter-community planning and outreach to work within at-risk sectors to address the core issues of poverty. There is a systemic collapse in the social safety net for at-risk youth that requires a comprehensive response from the business and faith-based community, from civic leaders and from government. Public servants, should have an obligation to focus resources in these communities in a sustained effort to reduce gun trafficking, support community organizations, and provide resources for rehabilitation. But that is only part of the answer. Educational incentives and training programs are needed to reach teens and young men before they become involved in gangs. This must be our goal. We must provide concrete paths to intellectual growth, foster accountability to family and community, while providing a means to success. To end recidivism we must short circuit the prison pipeline. We must resist all efforts to place more jails in our communities, and instead focus on rehabilitation and reintegration programs, and job creation. Equally as important, we need reforms in our criminal justice system, and we must defend the human rights of inmates currently in our prisons. Much needed access to higher education and vocational training will be necessary to help inmates re-enter society. Many ex-convicts today are forced to live in the margins of society. Unable to work because of the threat of losing public assistance, forced out of housing, unable to vote or reintegrate into their communities. This inevitably forces these individuals, back into a life of crime, or at the very best homelessness. We want to engage prisoners and former convicts re-entering society, their families, and provide them with the opportunities and the tools to live productive lives." |
| Policing and Security Reform |
|---|
| "The courts have declared Stop and Frisk and well as other profiling tactics formerly employed by the NYPD as unconstitutional. Understanding the xenophobic and discriminatory origins of these policies is central to defeating them, no matter what party is in power.
The NYPD’s NCO community policing efforts are a step in the right direction; however, these efforts don’t go far enough. Our policy will be to include greater diversity in NYPD hiring practices, and to provide a 'home rule' principal to officer assigned to the precincts they are serving, and provide more congruent representative leadership to reflect the demographic of neighborhoods. Simply put, we want a greater proportion of police officers patrolling our neighborhoods to resemble and live among those they protect and serve. We want more community police officers, regardless of race or ethnic origin, to patrol the areas where they live. We want police officers to be accountable to our citizens and to be responsible for the well being of our neighbors and loved one’s. I advocate a Shomrim community policing model, and will seek funding and training for local volunteers that can serve as a buffer to temper the NYPD, and may serve as a pipeline for people of color to seek careers in Law Enforcement. It is our belief that if officers feel they are invested in their own communities, they can more effectively police and have the confidence and trust of the populace. If communities are more proportionally represented by their police officers, they will have the built-in empathy that is required for proportional use of force and engagement." |
| Immigration and Legal Residency |
|---|
| "We need to honor each other and our differences to strengthen our village.
Necesitamos honrarnos uno al otro y respetar nuestras diferencias para fortalecer nuestra aldea. Immigration is among our biggest challenges. We are a city of immigrants, and we have a rich history of contributions immigrants have made to our society. We must preserve that legacy, and we must defend and protect our immigrant communities. All of us should understand that immigrants include not only those that are here illegally and with children, but also legal immigrants, and U.S. Citizens born of undocumented residents. They are from all faiths and all cultures. I support both DACA and DAPA as well as NAFTA programs. We need more legal paths to residency either through guest worker visas, or through municipal and state initiatives to provide basic securities to immigrants that work, pay taxes, and often times serve in our military. Those initiatives must now depend on a bottom up approach beginning in the boroughs, and Brooklyn must lead. As a community we must consider the important benefits U.S. citizens receive from immigration, as well as our role in this debate as advocates. We must stand against any policy that targets religion as a form of profiling. We must stand for religious freedom and for the right of immigrants to enter the country regardless of religious faith. Individuals and businesses must consolidate efforts to lobby state legislators to allow us to provide legal employment to undocumented immigrants because employment brings strength, competition, resiliency and security to our communities. Our campaign promotes sanctuary boroughs - where civic, business and faith leaders in our communities can find ways to coalesce cultural diversity civic action for each other. Both legal and illegal immigrants must acknowledge their responsibilities to our city, and to the rule of law. In every borough we must use our strength and leverage to form public policy, not only for immigrants but also for at-risk communities to create opportunities for education, housing, and skill training. We must use the unique capacity and talents of our diverse immigrant communities in each borough to promote cooperation and collaborations that strengthen opportunity." |
| Public Health and Wellness |
|---|
| "Soon, we may not have essential benefits offered under the ACA and we may lose coverage for those people with pre-existing conditions.
Proximamente estamos en riesgo de perder seguro medico essencial para combatir la enfermedades mentales y las condiciones pre-existentes. Our healthcare system is under attack from the Republican Party, and from interest groups aligned with the conservative movement. We ignore the realities imposed from Washington at our own peril. The Healthcare Exchanges currently providing insurance to millions under the ACA Medicaid expansion and the Marketplace are in jeopardy. Today we must fight alongside our leaders in congress and our local officials to ensure the Marketplace and work with insurance companies, and healthcare providers to ensure coverage for current policyholders. We must retain essential benefits and pre-existing conditions The New York exchange, buttressed by employer provided coverage should use its considerable leverage as one of the largest exchanges in the country to negotiate a state-health insurance plan similar to the Massachusetts plan after which the ACA was modeled. The city council has a role to play in the debate on the state level to and maintain the gains made under the ACA and reach even greater insurance coverage. Additionally, we must take measures to guarantee choice and preventative testing for women and men to include Mammograms and breast cancer screening, cervical cancer vaccination, STD treatment, colon and prostate cancer screening should all be part of any effective health care coverage. Wellness culture is important to health, physical and mental well-being. We must reward healthy lifestyles and find ways to provide greater credit to insured individuals that participate in voluntary wellness programs. As a part time triathlete, I will focus efforts to promote health in our community by seeking partnerships with the city and sports non-profits to have sanctioned race events both for running and cycling in our district, and promote participation from neighboring districts. Finally mental health is one of our greatest challenges, particularly in our district, where hospitals serve a large portion of mentally ill and drug-addicted patients. In East Flatbush we must rise to the challenge of providing greater care and treatment for the mentally ill in our community before they pose a hazard to to [sic] themselves and the public. These individuals make up a portion of the homeless community and are under served. Treatment for the mentally ill, those suffering from PTSD, behavioral or psychological disorders deserve our compassion and our respect. We must challenge those in the healthcare community and government to provide greater resources to treat mental illness as healthcare emergency in our neighborhood." |
| Transportation |
|---|
| "Let's re-imagine what transportation can be and how it can make our lives better.
Tenemos que volver a imaginar el transporte publico, y como sirve para cambiar nuestras vidas We have very serious transportation challenges in our district. There are profound transportation needs that are not currently being met by MTA, particularly in Flatlands east of Nostrand Ave, and south of Brooklyn College and points south east. Jitney services are filling the void, and there are adverse effects; double fares, traffic congestion, poor quality and noise pollution. Yet, jitney vans provide an important service for many commuters that don’t have dependable options, and it would be helpful to regulate their service and bring about a greater standard. Train service, particularly the 2, 5 is sub-par, constant delays and interruption of service, long waits, makes our daily routines more difficult and makes us less productive. We must demand greater technological solutions to coordinate train service on our line. Our goal is to create greater a more layered transportation system that will enable commuters to use a host of transportation alternatives including Citi-bikes, car sharing, and jitney service within a singe fare zone. We must also take steps to ensure we are creating the kind of transfer-ability and redundancies needed on (SBS) Select Bus Service lines. We must accomplish these changes before the 'L' Service Shuts down in 2019. Commuters from Canarsie will be forced to re-route through East Flatbush and to the 2/3, 4/5 lines. This will aggravate an already unsustainable situation. We will propose a new train shuttle for 2019 service to the MTA called the East Flatbush Gateway along the decommissioned Bay Ridge Line under Brooklyn College to connect the L to D,F,N,Q 2,5 trains. We also need to rethink Access-A-Ride services for the elderly and disabled, and simplify the membership and contract structure for drivers. It is a poor service and expensive to operate. Much work needs to be done with MTA and DOT to provide better quality of transportation and greater accessibility to the elderly and the disabled on our streets. Better standards, greater diversity and more accountability and transparency from MTA and TLC are the best way forward to improve services for commuters." |
| Sustainability and Sanitation |
|---|
| "Our community is susceptible to failures in quality sanitation and environmental awareness.
En nuestra comunidad existen lapsos en la calidad de salubridad y consiencia de nuestro medio ambiente. We have large commercial corridors in our district that contribute enormously to trash accumulation on residential streets. Homeowners suffer because of fines, consumer experience and service is degraded. We can make specific changes to how we shop, promote new cultural habits, and create new business initiatives and incentives to curtail the proliferation of trash and litter in our communities. Together we can push for new policies and enforce existing laws for recycling, composting, and litter collection that enhance services already provided by the Department of Sanitation. Commercial trash collection and storage must be addressed comprehensively to support businesses and patrons. We seek to keep the Nostrand corridor clean and promote greater beautification efforts to attract new and repeat investment. I propose a Community Alliance Model to help create a uniformed crew of 'D45'ers', a group of young men that will assist merchants and homeowners to keep our streets cleaned and well maintained. We can help families by saving our refundable plastic and glass. I will propose a new container design for apartment buildings and houses to allow for easy access to bottles and cans without having to rummage through garbage. We will also seek to work with corporate management at the anchor stores in our community to eliminate plastic bags. Why wait for the law? Let's be proactive and change the culture of shopping in our community. Let's promote re-usable plastic bags and let's have large anchor stores follow the example set by IKEA and Trader Joe's, by transitioning away from plastic and into paper bags, while incentivizing consumers to purchase reusable shopping bags." |
| Commerce |
|---|
| "Because there are few participating professionals in the community there are no role models, and there are no new business opportunities, no investment and no work!
Como hay pocos profesionales habitando nuestra comunidad, no existen ejemplos, no hay nuevas inversiones, y tampoco hay trabajos. Small business is the backbone of every community. As the neighborhood changes and new residents move in, greater demand for choices and services will only continue to grow. This represents not only a threat to existing small business, but also an opportunity. Existing businesses, particularly those that have leases, face rent increases and could likely be priced out in a wave of gentrification. New business opportunities must be created for existing business owners, and incentives must be put in place for investments in renovating and in upgrading existing business to compete. We are a 'Dormitory District', and generally this means that businesses are not always sustainable because there is too little activity during daytime hours when everyone is at work; and at night too many business are already closed are unable to service those coming home from work. To survive we need our community to have a nearly 24 hour cycle. There are a host of needs in our community, such as quality supermarkets, restaurants, bars, café’s, recreational and educational establishments, community facilities, day care, as well as improving healthy food alternatives, deli’s, and existing local services. We must diversify to secure growth and vitality. The Nostrand Avenue and Utica Avenue corridors are undergoing profound changes and all municipal agencies; DOT and MTA and DOS must be brought to the negotiating table. Zoning changes must be put into effect that allow for development and new retail, without placing an undue burden on business owners along these corridors. Transportation services, parking, pedestrian sidewalks, and landscape, all represent important elements to bring a greater quality of commerce. It’s imperative that we establish Business Improvement Districts, and a Greater Flatbush Economic Development Corporation focusing on the Utica Avenue and Nostrand Avenue corridors within Community Board 17, and north toward Easter Parkway, securing government and private funding to improve commerce, transportation and accessible housing development in those areas." |
| LGBTQ+I |
|---|
| "We must evolve into a society that respects all gender identities, and is able to create safe public facilities in schools and public buildings supported by our laws and building codes.
Tenemos que evolucionar a una sociedad que respeta la identidad de genero en todas instalaciones publicas con apoyo de leyes y reglamentos. Our community needs to be inclusive and needs everyone’s talents. We are living in uneasy times, and our LGBTQ+I community needs not only our support but they need to be encouraged to participate in our community, to let their views and aspirations be known, and share in accomplishing their goals. We should be vigilant as a community to protect our LGBTQ+I brothers and sisters from being targeted, and we must have a zero tolerance policy for hate crimes of any kind, against any member of our community. Whether sexual orientation, faith, political persuasion, or race, or immigration status we must be more than tolerant, we must acknowledge the 'other', learn and honor one another, and our differences in order to strengthen our village. Recently, bathroom laws around the country have targeted transgender individuals. This debate has centered on the obligation of the law to recognize heterosexual’s rights by the guarantee that bathrooms are designated by your birth gender assignment. The issue has been amplified by the potential conflict in public facilities particularly schools and locker rooms. We recognize the gender identity of the individual, and our position is that we must provide access to individuals with a gender preference to share unisex facilities, in the same way we share unisex facilities with the disabled. To celebrate our community, empowerment must include all aspects of legal and social justice, the right to live without discrimination in housing or the workplace, denial of protection against domestic violence, denial of health care and opportunities. We must provide equal treatment under the law for all our LGBTQ+I residents." |
See also
2021 Elections
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 New York City Campaign Finance Board, "Lou Cespedes," accessed September 8, 2017
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ballotpedia's municipal government candidate survey, 2017, "Lou Cespedes's Responses," September 8, 2017
- ↑ Ballotpedia staff, "Email correspondence with the New York City Board of Elections," July 14, 2017
- ↑ Note: The candidate's answers have been reproduced here verbatim without edits or corrections by Ballotpedia.
- ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Lou for 45, "Home," accessed September 8, 2017
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