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Michigan's 4th Congressional District

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Michigan's 4th Congressional District
Incumbent
Assumed office: January 3, 2023

Michigan's 4th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives is represented by Bill Huizenga (R).

As of the 2020 Census, Michigan representatives represented an average of 775,726 residents. After the 2010 Census, each member represented 707,973 residents.

Elections

2024

See also: Michigan's 4th Congressional District election, 2024

Michigan's 4th Congressional District election, 2024 (August 6 Democratic primary)

Michigan's 4th Congressional District election, 2024 (August 6 Republican primary)

General election

General election for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Incumbent Bill Huizenga defeated Jessica Swartz and Curtis Clark in the general election for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on November 5, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Bill Huizenga
Bill Huizenga (R)
 
55.1
 
234,489
Image of Jessica Swartz
Jessica Swartz (D)
 
43.4
 
184,641
Image of Curtis Clark
Curtis Clark (U.S. Taxpayers Party)
 
1.6
 
6,687

Total votes: 425,817
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Jessica Swartz advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on August 6, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Jessica Swartz
Jessica Swartz
 
100.0
 
49,169

Total votes: 49,169
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Incumbent Bill Huizenga defeated Brendan Muir in the Republican primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on August 6, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Bill Huizenga
Bill Huizenga
 
73.4
 
67,749
Image of Brendan Muir
Brendan Muir Candidate Connection
 
26.6
 
24,580

Total votes: 92,329
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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U.S. Taxpayers Party convention

U.S. Taxpayers Party convention for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Curtis Clark advanced from the U.S. Taxpayers Party convention for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on July 27, 2024.

Candidate
Image of Curtis Clark
Curtis Clark (U.S. Taxpayers Party)

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2022

See also: Michigan's 4th Congressional District election, 2022

General election

General election for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Incumbent Bill Huizenga defeated Joseph Alfonso, Lorence Wenke, and Curtis Clark in the general election for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on November 8, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Bill Huizenga
Bill Huizenga (R)
 
54.4
 
183,936
Image of Joseph Alfonso
Joseph Alfonso (D) Candidate Connection
 
42.5
 
143,690
Image of Lorence Wenke
Lorence Wenke (L) Candidate Connection
 
2.5
 
8,478
Image of Curtis Clark
Curtis Clark (U.S. Taxpayers Party) Candidate Connection
 
0.7
 
2,244

Total votes: 338,348
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Joseph Alfonso advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on August 2, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Joseph Alfonso
Joseph Alfonso (Write-in) Candidate Connection
 
100.0
 
10,992

Total votes: 10,992
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Incumbent Bill Huizenga advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on August 2, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Bill Huizenga
Bill Huizenga
 
100.0
 
88,851

Total votes: 88,851
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Libertarian convention

Libertarian convention for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Lorence Wenke advanced from the Libertarian convention for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on July 10, 2022.

Candidate
Image of Lorence Wenke
Lorence Wenke (L) Candidate Connection

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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U.S. Taxpayers Party convention

U.S. Taxpayers Party convention for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Curtis Clark advanced from the U.S. Taxpayers Party convention for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on July 23, 2022.

Candidate
Image of Curtis Clark
Curtis Clark (U.S. Taxpayers Party) Candidate Connection

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2020

See also: Michigan's 4th Congressional District election, 2020

General election

General election for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Incumbent John Moolenaar defeated Jerry Hilliard, David Canny, and Amy Slepr in the general election for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on November 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of John Moolenaar
John Moolenaar (R)
 
65.0
 
242,621
Image of Jerry Hilliard
Jerry Hilliard (D) Candidate Connection
 
32.4
 
120,802
Image of David Canny
David Canny (L)
 
1.4
 
5,374
Image of Amy Slepr
Amy Slepr (G) Candidate Connection
 
1.2
 
4,448

Total votes: 373,245
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Jerry Hilliard defeated Anthony Feig in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on August 4, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Jerry Hilliard
Jerry Hilliard Candidate Connection
 
54.1
 
26,616
Image of Anthony Feig
Anthony Feig Candidate Connection
 
45.9
 
22,594

Total votes: 49,210
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Incumbent John Moolenaar advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on August 4, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of John Moolenaar
John Moolenaar
 
100.0
 
97,653

Total votes: 97,653
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Green convention

Green convention for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Amy Slepr advanced from the Green convention for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on June 20, 2020.

Candidate
Image of Amy Slepr
Amy Slepr (G) Candidate Connection

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Libertarian convention

Libertarian convention for U.S. House Michigan District 4

David Canny advanced from the Libertarian convention for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on July 18, 2020.

Candidate
Image of David Canny
David Canny (L)

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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2018

See also: Michigan's 4th Congressional District election, 2018

General election

General election for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Incumbent John Moolenaar defeated Jerry Hilliard in the general election for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of John Moolenaar
John Moolenaar (R)
 
62.6
 
178,510
Image of Jerry Hilliard
Jerry Hilliard (D)
 
37.4
 
106,540

Total votes: 285,050
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Jerry Hilliard defeated Zigmond Kozicki in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on August 7, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Jerry Hilliard
Jerry Hilliard
 
66.5
 
32,263
Image of Zigmond Kozicki
Zigmond Kozicki
 
33.5
 
16,261

Total votes: 48,524
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4

Incumbent John Moolenaar advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Michigan District 4 on August 7, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of John Moolenaar
John Moolenaar
 
100.0
 
80,290

Total votes: 80,290
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

2016

See also: Michigan's 4th Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Republican. Incumbent John Moolenaar (R) defeated Leonard Schwartz (L), Jordan Salvi (G), George Zimmer (U.S. Taxpayers), Keith Butkovich (Natural Law), and Debra Wirth (D write-in) in the general election on November 8, 2016. No candidate faced a primary opponent in August.[1][2][3][4]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngJohn Moolenaar Incumbent 61.6% 194,572
     Democratic Debra Wirth 32.1% 101,277
     Libertarian Leonard Schwartz 2.7% 8,516
     U.S. Taxpayers George Zimmer 1.8% 5,595
     Green Jordan Salvi 1.3% 3,953
     Natural Law Keith Butkovich 0.6% 1,838
Total Votes 315,751
Source: Michigan Secretary of State

2014

See also: Michigan's 4th Congressional District elections, 2014

The 4th Congressional District of Michigan held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014.
Incumbent John Moolenaar (R) defeated challengers Jeff Holmes (D), Will Tyler White (L) and George Zimmer (I) in the general election.

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngJohn Moolenaar 56.5% 123,962
     Democratic Jeff Holmes 39.1% 85,777
     Libertarian Will Tyler White 2.1% 4,694
     U.S. Tax Payers Party Georgia M. Zimmer 2.3% 4,990
Total Votes 219,423
Source: Michigan Secretary of State

General election candidates

August 5, 2014, primary results

Republican Party Republican Primary

Democratic Party Democratic Primary

2012

See also: Michigan's 4th Congressional District elections, 2012

The 4th Congressional District of Michigan held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 6, 2012. Incumbent Dave Camp won re-election in the district.[5]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 2012
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Debra Freidell Wirth 33.6% 104,996
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp Incumbent 63.1% 197,386
     Libertarian John Gelineau 1.4% 4,285
     Green Pat Timmons 0.9% 2,776
     UST George Zimmer 1.1% 3,506
Total Votes 312,949
Source: Michigan Secretary of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election"

2010
On November 2, 2010, Dave Camp won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Jerry Campbell (D), John Emerick (U.S. Taxpayers) and Clint Foster (L) in the general election.[6]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 2010
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp incumbent 66.2% 148,531
     Democratic Jerry Campbell 30.5% 68,458
     U.S. Taxpayers John Emerick 1.7% 3,861
     Libertarian Clint Foster 1.6% 3,504
Total Votes 224,354


2008
On November 4, 2008, Dave Camp won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Andrew Concannon (D), John Emerick (U.S. Taxpayers) and Allitta Hren (L) in the general election.[7]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 2008
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp incumbent 61.9% 204,259
     Democratic Andrew Concannon 35.7% 117,665
     U.S. Taxpayers John Emerick 1.2% 4,055
     Libertarian Allitta Hren 1.1% 3,785
Total Votes 329,764


2006
On November 7, 2006, Dave Camp won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Mike Huckleberry (D), John Emerick (U.S. Taxpayers) and Allitta Hren (L) in the general election.[8]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 2006
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp incumbent 60.6% 160,041
     Democratic Mike Huckleberry 37.9% 100,260
     U.S. Taxpayers John Emerick 0.8% 2,003
     Libertarian Allitta Hren 0.7% 1,941
Total Votes 264,245


2004
On November 2, 2004, Dave Camp won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Mike Huckleberry (D) and Albert Chia, Jr. (L) in the general election.[9]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 2004
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp incumbent 64.4% 205,274
     Democratic Mike Huckleberry 34.8% 110,885
     Libertarian Albert Chia, Jr. 0.9% 2,765
Total Votes 318,924


2002
On November 5, 2002, Dave Camp won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Lawrence Hollenbeck (D), Sterling Johnson (G) and Al Chia, Jr. (L) in the general election.[10]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 2002
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp incumbent 68.2% 149,090
     Democratic Lawrence Hollenbeck 30.2% 65,950
     Green Sterling Johnson 1% 2,261
     Libertarian Al Chia, Jr. 0.6% 1,272
Total Votes 218,573


2000
On November 7, 2000, Dave Camp won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Lawrence Hollenbeck (D), Alan Gamble (G), Richard Whitelock (L), John Emerick (U.S. Taxpayers) and Stuart Goldberg (Natural Law) in the general election.[11]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 2000
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp incumbent 68% 182,128
     Democratic Lawrence Hollenbeck 29.1% 78,019
     Green Alan Gamble 1.4% 3,790
     Libertarian Richard Whitelock 0.8% 2,112
     U.S. Taxpayers John Emerick 0.4% 978
     Natural Law Stuart Goldberg 0.3% 792
Total Votes 267,819


1998
On November 3, 1998, Dave Camp won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Dan Marsh (L) and Stuart Goldberg (Natural Law) in the general election.[12]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 1998
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp incumbent 91.3% 155,343
     Libertarian Dan Marsh 6.1% 10,404
     Natural Law Stuart Goldberg 2.5% 4,332
     N/A Write-in 0% 30
Total Votes 170,109


1996
On November 5, 1996, Dave Camp won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Lisa Donaldson (D), Ben Steele, III (L) and Susan Arnold (Natural Law) in the general election.[13]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 1996
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp incumbent 65.5% 159,561
     Democratic Lisa Donaldson 32.7% 79,691
     Libertarian Ben Steele, III 1% 2,410
     Natural Law Susan Arnold 0.8% 1,928
     N/A Write-in 0% 55
Total Votes 243,645


1994
On November 8, 1994, Dave Camp won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Damion Frasier (D) and Michael Lee (Natural Law) in the general election.[14]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 1994
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp incumbent 73.1% 145,176
     Democratic Damion Frasier 25.5% 50,544
     Natural Law Michael Lee 1.4% 2,797
     N/A Scattering 0% 17
Total Votes 198,534


1992
On November 3, 1992, Dave Camp won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Lisa Donaldson (D), Joan Dennison (Tisch Independent Citizens), Gary Bradley (L) and Thomas List (Natural Law) in the general election.[15]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 1992
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Camp incumbent 62.5% 157,337
     Democratic Lisa Donaldson 34.8% 87,573
     Tisch Independent Citizens Joan Dennison 1.3% 3,344
     Libertarian Gary Bradley 0.8% 2,027
     Natural Law Thomas List 0.5% 1,247
     N/A Write-in 0% 11
Total Votes 251,539


1990
On November 6, 1990, Fred Upton won re-election to the United States House. He defeated JoAnne McFarland (D) in the general election.[16]

U.S. House, Michigan District 4 General Election, 1990
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngFred Upton incumbent 57.8% 75,850
     Democratic JoAnne McFarland 42.2% 55,449
     N/A Write-in 0% 3
Total Votes 131,302


District map

Redistricting

2020-2021

See also: Redistricting in Michigan after the 2020 census

Michigan’s congressional district boundaries became law on March 26, 2022, 60 days after the Michigan Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission (MICRC) published its report on the redistricting plans with the secretary of state.[17][18] On December 28, 2021, the Michigan Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission (MICRC) approved what was named the "Chestnut" map by a vote of 8-5. Two Democrats, two Republicans, and four nonpartisan members voted to approve the plan with the five remaining commissioners in favor of other plans. As required, "at least two commissioners who affiliate with each major party, and at least two commissioners who do not affiliate with either major party" voted in favor of the adopted map.[19]

The MICRC was established after voters approved a 2018 constitutional amendment that transferred the power to draw the state's congressional and legislative districts from the state legislature to a redistricting commission. Under the terms of the amendment, "Within 30 days after adopting a plan, the commission shall publish the plan and the material reports, reference materials, and data used in drawing it, including any programming information used to produce and test the plan." The adopted plan becomes law 60 days after the MICRC publishes that report.[19]

Beth LeBlanc of The Detroit News wrote that, “Unlike other congressional maps the commission had to choose from, Chestnut was set apart by its inclusion of Grand Rapids and Muskegon in the same district, its grouping of Battle Creek and Kalamazoo and its ability to keep Jackson County whole, instead of breaking off part of the county into an Ann Arbor area district.”[20] According to Clara Hendrickson and Todd Spangler of the Detroit Free Press, "According to three measures of partisan fairness based on statewide election data from the past decade, the map favors Republicans. But those measures also show a significant reduction in the Republican bias compared to the map drawn a decade ago by a Republican legislature, deemed one of the most politically biased maps in the country. One of the partisan fairness measures used by the commission indicates Democratic candidates would have an advantage under the new map."[21] This map took effect for Michigan’s 2022 congressional elections.

How does redistricting in Michigan work? In Michigan, a non-politician commission is responsible for drawing both congressional and state legislative district plans. The commission comprises 13 members, including four Democrats, four Republicans, and five unaffiliated voters or members of minor parties. In order for a map to be enacted, at least seven members must vote for it, including at least two Democrats, two Republicans, and two members not affiliated with either major party.[22]

The Michigan Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission prepared this document specifically explaining the redistricting process after the 2020 census.

Michigan District 4
until January 2, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Michigan District 4
starting January 3, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

2010-2011

This is the 4th Congressional District of Michigan after the 2001 redistricting process.
See also: Redistricting in Michigan after the 2010 census

In 2011, the Michigan State Legislature re-drew the congressional districts based on updated population information from the 2010 census.

District analysis

See also: The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index
See also: FiveThirtyEight's elasticity scores

2026

Heading into the 2026 elections, based on results from the 2024 and 2020 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district is R+3. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 3 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Michigan's 4th the 205th most Republican district nationally.[23]

2024

Heading into the 2024 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+5. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 5 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Michigan's 4th the 193rd most Republican district nationally.[24]

Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Donald Trump (R) would have defeated Joe Biden (D) 51.1%-47.1%.[25]

2022

Heading into the 2022 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+5. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 5 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Michigan's 4th the 192nd most Republican district nationally.[26]

Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Joe Biden (D) would have received 47.1% of the vote in this district and Donald Trump (R) would have received 51.1%.[27]

2018

Heading into the 2018 elections, based on results from the 2016 and 2012 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+10. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 10 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Michigan's 4th Congressional District the 132nd most Republican nationally.[28]

FiveThirtyEight's September 2018 elasticity score for states and congressional districts measured "how sensitive it is to changes in the national political environment." This district's elasticity score was 1.12. This means that for every 1 point the national political mood moved toward a party, the district was expected to move 1.12 points toward that party.[29]

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. Michigan Secretary of State, "2016 Michigan Candidate Listing," accessed April 20, 2016
  2. Politico, "Michigan House Primaries Results," August 2, 2016
  3. Michigan Secretary of State, "2016 Michigan Candidate Listing," accessed September 6, 2016
  4. CNN, "Election Results," accessed November 8, 2016
  5. Politico, "2012 Election Map, Michigan," accessed November 3, 2012
  6. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
  7. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
  8. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
  9. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
  10. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
  11. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
  12. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998," accessed March 28, 2013
  13. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1996," accessed March 28, 2013
  14. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994," accessed March 28, 2013
  15. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1992," accessed March 28, 2013
  16. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1990," accessed March 28, 2013
  17. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named march26
  18. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MICRCemail
  19. 19.0 19.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MIConst
  20. The Detroit News, "Michigan redistricting panel wraps adoption of state House, Senate, congressional maps" December 28, 2021
  21. Detroit Free Press, "Michigan's redistricting commission adopts final congressional map for the next decade" December 28, 2021
  22. Michigan Radio, "Redistricting proposal passes in Michigan," November 6, 2018
  23. Cook Political Report, "2025 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List (119th Congress)," accessed July 1, 2025
  24. Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed January 10, 2024
  25. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
  26. Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed February 6, 2023
  27. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
  28. Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 7, 2017
  29. FiveThirtyEight, "Election Update: The Most (And Least) Elastic States And Districts," September 6, 2018


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