Minnesota's 1st Congressional District election, 2018

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Minnesota's 1st Congressional District
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Democratic primary
Republican primary
General election
Election details
Filing deadline: June 5, 2018
Primary: August 14, 2018
General: November 6, 2018
Pre-election incumbent:
Tim Walz (Democrat)
How to vote
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Voting in Minnesota
Race ratings
Cook Partisan Voter Index (2018): R+5
Cook Political Report: Toss-up
Inside Elections: Toss-up
Sabato's Crystal Ball: Toss-up
Ballotpedia analysis
U.S. Senate battlegrounds
U.S. House battlegrounds
Federal and state primary competitiveness
Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018
See also
Minnesota's 1st Congressional District
U.S. Senate (regular) • U.S. Senate (special) • 1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th • 5th • 6th • 7th • 8th
Minnesota elections, 2018
U.S. Congress elections, 2018
U.S. Senate elections, 2018
U.S. House elections, 2018

Former U.S. Treasury official Jim Hagedorn (R) defeated former Obama administration official Dan Feehan (D) in the general election for Minnesota's 1st Congressional District on November 6, 2018.

Incumbent Rep. Tim Walz (D), who was first elected in 2006, did not seek re-election, leaving the seat open.[1]

All 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives were up for election in 2018. The Democratic Party gained a net total of 40 seats, winning control of the chamber. This race was identified as a 2018 battleground that might have affected partisan control of the U.S. House in the 116th Congress. Heading into the election, the Republican Party was in the majority holding 235 seats to Democrats' 193 seats, with seven vacant seats. Democrats needed to win 23 GOP-held seats in 2018 to win control of the House. From 1918 to 2016, the president’s party lost an average of 29 seats in midterm elections.

After backing Barack Obama (D) in the 2012 presidential election by 2 percentage points, this district swung red for Donald Trump (R) in 2016, giving him a 15-point margin of victory.[2] Both the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee and the National Republican Congressional Committee identified this district as a key race in 2018.[3][4]

Hagedorn was the Republican nominee for this seat twice before. He was defeated by Walz both times, losing by six percentage points in 2014 and less than one percentage point in 2016.

Minnesota's 1st Congressional District extends across southern Minnesota from the border with South Dakota to the border with Wisconsin. It includes Blue Earth, Brown, Dodge, Faribault, Fillmore, Freeborn, Houston, Jackson, Le Sueur, Martin, Mower, Nicollet, Nobles, Olmsted, Rock, Steele, Waseca, Watonwan, and Winona counties. Areas of Cottonwood and Rice counties also lie within the district.[5]

Democratic Party For more information about the Democratic primary, click here.
Republican Party For more information about the Republican primary, click here.


Candidates and election results

General election

General election for U.S. House Minnesota District 1

Jim Hagedorn defeated Dan Feehan in the general election for U.S. House Minnesota District 1 on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Jim Hagedorn
Jim Hagedorn (R)
 
50.1
 
146,200
Image of Dan Feehan
Dan Feehan (D)
 
49.7
 
144,885
 Other/Write-in votes
 
0.2
 
576

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 291,661
(100.00% precincts reporting)
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Minnesota District 1

Dan Feehan defeated Colin Minehart in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Minnesota District 1 on August 14, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Dan Feehan
Dan Feehan
 
83.1
 
39,252
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Submit photo
Colin Minehart
 
16.9
 
7,979

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 47,231
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Minnesota District 1

Jim Hagedorn defeated Carla Nelson, Steve Williams, and Andrew Candler in the Republican primary for U.S. House Minnesota District 1 on August 14, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Jim Hagedorn
Jim Hagedorn
 
60.1
 
25,431
Image of Carla Nelson
Carla Nelson
 
32.2
 
13,631
Image of Steve Williams
Steve Williams
 
5.1
 
2,144
Image of Andrew Candler
Andrew Candler
 
2.6
 
1,107

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 42,313
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Candidate profiles

See also: Editorial approach to writing about key campaign messages


Dan Feehan, Army veteran and former Obama administration official
Dan Feehan - Headshot.jpg

Campaign website Facebook Twitter

Party: Democratic

Incumbent: No

Political office: None

Biography: Feehan enlisted in the Army ROTC following the September 11 terrorist attacks. He served in two combat tours of duty as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. After completing his military service in 2009, Feehan taught in Chicago and Indiana. He served in the Obama administration as a White House fellow and assistant secretary of defense in the Pentagon.[6]

Key messages
  • Feehan presented himself as an independent decision-maker, both in his service as a platoon leader and in his rejection of corporate PAC money.[7] He added that Congress should also be an independent branch.[8]
  • Feehan highlighted his two combat tours in Iraq and time as a teacher to at-risk youth and as an advocate in the Pentagon for the military and veterans to show his commitment to service and sacrifice.[9]



Jim Hagedorn, former U.S. Treasury official
HagedornMN.jpg

Campaign website Facebook Twitter

Party: Republican

Incumbent: No

Political office: None

Biography: Hagedorn earned a B.A. in political science from George Washington University. He worked as a legislative assistant to Rep. Arlan Stangeland (R). From 1991 to 1998, Hagedorn worked as the congressional liaison for the Financial Management Service. He later served as the congressional affairs officer for the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.[11]

Key messages
  • Hagedorn said he was running for Congress to be a conservative reinforcement in the U.S. House and support the Trump administration's agenda. He said there was a clear contrast in the race and that Democrats wanted to resist Trump and return to Obama-era policies.[12][13][14]
  • Hagedorn highlighted his southern Minnesota roots and values and said he wanted to serve on the House Agriculture Committee.[11][14][15]
  • Hagedorn promoted open markets, expanded global trade, and support for the agriculture industry. He said he opposed the prolonged use of tarriffs but approved of how Trump was using them as leverage against China.[14][16]


Polls

See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
Minnesota's 1st Congressional District election, 2018
Poll Poll sponsor Democratic Party Feehan Republican Party HagedornUndecided/OtherMargin of errorSample size
SurveyUSA
October 16-20, 2018		N/A 47%45%8%+/-4.4586
Harper Polling
August 23-26, 2018		Hagedorn 33%47%20%+/-4.9400
AVERAGES 40% 46% 14% +/-4.65 493
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.


Campaign finance

The chart below contains data from financial reports submitted to the Federal Election Commission.

Name Party Receipts* Disbursements** Cash on hand Date
Dan Feehan Democratic Party $4,177,225 $4,173,703 $3,521 As of December 31, 2018
Jim Hagedorn Republican Party $1,613,541 $1,612,674 $1,092 As of December 31, 2018

Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2018. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).

* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee."
** According to the FEC, a disbursement "is a purchase, payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit or gift of money or anything of value to influence a federal election," plus other kinds of payments not made to influence a federal election.


Satellite spending

Satellite spending, commonly referred to as outside spending, describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[17][18][19]

This section lists satellite spending in this race reported by news outlets in alphabetical order. If you are aware of spending that should be included, please email us.

Race ratings

See also: Race rating definitions and methods

Ballotpedia provides race ratings from four outlets: The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and DDHQ/The Hill. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:

  • Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
  • Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
  • Lean ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.[22]
  • Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.

Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[23][24][25]

Race ratings: Minnesota's 1st Congressional District election, 2018
Race trackerRace ratings
October 30, 2018October 23, 2018October 16, 2018October 9, 2018
The Cook Political ReportToss-upToss-upToss-upToss-up
Inside Elections with Nathan L. GonzalesToss-upToss-upToss-upToss-up
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal BallToss-upToss-upToss-upToss-up
Note: Ballotpedia updates external race ratings every two weeks throughout the election season.

District analysis

See also: The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index
See also: FiveThirtyEight's elasticity scores

The 2017 Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+5, meaning that in the previous two presidential elections, this district's results were 5 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Minnesota's 1st Congressional District the 190th most Republican nationally.[26]

FiveThirtyEight's September 2018 elasticity score for states and congressional districts measured "how sensitive it is to changes in the national political environment." This district's elasticity score was 1.03. This means that for every 1 point the national political mood moved toward a party, the district was expected to move 1.03 points toward that party.[27]

Noteworthy endorsements

See also: Ballotpedia: Our approach to covering endorsements

This section lists noteworthy endorsements issued in this election, including those made by high-profile individuals and organizations, cross-party endorsements, and endorsements made by newspaper editorial boards. It also includes a bulleted list of links to official lists of endorsements for any candidates who published that information on their campaign websites. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. If you are aware of endorsements that should be included, please click here.


Click the links below to see endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites, if available:

Campaign advertisements

Democratic Party Dan Feehan

Support

"Together" - Feehan campaign ad, released October 23, 2018
"Two Roads" - Feehan campaign ad, released October 1, 2018
"Affordable" - Feehan campaign ad, released September 20, 2018
"Independent" - Feehan campaign ad, released September 11, 2018
"Anywhere" - Feehan campaign ad, released August 28, 2018

Oppose

"Owns" - NRCC opposition ad, released October 18, 2018
"Knee" - NRCC opposition ad, released October 12, 2018
"Shortchange" - NRCC opposition ad, released October 4, 2018
"Dangerous Choice" - NRCC opposition ad, released September 25, 2018
"Chicago Style" - NRCC opposition ad, released September 12, 2018

Republican Party Jim Hagedorn

Support

"Weeds" - Hagedorn campaign ad, released September 24, 2018
"Where We're From" - Hagedorn campaign ad, released September 11, 2018
"Take a Stand" - Hagedorn campaign ad, released July 23, 2018

Oppose

"Plan" - House Majority PAC opposition ad, released October 16, 2018
"Infomercial" - DCCC opposition ad, released October 15, 2018
"Un-American" - Feehan opposition ad, released October 8, 2018
"Not Fit" - VoteVets opposition ad, released September 24, 2018
"All Change" - VoteVets opposition ad, released September 11, 2018

Debates and forums

October 9, 2018, debate

Feehan and Hagedorn participated in a debate on October 9, 2018, which was held at Kellogg Middle School and sponsored by KTTC-TV. The candidates discussed climate change, sanctuary cities, and tariffs, among other issues.[28]

  • Find the Post Bulletin round-up of the debate here.
  • Find a recording of the debate here.

Campaign themes

These were the policy positions listed on the candidates' websites.

Democratic Party Dan Feehan

“

Immigration

As an Iraq War Veteran who served two tours of duty searching for roadside bombs and capturing dangerous insurgents, I have put my life on the line to protect this country and my commitment to national security is as strong today as it has ever been. I know what it takes, have done what it takes, and will do what it takes to keep this country safe. When it comes to public safety, let me be perfectly clear, no matter who you are, if you commit a violent crime, you must be punished.

Our immigration system is broken and it is directly a result of the dysfunction in Washington. We must work together towards comprehensive immigration reform that strengthens our borders and our economy.

As I speak with farmers, business owners, and community leaders, they are demanding reform to make sure that our economy and communities are vibrant. This means providing a pathway to citizenship for those who pay their taxes and don’t have a criminal record, holding employers who hire undocumented immigrants accountable, and developing a robust guest worker program.

We must implement a clear directive through the Department of Homeland Security for ICE, so that our local and state law enforcement agencies are no longer having to supplement the federal government’s role in immigration and customs enforcement.

Lastly, I believe that a critical, and often overlooked, component is the need to make a concerted effort to work with other countries to stem the tide of migration under dire circumstances, which has put families and children at significant risk.

In Congress, I will work with both parties to achieve the comprehensive immigration reform that is so desperately needed.

Healthcare

Growing up in Red Wing, I knew and could feel that I was part of a community that cared for its neighbors. When someone had a serious illness, the community came together to offer support and prayer. When neighbors faced going bankrupt because of medical bills, the community held potlucks or fundraisers. My community lived by a simple, undeniable creed: “give kindness and take care of each other.”

My community has grown over the years, but my responsibilities to it remain the same. That’s why our district must ensure we care for our own and each other, especially when it comes to healthcare. Although we’ve made progress to improve access to coverage, too many Americans are still unable to access the care they need or afford their premiums and out-of-pocket costs. For the health of our neighbors and communities, we must and can do better.

Universal Healthcare Coverage We need to ensure that all Minnesotans can access comprehensive, affordable healthcare. The Affordable Care Act was an important step toward reaching that goal, but our current healthcare system is still leaving too many Minnesotans to fall through the cracks.

We need to do better. Accessible and affordable universal healthcare coverage is right for Minnesota. People in our community who are sick should be able to seek care when they need it, and no one in our community should have to choose between paying the medical bills or feeding their family. As your Congressman, I will push to ensure strong, trusted coverage for many more Minnesotans and will work to expand Medicare eligibility age to 55. Additionally, I will join bipartisan efforts to build on the successes of the Affordable Care Act and work to make the individual market, which our farmers, entrepreneurs, and others rely on, more stable and more affordable.

Rural Health We need to make sure that the realities of rural communities are part of health reform discussions and that they have a seat at the table, both to address the challenges they face and learn from their successes. Our rural communities face unique challenges, but also have unique strengths when it comes to providing healthcare.

In traveling across our district, I’ve met with countless Minnesotans living in rural areas that don’t have access to local providers or have to drive hours for the care they need. In Congress, I will work to address these growing healthcare workforce shortages and challenges by promoting early exposure to health careers and support programs that recruit and train providers in rural areas. I’ve also heard incredible stories of communities working to address obesity, mental health, or isolation among seniors. I will also push to expand the great innovation happening in our rural communities that provides healthcare, not sick care and that is really making a difference in the patient’s overall health, and the health of the community.

Caring for our Veterans We need to fight for better access to quality healthcare for our veterans and service members. That starts with taking better care of the needs of our active duty service members on the front end and ensuring that we provide VA healthcare benefits to veterans on the back end to recognize the sacrifice and service they have made.

Although the VA and TriCare system has shown some improvements over the past decade, particularly in Minnesota, I will work to ensure veterans have access to VA healthcare benefits, and will continue to build on the progress made in providing mental health and chemical dependency services, including for our active duty members and their families.

Pharmaceuticals We need to bring down the skyrocketing price of prescription medications for families across our state. Minnesotans are spending too much of their paychecks on the rising cost of their prescriptions forcing many families to make the difficult choice between paying for needed medications or putting food on the table.

Our neighbors, loved ones, and others shouldn’t have to make this choice. There is no single solution to lowering prescription drug prices, a and as a Congressman, I will work to bring down prescription drug prices on many fronts making them affordable and accessible through common-sense reforms focusing on how they are developed, negotiated, and sold. I plan to join colleagues, like Senator Amy Klobuchar, to protect consumers by addressing current anticompetitive practices that prevent the cheaper generic alternative from coming to market. I also will work to increase affordability by allowing Medicare to use its purchasing power and negotiate directly with prescription drug companies.

Opioid Crisis We need to ensure that our approach and support to address addiction and the opioid epidemic reflects the experience of families and our communities.

Across our state, we have seen an increase in opioid addiction and opioid related death, which doesn’t begin to tell the story of how loved ones or our community are affected. As Congressman, I will first fight to end the stigma around addiction, ensuring that it is recognized as the disease that it is to help ensure families and individuals are able to access the healthcare services and treatment they need to get well. Secondly, I will focus our efforts across the continuum seeking ways to both prevent, respond, treat, and support long-term recovery of opioid addiction to ensure that across our communities we are developing sustainable solutions that not only address the current crisis, but prevent it from growing or happening in the future.

National Security

I’ve spent much of my career defending our nation – first, in an Army uniform during two Iraq deployments, and then for three and a half years in the Pentagon as an acting Assistant Secretary of Defense. America enjoys safety and security that is unparalleled in the world thanks to our military, intelligence agencies, and other public servants that work tirelessly to keep it that way. Yet, we’ve been a country at war for over 16 years in an unsustainable manner, and face threats around the world.

Congressional Action As a co-equal branch of government, Congress must not cede the responsibility of ultimately putting our military in harm’s way to the President alone. Congress must shape our national security strategy and determine how we use our military, an all-volunteer force, throughout the world. Congress must also check the executive branch from entering into unnecessary conflicts. I will lead the effort to hold the President accountable as Commander-in-Chief to ensure that we only place our service members into harm’s way when it is absolutely necessary.

Military Spending and Readiness When it comes to military spending, I believe that the only way to maintain a strong and sustainable military force without unending costs is to use it more wisely. The cost of the Global War on Terror, beyond the human toll of those that have given their lives in service, will exceed $3 trillion dollars. We can have a strong military when we more judiciously choose when to use it instead of measuring it by its size or its cost. Congress has an enormous role in checking these costs, as well as the costs of a Defense Department, which is still not auditable. I will lead an effort to fund a military that is strong and ready to confront our most dangerous threats, but also a military whose costs do not continually escalate and strain domestic spending. There are more than 48,000 military veterans in Minnesota’s 1st District, many of whom personally and intimately know the consequences of war. They also know that at the end of the day, each service member is measured by their ability to do their job. I will fight for legislation that allows and encourages anyone that can meet the military’s standards to serve, including immigrants and the LGBTQ community. Our military is strongest when it reflects our broader society, and in the age of a 16-year war, we must have the widest net possible to recruit patriotic young people into service.

Diplomacy and Cooperation First The challenges that we face today, both domestic and abroad, are constantly evolving and require a thoughtful and rounded approach to policy-making. I will urge Congress to prioritize our safety at home, defend our allies abroad, and be constantly looking for new partners with whom we can tackle the greatest hurdles in front of us. Our nation will be secure when we holistically approach the dangerous threats that exist in the world through diplomacy, international cooperation, while maintaining a careful balance to address our challenges at home.

Agriculture

From the bluffs overlooking the Mississippi and the valleys of the Driftless Area in the east, to the wide open plains in the west, Minnesota’s First Congressional District is a rich landscape that has created and supported a prosperous tradition of family farming and agriculture. The well-being of our farms and land is directly connected to the prosperity of every town and city in southern Minnesota. That is why it is incumbent upon whoever represents us in Congress to support and expand opportunities for our farmers, and assist in stewardship of the land.

Agriculture, Farming, and Our Community

The farm economy is the foundation of southern Minnesota. When you travel from county to county, you are exposed to wide range of agricultural production. From small, family farms to regional co-ops, the spirit of community and hard work is embodied in our way of life. However, there is no doubt that the First District is feeling the pressure of an ever-changing economy, an aging workforce, and increased consolidation of farms. The health of our family farms is directly tied to the health of our small towns and cities, and to our soil and water. When elected, you can count on me to be a strong voice for our community in Congress.

A Strong Farm Bill

If our agricultural way of life is going to thrive for future generations, we must set a course that drives toward success in an uncertain future. This means pursuing a strong Farm Bill that supports family farmers, promotes innovation and stewardship of the land, and provides opportunities for the next generation of farmers. It means investing in technology that allows farmers to be more efficient in their crop production, saving time and costs. It means giving our farmers access to capital and loan forgiveness programs. And it means understanding, grappling with, and adjusting to the environmental impact our farms have on the soil, our communities, and future yields.

Healthy Soil and Clean Water

I believe farmers and agriculture can be leaders in protecting and improving our natural surroundings. However, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) has labeled western and southern Minnesota’s streams and rivers as “most impaired,” stating that only 16 percent meet the standards for aquatic life. Because of rising nitrates, cities like Mankato can no longer draw water from local rivers and farmers have to buy expensive water purifying systems to drink from their wells.

I will be a leader in helping farmers steward their land by building healthy soil, using practices like cover crops and diversifying their crop rotations; and I will work with our community to protect our prized landscape and address the emerging water crisis.

New Farmers

We must inspire the next generation of farmers to follow in the footsteps of their predecessors. We know that the average age of farmers is on the rise. We can encourage growth in this field and incentivize our youth to pursue careers in agriculture by removing barriers of entry and exposing our children to the opportunities in farming through leadership programs like Future Farmers of America and Land Stewardship Project’s Farm Beginnings initiative.

Like Congressman Walz, I will be a champion for beginning farmers by supporting the Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program. There are people of all backgrounds who want to farm, and it is critical for our public policy to support those facing particular barriers, including farmers of color and immigrant and refugee farmers.

Transportation

Transporting our goods and services to market in a global economy requires an efficient and cost effective transportation system. Inefficiency leads to higher prices for producers. Farmers and agriculture producers rely on roads, bridges, reliable freight rails, and access to barges to ensure that we are able to move commodities to reach major global markets. Investments in our transportation infrastructure, including a WRTA bill that upgrades our locks and dams, are critical to the future of the industry.

Education and Workforce Development

Minnesota’s economic strength is tied directly to the strength of our education systems. As a former teacher and the spouse of a public school educator, I know that there is no more important job than preparing our youth for the future. As a father, I want all southern Minnesotan children to have access to the many pathways to success their life can take from birth to post-secondary education. In Congress, I will fight to maintain strong public education and create better alignment with opportunities in our workforce to help Southern Minnesota economically thrive.

In Southern Minnesota in particular, our agriculture, healthcare, and manufacturing industries reach markets around the world. This connection to the global economy affords us the opportunity to drive economic output and world markets, but it also makes us vulnerable to the ever-changing advances in technology and workforce capacity. My vision is for us to not only remain competitive, but to lead. In order to do this, we must be focused on what tomorrow’s landscape looks like and develop an education and workforce system that prepares us for success.

80% of the jobs in 2025 don’t even exist yet. We must be forward looking in how we build our education and workforce development apparatus to meet future demand. If we are going to compete in a rapidly evolving, global marketplace we must take action now to ensure our youth today will be successful in this emerging economy. In Congress, I will lead in the following areas:

Early Childhood Education

  • Accessibility: I support Early Childhood Education as a pathway that gives our children every advantage to develop socially, emotionally, and intellectually. I will work to ensure that there are multiple affordable options for preschool for families within their home communities.
  • Low cost: I will pursue policies in Congress to ensure that our early childhood educators, especially our child care providers, can still provide critical services at a low cost. I will also work to control the costs of childcare for our working parents, who shouldn’t have to break their bank before their children even start school.

K-12 Education

  • Alignment with our economy: I believe that our K-12 education system must prepare our children to be adaptive learners throughout their life in a rapidly evolving economy. Our children must have access to STEM, to the arts, to coding, and to the power that internet connectivity and technology brings to the classroom.
  • Building partnerships: As a Congressman, I will encourage partnerships between local labor, businesses, technical schooling, apprenticeships, as well as 2 and 4-year degree programs so that each child can be exposed, from an early age, to the many opportunities that already exist right here in our communities. This isn’t just true in manufacturing, but also in healthcare, IT, agriculture, logistics and transportation, aviation, and more. We can be doing a lot more in our education system to help students and their families identify multi-directional educational pathways that can lead to any number of high-wage, high-growth job opportunities available in our communities. There are great models for this youth engagement in our community today, and we know them very well – we know them as FFA and 4-H. Let’s take what we know to be great youth engagement strategies for careers in agriculture, and replicate these models across other industries.
  • Hands-on training: Let’s teach our kids how to think on their feet and problem solve, how to work in teams and as part of a larger group, expose them to the wonders of modern technology and give them the opportunity to try working with their hands. In Germany, at the age of 10, every student is required to participate in an internship. This shapes their futures well beyond the classroom where they spend the majority of their lives, in the workplace. For this reason, Germany prides itself on one of the lowest youth unemployment rates, where in the U.S. it stands at double that of the national average. We must do better.
  • Supporting teachers: Great teachers are the lifeblood of our educational system. As the husband of a public school union teacher, I know this well. It’s crucial that we recruit, develop, and retain a strong and diverse teacher workforce. I believe that every classroom must be led and empowered by teachers that are set up for success and compensated for the public service they provide. I will work on creative solutions to recruiting teachers in shortage areas such as STEM, special education, and in our rural communities. I will also support efforts in Congress to make sure teachers can sharpen their skills through ongoing professional development.

Higher Education and Workforce Development

  • Post-secondary affordability: When our children pursue a post-secondary education, whether a four-year degree or otherwise, it must fulfill the promise of career enhancement without saddling them with debt. In Congress, I will support legislation that caps student loan rates, that expands the job pathways to loan forgiveness, and will work with all higher education to demand transparency when their prices rise. Our future economy requires our children to be lifetime learners, and we must make sure that every experience they have in education encourages this.[29]
 ”
—Feehan for Congress[30]

Republican Party Jim Hagedorn

“

Economy

Regulatory Reform

Regulatory agencies such as the IRS and the EPA are choking the life out of small businesses that do not have the resources to comply with the avalanche of complex, burdensome regulations. Returning regulatory authority from unelected bureaucrats to elected representatives, where it belongs, must be a priority. Our current Congressman not only opposes these reforms, he supports the very regulations that are burdening the middle class.

Corporate Tax Reform

The United States has the highest corporate tax rate in the world, and is the only country in the world whose companies are taxed on their foreign holdings both here and overseas. Reform of our corporate tax code to bring it in line with the rest of the world is vital if we are to retain middle-class jobs in America and remove the incentive for businesses to move their operations out of our country. The incumbent opposes corporate tax reforms which will keep American jobs in America.

Individual Tax Reform

Our tax code is over 90,000 pages long. That is ridiculously complex and only understandable to those who can afford accountants and lawyers to interpret it. The incumbent has yet to address this issue while in Congress. We must create a tax code that is understandable, fair and equitable for all Americans, not just the special interest groups who make campaign donations to the current congressman while clamoring for credits, exceptions, exemptions and carve-outs.

Repeal and Replace ObamaCare

ObamaCare promised savings of $2,500 per individual. What it has given us is double digit premium increases coupled with soaring premiums. It must be repealed and replaced with free-market solutions that will actually work such as expanding Health Savings Accounts, reining in lawsuit abuse, and granting the ability to buy health insurance across state lines. The current congressman not only voted for the ObamaCare disaster, he continues to proudly support it.

Energy Independence

An energy independent America is a strong America, and an America whose energy needs cannot be held hostage by outside forces. Therefore, we should embrace an “all of the above” approach to energy production which includes oil, natural gas, clean coal, renewables and conservation. The incumbent favors drastically higher energy taxes which would cripple our economy and dramatically lower the standard of living for middle-class Minnesotans.

Agriculture

Death Tax

Jim vigorously supports the elimination of the inheritance or “death tax” so that families aren’t faced with being forced to sell part or all of generational farms. Congressman Walz has repeatedly voted against eliminating this anti-family farm tax.

Energy Taxes

One of America’s greatest strengths is its abundant energy sources. Jim Hagedorn believes that continuing to provide farmers with clean, low-cost energy is vital to the continued vibrancy of the rural economy. The support Tim Walz receives from environmental lobbyists has led him to support significant tax increases on energy which would drastically increase the cost of agricultural production and devastate the small towns which depend on that production.

EPA Regulations

The EPA continues to issue draconian regulations without any regards to their cost and their minimal impact on the environment. These regulations are costly, burdensome and unnecessary for farmers who already have every economic incentive to be good stewards of their land. Tim Walz has done nothing to stand up for farmers against this onslaught of costly, unnecessary regulation. Jim Hagedorn will.

Excessive Banking Regulations

Maintaining access to credit from small, community-owned banks is essential for farmers who depend on that credit and those relationships. The banking regulations Tim Walz voted for and continues to support have added thousands of pages of mandates and restrictions into the lending process. These regulations have not only burdened farmers and restricted their access to much-needed credit, but their costs are crushing the small, rural banks on which farmers depends. Jim Hagedorn will make it a priority to repeal these regulations so that farmers and community banks can maintain a free-flow of credit.

Rural Values

The Right to Life

Life is precious and should be protected from conception to natural death. Jim will fight to protect the lives of the most vulnerable and innocent among us including infants, (born & unborn), the elderly and the disabled. The incumbent voted against a requirement to provide medical assistance to abortion survivors and supports abortion even after the baby has achieved viability outside the mother’s womb.

Religous Freedom

One of the central pillars on which our nation was founded was the freedom to express one’s faith without government interference, coercion or suppression. Jim will vigilantly protect that right against those who might wish to violate it. Jim’s opponent has remained silent on this issue.

The 2nd Amendment

The right to bear arms is embedded in the Constitution. Jim, who has received an "A" rating from the NRA, will fight to protect the right of law-abiding citizens to keep and bear arms. He will also support legislation to allow members of our armed forces to exercise their 2nd Amendment rights while on military bases. The incumbent opposes this commonsense policy.

Fiscal Responsibility

Southern Minnesotans embrace hard work and living within their means. Their Representative should embrace those values as well. In the time our current congressman has been in office, our national debt has increased by over $10,000,000,000,000.

National Defense

Border Security

Secure our borders through physical and technological barriers so we know who is coming into our country every day. Our current Congressman continues to support open borders sanctuary cities.

A Strong Military

Provide our military with the equipment and technology it needs in order to fight, if need be, the wars of the 21st Century without engaging in nation building.

The Iran Nuclear Agreement

Reverse the disastrous Iran agreement which allows Iran to receive $150 billion to fund terrorist activities and to self-verify its adherence to the agreement. The incumbent voted in favor of this disastrous agreement

Asylum & Refugee Programs

Suspend our participation in U.N. and U.S. sponsored asylum and refugee programs until proper screening for Islamic extremists can be conducted. My opponent not only supports these programs, he favors closing the Guantanamo Bay terrorist facility and relocating the terrorists to Rochester.

Weapons on Military Bases

Allow the men & women who defend our nation against terrorism to exercise their 2nd Amendment right to carry weapons on military bases so that they can defend themselves against terrorism where they work and live. The incumbent favors leaving our men & women in uniform defenseless against such attacks.[29]

”
—Hagedorn for Congress[31]


Social media

Twitter accounts

Facebook accounts

Click the icons below to visit the candidates' Facebook pages.

Democratic Party Dan Feehan Facebook

Republican Party Jim Hagedorn Facebook

Democratic district won by Donald Trump

See also: U.S. House districts represented by a Democrat and won by Donald Trump in 2016 and Split-ticket districts in the 2016 presidential and U.S. House elections

This district was one of 13 Democratic-held U.S. House districts that Donald Trump (R) won in the 2016 presidential election.[32] Some were expected to be among the House's most competitive elections in 2018.


2018 election results in Democratic-held U.S. House districts won by Donald Trump in 2016
District Incumbent 2018 winner 2018 margin 2016 presidential margin 2012 presidential margin
Arizona's 1st Democratic Party Tom O'Halleran Democratic Party Tom O'Halleran D+7.7 Trump+1.1 Romney+2.5
Iowa's 2nd Democratic Party Dave Loebsack Democratic Party Dave Loebsack D+12.2 Trump+4.1 Obama+13.1
Illinois' 17th Democratic Party Cheri Bustos Democratic Party Cheri Bustos D+23.6 Trump+0.7 Obama+17.0
Minnesota's 1st Democratic Party Tim Walz Republican Party Jim Hagedorn R+0.4 Trump+14.9 Obama+1.4
Minnesota's 7th Democratic Party Collin Peterson Democratic Party Collin Peterson D+4.3 Trump+30.8 Romney+9.8
Minnesota's 8th Democratic Party Rick Nolan Republican Party Pete Stauber R+5.5 Trump+15.6 Obama+5.5
New Hampshire's 1st Democratic Party Carol Shea-Porter Democratic Party Chris Pappas D+11.7 Trump+1.6 Obama+1.6
New Jersey's 5th Democratic Party Josh Gottheimer Democratic Party Josh Gottheimer D+11.7 Trump+1.1 Romney+3.1
Nevada's 3rd Democratic Party Jacky Rosen Democratic Party Susie Lee D+9.1 Trump+1.0 Obama+0.8
New York's 18th Democratic Party Sean Patrick Maloney Democratic Party Sean Patrick Maloney D+10.2 Trump+1.9 Obama+4.3
Pennsylvania's 8th Democratic Party Matt Cartwright[33] Democratic Party Matt Cartwright D+9.2 Trump+9.6 Obama+11.9
Pennsylvania's 14th Democratic Party Conor Lamb[34] Republican Party Guy Reschenthaler R+15.9 Trump+29.0 Romney+17.7
Wisconsin's 3rd Democratic Party Ron Kind Democratic Party Ron Kind D+19.4 Trump+4.5 Obama+11.0


Click here to see the 25 Republican-held U.S. House districts that Hillary Clinton (D) won.

Click here to see an overview of all split-ticket districts in the 2016 presidential and U.S. House elections.

Pivot Counties

See also: Pivot Counties by state

Nineteen of 87 Minnesota counties—21.8 percent—are Pivot Counties. Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.

Counties won by Trump in 2016 and Obama in 2012 and 2008
County Trump margin of victory in 2016 Obama margin of victory in 2012 Obama margin of victory in 2008
Beltrami County, Minnesota 9.72% 9.89% 10.15%
Blue Earth County, Minnesota 3.69% 9.48% 12.95%
Chippewa County, Minnesota 28.70% 1.87% 5.87%
Clay County, Minnesota 1.95% 7.92% 16.02%
Fillmore County, Minnesota 21.70% 7.34% 8.26%
Freeborn County, Minnesota 17.24% 14.11% 17.13%
Houston County, Minnesota 13.87% 3.16% 10.69%
Itasca County, Minnesota 16.35% 9.83% 12.92%
Kittson County, Minnesota 22.05% 6.03% 18.54%
Koochiching County, Minnesota 19.85% 9.45% 10.10%
Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota 25.60% 0.90% 5.92%
Mahnomen County, Minnesota 2.92% 18.56% 25.31%
Mower County, Minnesota 7.82% 22.61% 23.61%
Nicollet County, Minnesota 3.04% 7.83% 10.52%
Norman County, Minnesota 13.34% 10.79% 26.94%
Rice County, Minnesota 3.06% 8.27% 11.50%
Swift County, Minnesota 25.57% 9.83% 13.79%
Traverse County, Minnesota 23.30% 4.44% 5.41%
Winona County, Minnesota 2.90% 12.85% 19.09%

In the 2016 presidential election, Hillary Clinton (D) won Minnesota with 46.4 percent of the vote. Donald Trump (R) received 44.9 percent. In presidential elections between 1860 and 2016, Minnesota voted Republican 50 percent of the time and Democratic 47.5 percent of the time. In the five presidential elections between 2000 and 2016, Minnesota voted Democratic all five times.[35]

Presidential results by legislative district

The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state House districts in Minnesota. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[36][37]

In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won 68 out of 134 state House districts in Minnesota with an average margin of victory of 27.6 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won 62 out of 134 state House districts in Minnesota with an average margin of victory of 30.4 points. Clinton won 12 districts controlled by Republicans heading into the 2018 elections.
In 2012, Mitt Romney (R) won 66 out of 134 state House districts in Minnesota with an average margin of victory of 12.3 points. In 2016, Donald Trump (R) won 72 out of 134 state House districts in Minnesota with an average margin of victory of 23.8 points. Trump won seven districts controlled by Democrats heading into the 2018 elections.


District history

2016

See also: Minnesota's 1st Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Democratic. Incumbent Tim Walz (D) narrowly defeated Jim Hagedorn (R) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Walz faced no primary challenger, while Hagedorn defeated Steve Williams in the Republican primary on August 9, 2016.[38][39]

U.S. House, Minnesota District 1 General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngTim Walz Incumbent 50.3% 169,074
     Republican Jim Hagedorn 49.6% 166,526
     N/A Write-in 0.1% 277
Total Votes 335,877
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State


U.S. House, Minnesota District 1 Republican Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngJim Hagedorn 76.5% 10,851
Steve Williams 23.5% 3,330
Total Votes 14,181
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

2014

See also: Minnesota's 1st Congressional District elections, 2014

The 1st Congressional District of Minnesota held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. Tim Walz (D) defeated Jim Hagedorn (R) in the general election.

U.S. House, Minnesota District 1 General Election, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngTim Walz Incumbent 54.2% 122,851
     Republican Jim Hagedorn 45.7% 103,536
     N/A Write-in 0.1% 308
Total Votes 226,695
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

State overview

Partisan control

This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Minnesota heading into the 2018 elections.

Congressional delegation

State executives

State legislature

  • Republicans had a 77-56 majority in the state House. The state Senate was tied, with 33 Republicans and 33 Democrats.

Trifecta status

  • Minnesota was under divided government, meaning that the two parties shared control of the state government. Mark Dayton (D) served as governor, while Republicans controlled the state legislature.

2018 elections

See also: Minnesota elections, 2018

Minnesota held elections for the following positions in 2018:

Demographics

Demographic data for Minnesota
 MinnesotaU.S.
Total population:5,482,435316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):79,6273,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:84.8%73.6%
Black/African American:5.5%12.6%
Asian:4.4%5.1%
Native American:1%0.8%
Pacific Islander:0%0.2%
Two or more:2.7%3%
Hispanic/Latino:5%17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:92.4%86.7%
College graduation rate:33.7%29.8%
Income
Median household income:$61,492$53,889
Persons below poverty level:12.2%11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Minnesota.
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

As of July 2016, Minnesota's three largest cities were Minneapolis (pop. est. 422,000), St. Paul (pop. est. 307,000), and Rochester (pop. est. 116,000).[40]

State election history

This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Minnesota from 2000 to 2016. All data comes from the Minnesota Secretary of State.

Historical elections

Presidential elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Minnesota every year from 2000 to 2016.

Election results (President of the United States), Minnesota 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2016 Democratic Party Hillary Clinton 46.4% Republican Party Donald Trump 44.9% 1.5%
2012 Democratic Party Barack Obama 52.7% Republican Party Mitt Romney 45.0% 7.7%
2008 Democratic Party Barack Obama 54.1% Republican Party John McCain 43.8% 10.3%
2004 Democratic Party John Kerry 51.1% Republican Party George W. Bush 47.6% 3.5%
2000 Democratic Party Al Gore 47.9% Republican Party George W. Bush 45.5% 2.4%

U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Minnesota from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.

Election results (U.S. Senator), Minnesota 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2014 Democratic Party Al Franken 53.2% Republican Party Mike McFadden 42.9% 10.3%
2012 Democratic Party Amy Klobuchar 65.2% Republican Party Kurt Bills 30.5% 34.7%
2008 Democratic Party Al Franken 41.99% Republican Party Norm Coleman 41.98% 0.01%
2006 Democratic Party Amy Klobuchar 58.1% Republican Party Mark Kennedy 37.9% 20.2%
2002 Republican Party Norm Coleman 49.5% Democratic Party Walter Mondale 47.3% 2.2%
2000 Democratic Party Mark Dayton 48.8% Republican Party Rod Grams 43.3% 5.5%

Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2016. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Minnesota.

Election results (Governor), Minnesota 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2014 Democratic Party Mark Dayton 50.1% Republican Party Jeff Johnson 44.5% 5.6%
2010 Democratic Party Mark Dayton 43.6% Republican Party Tom Emmer 43.2% 0.4%
2006 Republican Party Tim Pawlenty 46.7% Democratic Party Mike Hatch 45.7% 1.0%
2002 Republican Party Tim Pawlenty 44.4% Democratic Party Roger Moe 36.5% 7.9%

Congressional delegation, 2000-2016

This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Minnesota in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.

Congressional delegation, Minnesota 2000-2016
Year Republicans Republicans (%) Democrats Democrats (%) Balance of power
2016 Republican Party 3 37.5% Democratic Party 5 62.5% D+2
2014 Republican Party 3 37.5% Democratic Party 5 62.5% D+2
2012 Republican Party 3 37.5% Democratic Party 5 62.5% D+2
2010 Republican Party 4 50.0% Democratic Party 4 50.0% Even
2008 Republican Party 3 37.5% Democratic Party 5 62.5% D+2
2006 Republican Party 3 37.5% Democratic Party 5 62.5% D+2
2004 Republican Party 4 50.0% Democratic Party 4 50.0% Even
2002 Republican Party 4 50.0% Democratic Party 4 50.0% Even
2000 Republican Party 3 37.5% Democratic Party 5 62.5% D+2

Trifectas, 1992-2017

A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.

Minnesota Party Control: 1992-2024
Four years of Democratic trifectas  •  No Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Governor R R R R R R R I I I I R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
Senate D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D R R D D D D R R R R R R D D
House D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R D D D D R R D D R R R R D D D D D D


See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Post Bulletin, "Democrat Walz to run for governor," March 27, 2017
  2. ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for the 2016 and 2012 elections," accessed November 19, 2017
  3. ↑ DCCC, "Red to Blue," accessed October 7, 2018
  4. ↑ GOP, "Young Guns 2018," accessed October 5, 2018
  5. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Counties by Congressional Districts," accessed June 8, 2016
  6. ↑ Dan Feehan, "Meet Dan," accessed September 20, 2018
  7. ↑ YouTube, "Dan Feehan – Independent," September 11, 2018
  8. ↑ Post Bulletin, "Dan Feehan talks health care, impeachment, NFL," August 23, 2018
  9. ↑ YouTube, "Dan Feehan – Anywhere," August 28, 2018
  10. ↑ Dan Feehan, "Healthcare," accessed September 20, 2018
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Jim Hagedorn, "About," accessed September 20, 2018
  12. ↑ YouTube, "Take a Stand," July 23, 2018
  13. ↑ Minnesota Public Radio, "Minnesota's 1st District will be watched closely, nationally," August 15, 2018
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 CBS Minnesota, "Jim Hagedorn: 2018 Election Guide (Video)," July 24, 2018
  15. ↑ YouTube, "Jim Hagedorn – Where We're From," July 30, 2018
  16. ↑ Grand Forks Herald, "Two rural Minnesota congressional races could turn on Trump policies," September 30, 2018
  17. ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed September 22, 2015
  18. ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed September 22, 2015
  19. ↑ National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," November 6, 2015
  20. ↑ Daily Kos, "Morning Digest: National GOP uses ill-gotten security application to smear Virginia Democrat," September 7, 2018
  21. ↑ Daily Kos, "Morning Digest: GOP gets stuck with indicted congressman in New York, giving Democrats an opening," September 18, 2018
  22. ↑ Inside Elections also uses Tilt ratings to indicate an even smaller advantage and greater competitiveness.
  23. ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
  24. ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
  25. ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
  26. ↑ Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 7, 2017
  27. ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "Election Update: The Most (And Least) Elastic States And Districts," September 6, 2018
  28. ↑ Post Bulletin, "Hagedorn, Feehan clash in second debate," October 10, 2018
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  30. ↑ Feehan for Congress, "Issues," accessed September 19, 2018
  31. ↑ Hagedorn for Congress, "Issues," accessed September 19, 2018
  32. ↑ This figure includes Pennsylvania districts that were redrawn by the state Supreme Court in early 2018 and districts that flipped in special elections.
  33. ↑ The new 8th district was created in early 2018 due to court-ordered redistricting and most closely resembles the old 17th District held by Cartwright. Click here to read more.
  34. ↑ The new 14th district was created in early 2018 due to court-ordered redistricting and most closely resembles the old 18th District Lamb won in a March 2018 special election. Tim Murphy (R) won the old 18th District in the 2016 election. Click here to read more.
  35. ↑ 270towin.com, "Minnesota," accessed June 29, 2017
  36. ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
  37. ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017
  38. ↑ Minnesota Secretary of State, "Candidate Filings," accessed June 1, 2016
  39. ↑ Politico, "Minnesota House Primaries Results," August 9, 2016
  40. ↑ Minnesota Demographics, "Minnesota Cities by Population," accessed September 4, 2018
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