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New Jersey Dedication of All Gas Tax Revenue to Transportation, Public Question 2 (2016)

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New Jersey Public Question 2
Flag of New Jersey.png
Election date
November 8, 2016
Topic
State and local government budgets, spending and finance
Status
Approveda Approved
Type
Constitutional amendment		Origin
State legislature
2016 measures
Seal of New Jersey.png
November 8
Public Question 1 Defeatedd
Public Question 2 Approveda
Polls
Voter guides
Campaign finance
Signature costs

The New Jersey Dedication of All Gas Tax Revenue to Transportation Amendment, also known as Public Question 2, was on the November 8, 2016, ballot in New Jersey as a legislatively referred constitutional amendment. It was approved.

A "yes" vote supported this proposal to dedicate all revenue from gas taxes to transportation projects.
A "no" vote opposed this proposal to dedicate all revenue from gas taxes to transportation projects.

Election results

Public Question 2
ResultVotesPercentage
Approveda Yes 1,660,021 54.51%
No1,385,32145.49%
Election results from New Jersey Department of State

Overview

Amendment design

Question 2 established a constitutional requirement that all revenue derived from taxes on motor fuels be deposited into the Transportation Trust Fund (TTF).[1] Prior to its passage, only 10.5 cents of the gasoline and diesel fuel taxes was required to be deposited into the TTF.

Transportation Trust Fund

Question 2 required all revenue from tax revenues on motor fuels to be deposited into the Transportation Trust Fund (TTF). The TTF was designed to fund the Department of Transportation and NJ Transit, which then use the revenue for transportation-related projects.[2]

Question 2 and the gas tax

Question 2 was intended to complement a gas tax increase. The amendment itself did not increase the gas tax.[3][4] On September 30, 2016, Gov. Christie (R) and the Democratic-controlled state legislature agreed to increase the gas tax 23 cents per gallon. As part of the agreement, the estate tax was eliminated, the Earned Income Tax Credit was increased, a tax deduction for veterans was created, and the state sales tax was reduced from 7 to 6.625 percent in 2018.[5] Question 2 would guarantee that revenue from the additional 23 cents gas tax and the existing 10.5 cents gas tax go to the Transportation Trust Fund.[6] Gov. Christie signed the gas tax into law on October 14, 2016.[7]

Question 2 and transportation bonds

Gov. Christie signed Assembly Bill 10 on October 14, 2016. One provision of the bill authorized up to $12 billion in bonds for transportation projects upon voter approval of Question 2.[8] If Question 2 was rejected, then the $12 billion would not have been authorized.[9]

Text of measure

Ballot title

The ballot title was as follows:[1]

“ Do you approve amending the Constitution to dedicate all revenue from the State motor fuels tax and petroleum products gross receipts tax to the Transportation Trust Fund?

This amendment would provide that an additional three cents of the current motor fuels tax on diesel fuel, which is not dedicated for transportation purposes, be dedicated to the Transportation Trust Fund. In doing so, the entire State tax on diesel fuel would be used for transportation purposes. The entire State tax on gasoline is currently dedicated to the Transportation Trust Fund and used for transportation purposes.

The amendment would also provide that all of the revenue from the current State tax on petroleum products gross receipts be dedicated to the Transportation Trust Fund. In doing so, the entire State tax on petroleum products gross receipts would be used for transportation purposes.

This amendment does not change the current tax on motor fuels or petroleum products gross receipts.[10]

”

Interpretive statement

The interpretive statement was as follows:[11]

“

This amendment would dedicate all of the revenue from the State tax on motor fuels to the Transportation Trust Fund. The current dedication is 10.5 cents per gallon on gasoline and diesel fuel. The amendment would include an additional three cents of the tax on diesel fuel that is not currently dedicated. The total revenue from the tax on motor fuels this fiscal year is estimated to be $541 million.

The amendment also dedicates all of the revenue from the tax on gross receipts of the sale of petroleum products to the Transportation Trust Fund. The current minimum dedication is $200 million per year. This fiscal year, the revenue from the tax on gross receipts of the sale of petroleum products is estimated to be $215 million.

The amendment does not change the current tax on motor fuels or petroleum products gross receipts. The dedication to the Transportation Trust Fund ensures that the revenue is only used for transportation purposes.[10]

”

Amendment summary

The amendment summary was as follows:[1]

This constitutional amendment dedicates all of the revenue from the motor fuels tax (gas tax) and the tax on the gross receipts of the sale of petroleum products (petroleum products tax) to the Transportation Trust Fund (trust fund).

The proposed constitutional dedication from the gas tax is equal to all of the revenues from the gas tax. In State fiscal year 2016, it is anticipated that the current gas tax will generate $541 million which is the amount generated by 10.5 cents per gallon on the sale of unleaded gasoline and 13.5 cents on the sale of diesel fuel. The current minimum dedication is 10.5 cents per gallon on the sale of unleaded gasoline and diesel fuel. This amendment dedicates the three cents of the existing motor fuels tax on diesel fuel that is not already dedicated.

Under the amendment, the constitutional dedication from the petroleum products tax is equal to all of the revenues from the tax on the gross receipts of the sale of petroleum products. The current constitutional dedication from the tax on the gross receipts of petroleum products is a minimum of $200 million per year. In State fiscal year 2016, it is anticipated that the current petroleum products tax will generate $215 million.

The amendment does not change the current gas tax or petroleum products tax. Constitutionally dedicating revenues from the gas tax and petroleum products tax to the trust fund ensures that the revenue is only used for transportation purposes.

Constitutional changes

See also: Article VIII, New Jersey Constitution

Question 2 amended Paragraph 4 of Section II of Article VIII of the New Jersey Constitution. The following struck-through text was deleted and the underlined text was added:[1] Note: Hover over the text and scroll to see the full text.

Section 2, Article VIII

4. There shall be credited to a special account in the General Fund:

(a) for each State fiscal year commencing on and after July 1, 2007 through the State fiscal year commencing on July 1, 2015 an amount equivalent to the revenue derived from $0.105 per gallon from the tax imposed on the sale of motor fuels pursuant to chapter 39 of Title 54 of the Revised Statutes, and for each State fiscal year thereafter, an amount equivalent to all revenue derived from the collection of the tax imposed on the sale of motor fuels pursuant to chapter 39 of Title 54 of the Revised Statutes or any other subsequent law of similar effect;

(b) for the State fiscal year 2001 an amount not less than $100,000,000 derived from the State revenues collected from the tax on the gross receipts of the sale of petroleum products imposed pursuant to P.L.1990, c.42 (C.54:15B-1 et seq.) as amended and supplemented, or any other subsequent law of similar effect, and for each State fiscal year thereafter from State fiscal year 2002 through State fiscal year 2016 an amount not less than $200,000,000 derived from those revenues, and for each State fiscal year thereafter, an amount equivalent to all revenue derived from the collection of the tax on the gross receipts of the sale of petroleum products imposed pursuant to P.L.1990, c.42 (C.54:15B-1 et seq.) as amended and supplemented, or any other subsequent law of similar effect; and

(c) for the State fiscal year 2002 an amount not less than $80,000,000 from the State revenue collected from the State tax imposed under the "Sales and Use Tax Act," pursuant to P.L.1966, c.30 (C.54:32B-1 et seq.), as amended and supplemented, or any other subsequent law of similar effect, for the State fiscal year 2003 an amount not less than $140,000,000 from those revenues, and for each State fiscal year thereafter an amount not less than $200,000,000 from those revenues; provided, however, the dedication and use of such revenues as provided in this paragraph shall be subject and subordinate to (a) all appropriations of revenues from such taxes made by laws enacted on or before December 7, 2006 in accordance with Article VIII, Section II, paragraph 3 of the State Constitution in order to provide the ways and means to pay the principal and interest on bonds of the State presently outstanding or authorized to be issued under such laws or (b) any other use of those revenues enacted into law on or before December 7, 2006. These amounts shall be appropriated from time to time by the Legislature, only for the purposes of paying or financing the cost of planning, acquisition, engineering, construction, reconstruction, repair and rehabilitation of the transportation system in this State and it shall not be competent for the Legislature to borrow, appropriate or use these amounts or any part thereof for any other purpose, under any pretense whatever.[10]

Support

Forward NJ logo 2016.png

Forward New Jersey led the campaign in support of Question 2.[12]

Supporters

Officials

Organizations

Arguments

Road to Repair, the organization involved in the support campaign, argued:[19]

NJ Question 2 Road to Repair logo.png
“ It is imperative that New Jersey voters vote “Yes” on Question 2 this November 8th. This ballot initiative ensures all revenue from the gas tax will be constitutionally dedicated to the Transportation Trust Fund, allowing the state to finally get to work on rebuilding New Jersey’s crumbling roads and bridges.

The successful passage of Question 2 will prevent Trenton from misusing funds meant for transportation infrastructure and provide a sustainable and steady source of funding for our infrastructure so that Trenton will no longer be forced to borrow money for the TTF, which was the reason the fund went bankrupt this past summer, resulting in the $3.5 billion transportation shutdown.

If Question 2 does not pass, the future of New Jersey’s transportation system will be thrown back into limbo, and politicians in Trenton will continue piling up crushing debt.

Given that New Jersey has the 8th worst bridges in the nation and road conditions that cost the average motorist more than $2,600 a year in operating costs, this dedicated source of funding will provide a much-needed safety and economic boost for New Jerseyans across the state.

Improved infrastructure means less congestion and traffic for New Jersey commuters and improved efficiency for businesses. Voting “Yes” on Question 2 will also require the out-of-staters who use New Jersey’s roads every day to finally pay their fair share when they fill-up in New Jersey.[10]

”

Cathleen Lewis, Director of Public and Government Affairs for AAA Northeast, stated:[16]

“ It’s clear that the public no longer has any confidence that tax dollars are getting to their intended purposes. That's why we see such strong support for a constitutional dedication for the gas tax. Restoring that confidence is why Public Question 2 is so important. …

Public question 2 is not about how much we should be investing, but making sure the investment is dedicated to addressing motorists' needs — safe, reliable and efficient infrastructure.[10]

”

Other arguments in support of the measure included:

  • Rep. Vincent Prieto (D-32) stated, "Taxpayers must be confident every cent raised by these taxes goes to the right purpose – rebuilding and maintaining our roads and bridges. … New Jersey needs a modern and safe transportation network for its economic survival, but years of foolish borrowing leave our state teetering on the brink of an economic disaster.”[20]
  • Sen. Steve Oroho (R-24) argued, “Creating the right tax structure to pay for our road and bridge infrastructure, combined with tax cuts to help make New Jersey more competitive and retain income and capital, will provide tens of billions in tax relief over the next 25 years.”[14]

Campaign advertisements

The following campaign advertisement was produced by Road to Repair:

Position of Americans for Prosperity

Americans for Prosperity endorsed Question 2. However, the organization opposed the gas tax hike signed into law to provide additional revenue for the constitutional Transportation Trust Fund.[21] Erica Jedynak, Director of Americans for Prosperity New Jersey, said:[17]

“ Americans for Prosperity supports the ballot measure and constitutionally dedicating the remaining revenues collected from the tax on diesel and the petro tax to the transportation fund. At the same time, AFP wants voters to be clear that this referendum does not authorize a gas tax increase, nor does it in any way resolve the transportation challenges the state is facing. The remaining revenue from these two taxes amounts to less than $30 million, a mere fraction of the $1.2 billion collected for the TTF last year. Americans for Prosperity is steadfast in our opposition to a gas tax hike. We continue to urge lawmakers to pursue reforms to rein in wasteful spending and to ensure our transportation dollars are used solely for our roads and bridges.[10] ”

Opposition

Sen. Christopher J. Connors (R-9) was the sole legislator to vote against placing Question 2 on the ballot in the New Jersey Legislature.[22]

Opponents

Arguments


Bill Spadea, an opponent of Question 2, arguing against the amendment

Bill Spadea, a news media host, businessman, and former Republican candidate, called on voters to reject Question 2. He argued:[24]

“ If you vote YES on the question, Governor Christie and Steve Sweeney will be able to borrow billions and spend the TTF money on the projects agreed to in the back room, like the light rail projects which advocates pretended didn’t exist. Additionally, with the latest tax bill the pension is still underfunded because the politicians created a ONE BILLION dollar hole in the budget almost overnight.

How about forcing these corrupt Trenton insiders to allocate budget money from existing taxes and the new one they saddled us with to fund critical infrastructure projects and pension funding… without borrowing billions more that will be the justification for higher taxes down the road?

Bottom line is that a YES vote is exactly what Christie and the rest of the Trenton insiders want. Give ’em a strong NO and tell ’em you are sick and tired of the corrupt backroom deals that have left teachers without proper funding and roads in disrepair.[10]

”

Lt. Gov. Kim Guadagno (R) argued:[25]

“ Ballot Question 2 doesn’t just create a ‘lockbox.’ Ballot Question 2 also authorizes up to $12 billion in debt. That’s right – voting ‘yes’ will lead to $12 billion in more debt. The Trenton politicians looking to spend more of your tax dollars don’t want you to know about the $12 billion in debt they want you to approve.[10] ”

Background

Voting on state and local government budgets, spending, and finance
State finance.jpg
Policy
Budget policy
Ballot measures
By state
By year
Not on ballot

Other state measures

See also: State and local government budgets, spending and finance on the ballot and Transportation on the ballot

In 2014, voters in Maryland and Wisconsin decided on transportation fund "lockbox" measures with identical official designations. Maryland's Question 1 established a transportation fund defined by the state constitution, required that fund revenue only be used for transportation-related projects, and stipulated that the revenue not be transferred (with certain exceptions). Wisconsin's Question 1 required that transportation-related revenue could only be used for projects under the purview of the Wisconsin Department of Transportation. Both measures were approved.

In 2010, California voters approved Proposition 22, a lockbox measure that prohibited state government from raiding existing funds allocated to local government, public safety, and transportation. Legislators in Connecticut considered a proposal for a lockbox amendment during the 2016 legislative session, but the bill did not pass out of committee by the end of the session.[26]

The following table illustrates the outcome of each transportation lockbox amendment:

State Initiative Year Percent “Yes” Percent “No”
California Proposition 22 2010 60.62% 39.38%
Maryland Question 1 2014 81.65% 18.35%
Wisconsin Question 1 2014 79.94% 20.06%
Average 74.07% 25.93%

Media editorials

Support

  • Jersey Journal said, "Since roads in our port county take a beating from trucking, a yes vote would give us at least some solace knowing that 100 percent of the taxes are mandated to go to transportation projects."[27]
  • The Star-Ledger said, "This doesn't mean every spending program should have its own funding source enshrined in the state constitution – we'd have thousands of amendments if that were the case. The gas tax is a notable exception, because transportation is the foundation of our state economy: If it fails, we fail. And judging by the condition of our roads, we're already in a ditch."[28]

Polls

See also: 2016 ballot measure polls
  • In June 2016, Fairleigh Dickinson University and PublicMind surveyed registered voters and found 51 percent of respondents in support of Question 2.[29]
  • Stockton University surveyed 678 likely voters between October 27 and November 2, 2016, on Question 1. Support among respondents was 63 percent.[30]
New Jersey Question 2 (2016)
Poll Support OpposeUndecidedMargin of errorSample size
Stockton University Poll
10/27/2016 - 11/2/2016		 63.0%33.0%4.0%+/-3.75678
Fairleigh Dickinson University/PublicMind
6/22/2016 - 6/26/2016		 51.0%34.0%15.0%+/-3.8712
AVERAGES 57% 33.5% 9.5% +/-3.78 695
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.

Campaign finance

See also: Campaign finance requirements for New Jersey ballot measures

As of January 16, 2017, one ballot measure committee, Forward New Jersey, and one independent expenditures committee, the Engineers Labor-Employer Cooperative, registered to support Question 2.[31][32]

Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions Cash Expenditures Total Expenditures
Support $1,006,000.00 $0.00 $1,006,000.00 $2,374,325.18 $2,374,325.18
Oppose $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00
Total $1,006,000.00 $0.00 $1,006,000.00 $2,374,325.18 $2,374,325.18

Support

The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committees in support of the measure.[31]

Committees in support of Question 2
Committee Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions Cash Expenditures Total Expenditures
Forward New Jersey $1,006,000.00 $0.00 $1,006,000.00 $1,001,049.16 $1,001,049.16
Engineers Labor-Employer Cooperative $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $1,373,276.02 $1,373,276.02
Total $1,006,000.00 $0.00 $1,006,000.00 $2,374,325.18 $2,374,325.18

Donors

The following were the top donors to the committee.[31]

Donor Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions
UCIAF $200,000.00 $0.00 $200,000.00
Building the Future Foundation $100,000.00 $0.00 $100,000.00
NJ Engineers Labor-Employer Cooperative $100,000.00 $0.00 $100,000.00
NJ Laborers PAC $100,000.00 $0.00 $100,000.00
New Jersey Asphalt Pavement Association $75,000.00 $0.00 $75,000.00

Path to the ballot

See also: Amending the New Jersey Constitution

Proposed constitutional amendments have two ways of achieving ballot access in New Jersey. The New Jersey Legislature can either qualify them with supermajority approval of 60 percent in one legislative session or with simple majorities in two successive sessions.

Question 2 was approved on January 11, 2016, by supermajority votes in both houses of the legislature, with 35 "yea" votes and one "nay" vote in the New Jersey Senate and unanimous approval in the House, with 75 "yea" votes and zero "nay" votes.[22]

House vote

January 11, 2016

New Jersey ACR 1 House Vote
ResultVotesPercentage
Approveda Yes 75 100.00%
No00.00%

Senate vote

January 11, 2016

New Jersey ACR 1 Senate Vote
ResultVotesPercentage
Approveda Yes 36 97.3%
No12.70%

Related measures

This type of measure is called a "lockbox" measure, which is designed to give voters the opportunity to say that funds raised for or by a certain purpose must be spent in that general area as well. The overall concept of a "lockbox" is to prevent fees and other revenue that is generated through one use from ending up in the state's general operations budget, instead ensuring that those funds are spent in a way related to how they were generated.

The following statewide "lockbox" measures qualified for the November 2016 ballot:


State profile

Demographic data for New Jersey
 New JerseyU.S.
Total population:8,935,421316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):7,3543,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:68.3%73.6%
Black/African American:13.5%12.6%
Asian:9%5.1%
Native American:0.2%0.8%
Pacific Islander:0%0.2%
Two or more:2.5%3%
Hispanic/Latino:19%17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:88.6%86.7%
College graduation rate:36.8%29.8%
Income
Median household income:$72,093$53,889
Persons below poverty level:12.7%11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in New Jersey.
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

Presidential voting pattern

See also: Presidential voting trends in New Jersey

New Jersey voted for the Democratic candidate in all seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.

Pivot Counties (2016)

Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes. Of these 206 counties, two are located in New Jersey, accounting for 0.97 percent of the total pivot counties.[33]

Pivot Counties (2020)

In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. New Jersey had one Retained Pivot County and one Boomerang Pivot County, accounting for 0.55 and 4.00 percent of all Retained and Boomerang Pivot Counties, respectively.

More New Jersey coverage on Ballotpedia

Recent news

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms New Jersey Gas Tax Amendment. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

New Jersey Dedication of All Gas Tax Revenue to Transportation, Public Question 2 (2016) - Google News

See also

External links

Basic information

Support

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 New Jersey Legislature, "ACR 1," accessed March 22, 2016
  2. ↑ New Jersey Transportation Fund Authority, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed October 13, 2016
  3. ↑ NJ Spotlight, “Explainer: Constitutional Amendment Would Lock in Gas-Tax Revenue For TTF,” July 19, 2016
  4. ↑ NJ.com, “N.J. gas tax constitutional amendment would pass, but barely,” July 11, 2016
  5. ↑ NJ.com, "N.J. raising gas tax 23 cents to end road funding crisis," September 30, 2016
  6. ↑ WNYC, "After Summer of Deadlock, New Jersey Leaders Reach Transportation Funding Deal," September 30, 2016
  7. ↑ NJ.com, "Christie signs bill raising N.J. gas tax 23 cents a gallon," October 14, 2016
  8. ↑ New Jersey Legislature, "Assembly Bill 10," October 14, 2016
  9. ↑ Asbury Park Press, "Gas tax anger blurring ballot question," November 7, 2016
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ New Jersey Elections Division, "Public Question No. 2," accessed September 8, 2016
  12. ↑ Forward New Jersey, "Homepage," accessed November 2, 2016
  13. ↑ The Observer, "Christie Announces Transportation Trust Fund Deal with Sweeney and Prieto," September 30, 2016
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 New Jersey Hills, "State question would dedicate all fuel taxes for transportation," October 12, 2016
  15. ↑ TAPinto, "Bayonne Assemblyman: Vote ‘Yes’ on Question No. 2," October 12, 2016
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 NJ.com, "Yes on 2 will prevent future diversions of our gas tax dollars," October 12, 2016
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Americans for Prosperity New Jersey, "Americans for Prosperity Advocates “Yes” Vote on Public Question 2," accessed October 13, 2016
  18. ↑ Americans for Tax Reform, "Vote Yes on New Jersey Public Question 2," October 27, 2016
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Road to Repair, "Homepage," accessed October 13, 2016
  20. ↑ Land Line Magazine, "New Jersey voters to get say on transportation revenue," September 13, 2016
  21. ↑ NJ.com, "Koch Bros. group hits Christie on lack of N.J. transportation fix," January 13, 2016
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 New Jersey Legislature, "ACR 1 History," accessed October 13, 2016
  23. ↑ NJ 101.5, "Guadagno to Spadea — ‘A vote for Question 2 is a vote for the gas tax’," October 27, 2016
  24. ↑ NJ 101.5, "Spadea on NJ ballot question: #VoteNoOnTwo," October 25, 2016
  25. ↑ The Observer, "Guadagno, Lesniak Double Down Ahead of Ballot Question 2 Vote," November 7, 2016
  26. ↑ Connecticut General Assembly, "H.J. No. 1 Session Year 2016," accessed September 15
  27. ↑ Jersey Journal, "Jersey Journal picks for offices, public questions," November 4, 2016
  28. ↑ NJ.com, "Vote Yes on Q-2, the gas tax revenue lockbox | Editorial," October 24, 2016
  29. ↑ The Washington Times, "Poll: New Jerseyans split on 2 amendments on November ballot," July 11, 2016
  30. ↑ The Observer, "Stockton New Jersey Poll: Clinton 51%, Trump 40%" November 4, 2016
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 New Jersey Campaign Financing and Lobbying Disclosure, "Searchable Campaign Finance Database," accessed January 16, 2017
  32. ↑ The Washington Times, "More cash in support of New Jersey gas tax question comes in," January 16, 2017
  33. ↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
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