New Jersey State Senate

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New Jersey State Senate
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General Information
Party control:   Democrat
Session start:[1]   January 4, 2021
Session end:[1]   January 11, 2022
Term length:   2-4-4 year system
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Commission
Salary:   $49,000/year
Members
Total:  40
Democrats:  25
Republicans:  14
Other:  0
Vacancies:  1
Leadership
President:   Stephen Sweeney (D)
Maj. Leader:   Loretta Weinberg (D)
Min. Leader:   Thomas Kean Jr. (R)
Elections
Last election:  November 7, 2017
Next election:  November 2, 2021

The New Jersey State Senate is the upper chamber of the New Jersey State Legislature. Alongside the New Jersey General Assembly, it forms the legislative branch of the New Jersey state government and works alongside the governor of New Jersey to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the New Jersey State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The New Jersey State Senate meets in the State House in Trenton, New Jersey.

  • All 40 seats in the New Jersey State Senate are up for election in 2021.
  • All 40 seats in the New Jersey State Senate were up for election in 2017. Democrats increased their majority to 25-15. Click to read more »
  • New Jersey has a Democratic state government trifecta. A trifecta exists when one political party simultaneously holds the governor’s office and majorities in both state legislative chambers. As of October 10, 2021, there are 23 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 12 divided governments where neither party holds trifecta control. In the 2020 election, Republicans had a net gain of two trifectas and two states under divided government became trifectas. Prior to that election, New Jersey had a Democratic trifecta. There were 21 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 14 divided governments.

    • This page contains the following information on the New Jersey State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the New Jersey State Senate as of October 2021:

    Party As of October 2021
         Democratic Party 25
         Republican Party 14
         Vacancies 1
    Total 40

    Members

    Leadership

    At the organizational meeting, the Senate elects a president, president pro tempore, and secretary, with each requiring 21 or more votes for approval. The Senate then appoints by resolution the other officers.[2][3]

    Current leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    New Jersey State Senate District 1 Mike Testa Jr. Republican December 5, 2019
    New Jersey State Senate District 2 Vacant
    New Jersey State Senate District 3 Stephen Sweeney Democratic 2004
    New Jersey State Senate District 4 Fred Madden Democratic 2004
    New Jersey State Senate District 5 Nilsa Cruz-Perez Democratic 2014
    New Jersey State Senate District 6 James Beach Democratic 2009
    New Jersey State Senate District 7 Troy Singleton Democratic 2018
    New Jersey State Senate District 8 Dawn Addiego Democratic 2010
    New Jersey State Senate District 9 Christopher Connors Republican 2008
    New Jersey State Senate District 10 James Holzapfel Republican 2012
    New Jersey State Senate District 11 Vin Gopal Democratic 2018
    New Jersey State Senate District 12 Samuel Thompson Republican 2012
    New Jersey State Senate District 13 Declan O'Scanlon Jr. Republican 2018
    New Jersey State Senate District 14 Linda Greenstein Democratic 2011
    New Jersey State Senate District 15 Shirley Turner Democratic 1998
    New Jersey State Senate District 16 Christopher Bateman Republican 2008
    New Jersey State Senate District 17 Bob Smith Democratic 2002
    New Jersey State Senate District 18 Patrick Diegnan Jr. Democratic 2017
    New Jersey State Senate District 19 Joseph Vitale Democratic 1998
    New Jersey State Senate District 20 Joseph Cryan Democratic 2018
    New Jersey State Senate District 21 Thomas Kean Jr. Republican 2003
    New Jersey State Senate District 22 Nicholas Scutari Democratic 2004
    New Jersey State Senate District 23 Michael Doherty Republican 2010
    New Jersey State Senate District 24 Steven Oroho Republican 2008
    New Jersey State Senate District 25 Anthony M. Bucco Republican October 24, 2019
    New Jersey State Senate District 26 Joseph Pennacchio Republican 2008
    New Jersey State Senate District 27 Richard Codey Democratic 1982
    New Jersey State Senate District 28 Ronald Rice Democratic 1986
    New Jersey State Senate District 29 Teresa Ruiz Democratic 2008
    New Jersey State Senate District 30 Robert Singer Republican 1994
    New Jersey State Senate District 31 Sandra Cunningham Democratic 2007
    New Jersey State Senate District 32 Nicholas Sacco Democratic 1994
    New Jersey State Senate District 33 Brian Stack Democratic 2008
    New Jersey State Senate District 34 Nia Gill Democratic 2002
    New Jersey State Senate District 35 Nellie Pou Democratic 2012
    New Jersey State Senate District 36 Paul Sarlo Democratic 2003
    New Jersey State Senate District 37 Loretta Weinberg Democratic 2006
    New Jersey State Senate District 38 Joseph Lagana Democratic April 15, 2018
    New Jersey State Senate District 39 Holly Schepisi Republican March 25, 2021
    New Jersey State Senate District 40 Kristin Corrado Republican 2017


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislators
    SalaryPer diem
    $49,000/yearNo per diem is paid.

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    New Jersey legislators assume office at noon on the second Tuesday in January following the election.[4]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    In order to be a candidate to run for the New Jersey State Senate, a candidate must:[5]

    • Be a citizen of the United States
    • Be 30 years of age or older.
    • Reside in the state for a minimum of four years prior to the general election.
    • Reside in the legislative district for two years prior to the general election.

    Historical party control

    Between 1991 and 2017, partisan control of the New Jersey State Senate shifted from a Republican to a Democratic majority. Republicans went from having a 14-seat advantage following the 1991 elections to being at a 10-seat disadvantage after the 2017 elections. The table below shows the partisan history of the New Jersey State Senate following every general election from 1991 to 2017. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    New Jersey State Senate Party Control: 1991-2017

    Party 91 93 97 01 03 07 11 13 17
    Democrats 13 16 16 20 22 23 24 24 25
    Republicans 27 24 24 20 18 17 16 16 15

    From 1991 to 2001, Republicans held majorities in the chamber, the largest following the 1991 election when Republicans held a 14-seat advantage. In elections between 1993 and 2001, the Republican majority in the state Senate stayed at 24-16 until the 2001 election when the chamber became tied at 20-20. It was the first legislative tie in the state since 1919.[6] Because of the split chamber, co-presidents John Bennett (R) and Richard Codey (D) ran the Senate from 2002 to 2003.

    Democrats took control of the New Jersey State Senate in the 2003 elections. Democrats picked up two seats in that election and won a 22-18 majority. Between 2003 and 2017, Democrats held their largest majority following the 2017 elections when they held a 10-seat advantage. Despite the national trend toward Republican state legislatures during the presidency of Barack Obama (D), the New Jersey State Senate was resistant to that trend. Democrats never fell below 24 seats during Obama's presidency. From 2009 to 2017, Democrats experienced losses in state legislative elections, totaling 968 seats all together.

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2021, New Jersey was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: 2004-2009, 2018-2021
    • Republican trifecta: 1994-2001
    • Divided government: 1992-1993, 2002-2003, 2010-2017

    New Jersey Party Control: 1992-2021
    Ten years of Democratic trifectas  •  Eight years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
    Governor D D R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R D D D D
    Senate R R R R R R R R R R S S D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
    Assembly R R R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

    Elections

    Elections by year

    New Jersey's state senators are not subject to term limits. They serve four-year terms, except in the first term of a new decade, which only lasts for two years. New Jersey holds elections for its legislature in odd years.

    Four states, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey and Virginia hold their state legislative elections in odd-numbered years. New Jersey began holding elections in odd-numbered years when the state adopted a new constitution in 1947. Prior to the new constitution, members of the Assembly were elected to one-year terms, members of the Senate to three-year terms and governors to three-year terms. The new constitution changed the term structure to include two years for representatives and four-year terms for senators and governors. Because the constitution was adopted in an odd-numbered year, elections were also held in odd-numbered years and have continued in such a manner to this day.[7]

    2021

    See also: New Jersey State Senate elections, 2021

    Elections for the New Jersey State Senate are taking place in 2021. The primary was on June 8, 2021, and the general election is on November 2. The filing deadline for candidates was April 5, 2021.[8]

    2017

    See also: New Jersey State Senate elections, 2017

    Elections for the New Jersey State Senate took place in 2017. All 40 seats were up for election. The general election took place on November 7, 2017. A primary election took place on June 6, 2017. The filing deadline for the primary election was April 3, 2017.[9][10]

    Heading into the election, Democrats held a 24-16 majority. Democrats gained one seat in the election and increased their majority to 25-15.

    New Jersey State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2017 After November 7, 2017
         Democratic Party 24 25
         Republican Party 16 15
    Total 40 40

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the New Jersey State Legislature, the vacancy will be filled by an interim appointment by the county leadership of the political party that holds the seat. The office will be on the ballot in the next general election, unless the vacancy occurs within 51 days of the election. If that is the case, the appointment would stand until the following general election.[15][16]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: New Jersey Const., Art. IV, Sec. IV(1)

    District map

    See also: New Jersey state legislative districts

    The state of New Jersey has 40 legislative districts. Senators are elected from the same legislative districts as are members of the New Jersey General Assembly. Each district elects two assembly members but only one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.

    f

    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in New Jersey

    In New Jersey, congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by two distinct politician commissions. The congressional redistricting commission comprises the following 13 members:[17]

    1. The majority and minority leaders of each chamber of the New Jersey State Legislature appoint two commissioners a piece (for a total of eight members).
    2. The chairs of the state's two major political parties each appoint two members to the commission (for a total of four members). Commissioners appointed by the political parties cannot be members of Congress or congressional employees.
    3. The first 12 commissioners appoint the last member. This member cannot have held public office in the state within the previous five-year period. If the first 12 commissioners cannot agree on an appointment, they must submit two names to the New Jersey Supreme Court. The court must then appoint the final commissioner.

    If the congressional redistricting commission fails to reach an agreement about a redistricting plan, it must submit two plans to the state Supreme Court, which must in turn select from those two plans a final map.[17]

    The state legislative redistricting commission comprises 10 members. The chairs of the state's two major political parties each appoint five members to the commission. In the event that this commission is unable to reach an agreement about a redistricting plan, the state Supreme Court may appoint a tie-breaking member.[17]

    State law requires that state legislative districts meet the following criteria:[17]

    1. Districts must be contiguous.
    2. Districts "must be as nearly compact as possible."
    3. Municipalities "must be kept intact, except where otherwise required by law."

    There are no such requirements in place for congressional districts.[17]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in New Jersey after the 2020 census

    Upon completion of the 2020 census, New Jersey will draft and enact new district maps. On August 18, Secretary of State Tahesha Way (D) said New Jersey would certify redistricting data upon its receipt of tabulated data from the U.S. Census Bureau, delaying the beginning of the redistricting process in New Jersey until then. The U.S. Census Bureau released data in a legacy format on August 12, and released tabulated data on September 16.[18][19] Way said census data adjusted to count incarcerated individuals at their last residence rather than at their place of incarceration would be released on Sept. 23.[20]

    On September 1, 2021, the Congressional Redistricting Commission held its first meeting. It said it would hold at least three public hearings on redistricting, with a schedule to be released later.[21]

    On November 3, 2020, New Jersey voters approved Public Question 3, a constitutional amendment postponing state legislative redistricting until after the November 2, 2021, election if the census bureau failed to deliver redistricting data by February 15, 2021. The application of this postponement was triggered as a result of the census bureau's announcement that it did not expect to deliver redistricting data to the states until after July 31, 2021. Consequently, the existing legislative district maps were set to remain in force until 2023.[22]

    2010

    See also: Redistricting in New Jersey after the 2010 census

    New Jersey received its local census data on February 3, 2011, the state's population grew five percent from 2000 to 2010.[23][24]

    The Redistricting Commission had 60 days to decide on a map after receiving its local census data. With the commission unable to agree on a map within 30 days, Rutgers law professor Alan Rosenthal was appointed as the nonpartisan 11th member of the commission as required by state law When a compromise could not be reached, he cast the tie-breaking vote to approve a new map on April 3, 2011.[25]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the New Jersey State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by the House and signed by the governor after its passage in the Senate. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in New Jersey by year

    2021

    See also: 2021 New Jersey legislative session and Dates of 2021 state legislative sessions

    In 2021, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 4, 2021, and adjourn on January 11, 2022.

    2020

    See also: 2020 New Jersey legislative session and Dates of 2020 state legislative sessions

    In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 14, 2020, and adjourn on December 17, 2020.

    Effect of coronavirus pandemic

    See also: Changes to state legislative session dates in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020
    Covid vnt.png
    Coronavirus pandemic
    Select a topic from the dropdown below to learn more.


    Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.

    2019

    See also: 2019 New Jersey legislative session and Dates of 2019 state legislative sessions

    In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 9, 2018, through January 14, 2020.

    2018

    See also: 2018 New Jersey legislative session and Dates of 2018 state legislative sessions

    In 2018, the legislature was in session from January 9, 2018, through January 8, 2019. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here.

    2017

    See also: Dates of 2017 state legislative sessions and Potential government shutdowns

    In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 10, 2017, through January 9, 2018.



    About legislative sessions in New Jersey

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[34] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article IV of the New Jersey Constitution establishes when the New Jersey State Legislature, of which the Senate is a part, is to be in session. Section 1 of Article IV states that each annual session is to begin on the second Tuesday of January. The session does not end until the beginning of the next annual session or until the Legislature chooses to adjourn.

    Section 1 also allows for special sessions of the Legislature to be called by the Governor of New Jersey or by a majority of the members of each legislative house.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, procedures for filling membership vacancies, and redistricting.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-No party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in New Jersey are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 54 of the 80 members in the New Jersey General Assembly and 27 of the 40 members in the New Jersey State Senate. New Jersey is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?

    According to Article V, Section 1 of the New Jersey Constitution, vetoes issued during the first year of the legislative session can be overridden in a special veto session that automatically occurs 45 days following adjournment.

    Authority: Article V, Section 1 of the New Jersey Constitution.

    "Upon receiving from the Governor a bill returned by him with his objections, the house in which it originated shall enter the objections at large in its journal or minutes and proceed to reconsider it. If, upon reconsideration, on or after the third day following its return, or the first day of a special session convened for the sole purpose of acting on such bills, two-thirds of all the members of the house of origin agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections of the Governor, to the other house; and if, upon reconsideration, it is approved by two-thirds of all the members of the house, it shall become a law."

    Role in state budget

    See also: New Jersey state budget and finances
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    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[35]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in September.
    2. State agency requests are submitted in October.
    3. Agency hearings are held between November and December.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the New Jersey State Legislature on or before the fourth Tuesday in February.[36]
    5. The legislature adopts a budget in June. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.
    6. The fiscal year begins July 1.


    New Jersey is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[35]

    The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget. In turn, the legislature is also constitutionally required to pass a balanced budget.[35]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in New Jersey state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The New Jersey State Senate has 16 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the New Jersey Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article IX of the New Jersey Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in New Jersey
    New Jersey Constitution
    Flag of New Jersey.png
    Preamble
    Articles
    I • II • III • IV • V • VI • VII • VIII • IX • X • XI

    There's only one way to amend the New Jersey Constitution, and that is through a legislatively referred constitutional amendment. New Jersey is one of six states that has no provision for a constitutional convention.

    New Jersey has several unusual requirements for proposed amendments:

    • It has an either/or system for qualifying a proposed amendment for the ballot. A proposed amendment can be passed by simple majority in two separate legislative sessions, or by a 60 percent supermajority vote of one session. Connecticut and Hawaii have a similar "either/or" requirement, except that Connecticut requires a 75 percent supermajority, and Hawaii requires a two-thirds supermajority.
    • If state voters reject a proposed amendment, the same or a similar proposed amendment can't go back on the ballot "before the third general election thereafter."

    New Jersey has several common requirements as well:

    • Proposed amendments must adhere to the single-subject rule.
    • Once on the ballot, a simple majority of voters must approve a measure for it to go in the constitution.



    2021 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2021 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2021.

    See also: New Jersey 2021 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2021.

    No measures to list

    See also

    Elections New Jersey State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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    State Courts-Tile image.png

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 This date reflects the regularly-scheduled date and does not reflect any change made as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. For more information on changes to state legislative sessions as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, click here.
    2. ↑ New Jersey Legislature, "Rules of the Senate, accessed July 7, 2014
    3. ↑ New Jersey Legislature, "New Jersey Senate leadership," accessed July 7, 2014
    4. ↑ New Jersey Constitution, "Article IV, Section II (2.)," accessed February 10, 2021
    5. ↑ State of New Jersey, "About NJ Government," accessed February 10, 2021
    6. ↑ Google Books, "Me, Governor?: My Life in the Rough-and-Tumble World of New Jersey Politics," accessed September 26, 2017
    7. ↑ The Thicket of State Legislatures, "Why do Four States Have Odd-Year Elections?" Aug. 25, 2011
    8. ↑ NJ.gov, "2021 Primary Election Timeline," accessed January 22, 2021
    9. ↑ New Jersey Secretary of State, "2017 Primary Election Timeline," accessed March 21, 2017
    10. ↑ New Jersey Division of Elections, "Official List, Candidate for State Senate for Primary Election, June 6, 2017," accessed April 13, 2017
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "New Jersey State Senate 2011 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    12. ↑ Follow the Money, "New Jersey State Senate 2007 Candidates," accessed July 26, 2013
    13. ↑ Follow the Money, "New Jersey State Senate 2003 Candidates," accessed July 26, 2013
    14. ↑ Follow the Money, "New Jersey State Senate 2001 Candidates," accessed July 26, 2013
    15. ↑ New Jersey Legislature, "Our Legislature," accessed February 10, 2021
    16. ↑ New Jersey Legislature, "New Jersey Constitution," accessed February 10, 2021 (Article IV, Section 4, (1))
    17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 All About Redistricting, "New Jersey," accessed May 6, 2015
    18. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "Census Bureau Announces Release Date for Easier-to-Use Formats for Redistricting Data," September 1, 2021
    19. ↑ New Jersey Globe, "Redistricting in N.J. won’t begin until next month as state decides to wait for census data in a different format," August 18, 2021
    20. ↑ New Jersey Globe, "Adjusted census data for redistricting will be ready on September 23," Sept. 16, 2021
    21. ↑ New Jersey Globe, "Wallace says congressional redistricting commission will exceed required number of public hearings," September 1, 2021
    22. ↑ New Jersey Department of State, "Official List of Public Question Results for 11/03/2020–General Election," December 7, 2020
    23. ↑ Star-Ledger, "New census data shows N.J.'s population grew most in southern counties, became more racially diverse," February 3, 2011
    24. ↑ Star Ledger, "With release of census data, N.J. Legislature has 60 days to come up with redistricting map," February 3, 2011
    25. ↑ NorthJersey.com, "What N.J.'s legislative redistricting means to you," April 19, 2011
    26. ↑ NY Times, "Standoff Ends in Budget Deal for New Jersey," July 3, 2017
    27. ↑ NBC New York, "Gov. Christie Orders New Jersey Government Shutdown Amid Budget Impasse," July 1, 2017
    28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Politico, "Christie signs N.J. budget, ending 3-day government shutdown," July 3, 2017
    29. ↑ Law 360, "New Jersey Legislation And Regulation To Watch In 2015," accessed January 21, 2014
    30. ↑ www.nj.com, "New N.J. Legislature sworn in as Democrats focus on taxes, Hurricane Sandy," accessed January 15, 2014
    31. ↑ Wall Street Journal, "Sandy Sets New Agenda for Christie ," January 6, 2013
    32. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    33. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed July 7, 2014(Archived)
    34. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2015," accessed February 5, 2021
    36. ↑ The deadline may be extended for new governors with the agreement of the state legislature.
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