New York State Senate

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New York State Senate
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Democrat
Session start:[1]   January 8, 2020
Session end:[1]   December 31, 2020
Term length:   2 years
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Legislative control
Salary:   $110,000/year + per diem
Members
Total:  63
Democrats:  40
Republicans:  20
Other:  0
Vacancies:  3
Leadership
President:   Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D)
Maj. Leader:   Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D)
Min. Leader:   Robert Ortt (R)
Elections
Last election:  November 6, 2018
Next election:  November 3, 2020

The New York State Senate is the upper chamber of the New York State Legislature. Alongside the New York State Assembly, it forms the legislative branch of the New York state government and works alongside the governor of New York to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the New York State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The New York State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Albany, New York.

  • All 63 seats in the New York State Senate were up for election in 2020. Click to read more »
  • In the November 2018 elections, Democrats took control of the chamber. Though they held 32 seats to Republicans' 31 seats before the election, Republicans controlled the chamber as one Democratic state senator caucused with the Republican Party. In the 2018 elections, the chamber's Democratic majority increased from 32-31 to 40-23.
  • New York has a Democratic state government trifecta. A trifecta exists when one political party simultaneously holds the governor’s office and majorities in both state legislative chambers. As of November 15, 2020, there are 21 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 14 divided governments where neither party holds trifecta control. In the 2020 election, Republicans had a net gain of two trifectas and two states under divided government became trifectas. Prior to that election, New York had a Democratic trifecta.

    • This page contains the following information on the New York State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the New York State Senate as of November 2020: The following figures are from before the November 2020 election. Click here to see our election results coverage.

    Party As of November 2020
         Democratic Party 40
         Republican Party 20
         Vacancies 3
    Total 63

    Members

    Leadership

    The lieutenant governor serves as president of the Senate, the presiding officer of the body, but can only vote in the event of a tie.[2]

    Current leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    New York State Senate District 10 James Sanders, Jr. Democratic January 1, 2013
    New York State Senate District 8 John E. Brooks Democratic 2017
    New York State Senate District 11 John Liu Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 37 Shelley Mayer Democratic 2018
    New York State Senate District 31 Robert Jackson Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 49 James Tedisco Republican 2017
    New York State Senate District 57 George Borrello Republican November 26, 2019
    New York State Senate District 62 Robert Ortt Republican January 1, 2015
    New York State Senate District 27 Brad Hoylman Democratic January 1, 2013
    New York State Senate District 58 Thomas O'Mara Republican 2013
    New York State Senate District 14 Leroy Comrie Democratic January 1, 2015
    New York State Senate District 59 Patrick Gallivan Republican 2011
    New York State Senate District 39 James Skoufis Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 46 George Amedore Republican January 1, 2015
    New York State Senate District 2 Vacant
    New York State Senate District 36 Jamaal Bailey Democratic 2017
    New York State Senate District 54 Pamela Helming Republican 2017
    New York State Senate District 15 Joseph Addabbo Democratic 2009
    New York State Senate District 42 Jen Metzger Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 13 Jessica Ramos Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 1 Kenneth LaValle Republican 1977
    New York State Senate District 17 Simcha Felder Democratic January 1, 2013
    New York State Senate District 20 Zellnor Myrie Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 22 Andrew Gounardes Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 29 Jose M. Serrano Democratic 2013
    New York State Senate District 3 Monica Martinez Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 30 Brian Benjamin Democratic June 5, 2017
    New York State Senate District 33 J. Gustavo Rivera Democratic 2011
    New York State Senate District 50 Vacant
    New York State Senate District 53 Rachel May Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 35 Andrea Stewart-Cousins Democratic 2007
    New York State Senate District 38 David Carlucci Democratic 2011
    New York State Senate District 44 Neil Breslin Democratic 2013
    New York State Senate District 47 Joseph Griffo Republican 2007
    New York State Senate District 56 Joseph Robach Republican 2003
    New York State Senate District 43 Daphne Jordan Republican January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 45 Betty Little Republican 2003
    New York State Senate District 52 Fred Akshar Republican November 4, 2015
    New York State Senate District 55 Rich Funke Republican January 1, 2015
    New York State Senate District 60 Vacant
    New York State Senate District 61 Michael Ranzenhofer Republican 2009
    New York State Senate District 12 Michael Gianaris Democratic 2011
    New York State Senate District 5 James Gaughran Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 4 Philip Boyle Republican January 1, 2013
    New York State Senate District 28 Liz Krueger Democratic 2013
    New York State Senate District 18 Julia Salazar Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 23 Diane Savino Democratic 2005
    New York State Senate District 63 Timothy M. Kennedy Democratic 2013
    New York State Senate District 48 Patricia Ritchie Republican 2011
    New York State Senate District 9 Todd Kaminsky Democratic April 26, 2016
    New York State Senate District 6 Kevin Thomas Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 34 Alessandra Biaggi Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 40 Peter Harckham Democratic January 9, 2019
    New York State Senate District 7 Anna Kaplan Democratic 2019
    New York State Senate District 24 Andrew Lanza Republican 2007
    New York State Senate District 16 Toby Ann Stavisky Democratic 2000
    New York State Senate District 51 James L. Seward Republican 1987
    New York State Senate District 25 Velmanette Montgomery Democratic 2013
    New York State Senate District 26 Brian Kavanagh Democratic 2017
    New York State Senate District 32 Luis Sepulveda Democratic April 30, 2018
    New York State Senate District 19 Roxanne Persaud Democratic November 4, 2015
    New York State Senate District 41 Susan Serino Republican January 1, 2015
    New York State Senate District 21 Kevin Parker Democratic 2003


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislators
    SalaryPer diem
    $110,000/year$174/day (including overnight) or $61/day (no overnight).

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    New York legislators assume office the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January.[3]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    Article 3, Section 7 of the New York Constitution states: No person shall serve as a member of the legislature unless he or she is a citizen of the United States and has been a resident of the state of New York for five years, and, except as hereinafter otherwise prescribed, of the assembly or senate district for the twelve months immediately preceding his or her election; if elected a senator or member of assembly at the first election next ensuing after a readjustment or alteration of the senate or assembly districts becomes effective, a person, to be eligible to serve as such, must have been a resident of the county in which the senate or assembly district is contained for the twelve months immediately preceding his or her election. No member of the legislature shall, during the time for which he or she was elected, receive any civil appointment from the governor, the governor and the senate, the legislature or from any city government, to an office which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time.

    Historical party control

    Between 1992 and 2018, partisan control of the New York State Senate was primarily held by Republicans. In the 2018 elections, Senate Democrats gained enough seats to assume control of the chamber which had previously been held by a governing coalition involving the Republican caucus and members of the Independent Democratic Conference between 2012 and 2016. The table below shows the partisan history of the New York State Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2018. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    New York State Senate Party Control: 1992-2018

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18
    Democrats 26 25 26 26 25 25 27 29 32 30 33 31 32 40
    Republicans 35 36 35 35 36 37 35 33 30 32 30* 32 31* 23

    *A coalition between the Independent Democratic Conference and Senate Republicans kept the Senate in Republican control.

    From 1992 to 2008, Republicans held consistent control of the New York State Senate. Throughout the period, Republicans usually controlled between 33 and 37 seats, while Democrats controlled between 25 and 29 seats. In the 2008 elections, Democrats took control of the Senate with a 32-30 majority. During the 2009 legislative session, two Democratic members joined with Republicans to create a 32-30 coalition majority and gave Republicans leadership of the chamber. The arrangement lasted until July 2009 when the two Democrats rejoined the Democratic caucus, giving them a 32-30 majority once again.[4][5]

    After the 2010 elections, Republicans had a free-standing majority in 2011 and 2012. In 2013, Democrats returned to a majority, 33-30, but Republicans built a coalition with the Independent Democratic Conference (IDC)—a group of five Democratic senators—to create a narrow majority. Dean Skelos (R) was majority leader and shared the top leadership position with IDC leader Jeff Klein (D) on a rotating basis.[6]

    As a result of the 2014 elections, Republicans gained an outright majority but lost it in a special election on April 19, 2016.[7] Democrats held a 32-31 numerical majority in the Senate following the special election and the 2016 general election but a power-sharing agreement between the IDC and Senate Republicans kept the state Senate in Republican control. After the 2018 elections, Democrats held enough seats to break the Republican-IDC governing coalition.

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Democrats in New York held a state government trifecta for two years between 1992 and 2017. The table below shows state government trifectas in New York from 1992 to 2019.

    New York Party Control: 1992-2020
    Four years of Democratic trifectas  •  No Republican trifectas

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
    Governor D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
    Senate R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D R R R R R R R R D D
    Assembly D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

    Elections

    Elections by year

    New York state senators serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years. New York holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2020

    See also: New York State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of New York State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 23, 2020. The filing deadline was April 2, 2020.

    2018

    See also: New York State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the New York State Senate took place in 2018. A closed primary election took place on September 13, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was July 12, 2018.[8]

    In the 2018 elections, Democrats flipped eight seats and gained full control of the New York State Senate.

    New York State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 32 40
         Republican Party 31 23
    Total 63 63

    2016

    See also: New York State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the New York State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election took place on September 13, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The filing deadline for major party candidates was July 14, 2016. The filing deadline for independent candidates was August 23, 2016. All 63 seats in the New York State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, the state Senate was tied at 31-31 with one vacancy. Democrats held a 32-31 numerical majority in the Senate following the 2016 elections but a coalition between the Independent Democratic Conference (IDC) and Senate Republicans kept the state Senate under Republican control.

    New York State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 31 32
         Republican Party 31 31
         Vacant 1 0
    Total 63 63

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the New York Legislature, a special election must be held to fill the vacant seat. A special election can be held as long as the vacancy occurred before April 1. If a special session is called in the state legislature after April 1, a special election may be called to fill the seat.[16] The person elected to fill the vacant seat serves for the remainder of the unexpired term.[17]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: New York Public Officers Law § 42

    District map

    See also: New York state legislative districts

    The state of New York has 213 legislative districts. Each district elects one representative. The state Senate has 63 districts and the state House has 150 districts.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.

    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in New York

    In 37 states, legislatures are primarily responsible for drawing congressional district lines. Seven states have only one congressional district each, rendering congressional redistricting unnecessary. Four states employ independent commissions to draw the district maps. In two states, politician commissions draw congressional district lines.

    State legislative district lines are primarily the province of the state legislatures themselves in 37 states. In seven states, politician commissions draw state legislative district lines. In the remaining six states, independent commissions draw the lines.[18]

    On March 14, 2012, the state legislature approved a constitutional amendment to establish new redistricting procedures beginning in 2020. The New York Constitution requires that two successive legislatures approve an amendment in order to qualify it for final approval by popular vote. The legislature approved the amendment a second time in 2013. On November 4, 2014, voters approved the amendment, the provisions of which were set to take effect during the 2020 redistricting cycle.[19]

    The 10-member commission comprises the following members:[19]

    1. Two members must be appointed by the temporary president of the New York State Senate.
    2. Two members must be appointed by the speaker of the New York State Assembly.
    3. Two members must be appointed by the minority leader of the New York State Senate.
    4. Two members must be appointed by the minority leader of the New York State Assembly.
    5. Two members must appointed by the aforementioned eight commissioners. These two appointees cannot have been enrolled in the top two major political parties in the state.

    The legislature must approve the commission's plans by a simple up/down vote. The legislature must reject two separate sets of redistricting plans before it will be able to amend the commission's proposals. All districts will be required "to preserve minority rights, be equally populated, and consist of compact and contiguous territory." Further, state law will require that districts "not be drawn to discourage competition or to favor/disfavor candidates or parties." In prior redistricting cycles, authority for both congressional and state legislative redistricting was vested with the state legislature. An advisory commission participated in the process.[19]

    State law requires that state legislative districts be contiguous and compact. State legislative districts must also take into account the "historic and traditional significance of counties."[19]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in New York after the 2020 census

    Upon completion of the 2020 census, New York will draft and enact new district maps. As of October 1, 2018, redistricting authorities in New York had not released a projected timeline for the 2020 cycle.

    2010

    New York received its 2010 census data on March 23, 2011. The state's growth rate was at 2.19%, well below the national rate of 9.7%.[20] Redistricting became a major issue in the state prior to the November 2010 elections. Going into the elections, the organization NY Uprising asked all candidates to sign a pledge to support nonpartisan redistricting during the following legislative session. A majority of those who won in both chambers signed the pledge.[21] Additionally, Governor Andrew Cuomo consistently reiterated his pledge to veto any new maps that were not drawn through a nonpartisan process. Meanwhile, Republicans added more friction to the process in September 2011 when they were said to be considering adding a 63rd seat to the Senate. Democrats balked, saying it didn't make sense to add a seat in the chamber when slow population growth caused the state to lose seats in Congress.[22]

    The two sides battled over the issue of redistricting during the entire 2011 session. Following a number of delays, LATFOR released proposed Senate and Assembly maps on January 26, 2012. The Senate plan included the additional 63rd seat. Gov. Cuomo continued to threaten to veto the maps, but began to tone down his rhetoric.[23] On March 11, LATFOR filed a bill of their final plans, which closely resembled the maps they released two months earlier. Along with this, leaders offered a constitutional amendment that would set up a new bipartisan commission on redistricting following the next census in 2020.[24] Following a walkout of Senate Democrats, the bill passed. Later that week the constitutional amendment passed. However, in order to become law, it must be passed by the next separately elected legislature and also approved by voters in a referendum.[25] With that approved, Cuomo stated, "It’s over once and for all"[26] and signed the maps into law.[27]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the New York State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by the House and signed by the governor after its passage in the Senate. Information on legislation provided below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. The tracker is fully interactive. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read its text in full and see its voting history. You can click the headings to sort the content in the column. You can also rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Finally, in the bottom-left corner of the tracker is a magnifying glass, which, when clicked, will allow you to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in New York by year

    2020

    See also: 2020 New York legislative session and Dates of 2020 state legislative sessions

    In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 8, 2020 and adjourn on December 31, 2020.

    Impact of coronavirus pandemic

    See also: Changes to state legislative session dates in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020
    Covid vnt.png
    Coronavirus pandemic
    Select a topic from the dropdown below to learn more.


    Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.

    2019

    See also: 2019 New York legislative session and Dates of 2019 state legislative sessions

    In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 9, 2019, through January 8, 2020.

    2018

    See also: 2018 New York legislative session and Dates of 2018 state legislative sessions

    In 2018, the legislature was in session from January 3, 2018, through June 20, 2018. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here.

    2017

    See also: Dates of 2017 state legislative sessions

    In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 4, 2017, through December 31, 2017. The legislature held a special session from June 28, 2017, to June 29, 2017.


    About legislative sessions in New York

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[39] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article III of the New York Constitution outlines the legislative power for New York's government. Article III does not limit when the New York State Legislature, which the Senate is a part of, can convene in regular session. However, Section 18 of Article III does contain provisions related to special sessions of the Legislature. Section 18 states that a special session can be called by a petition of request from two-thirds of both legislative houses. Since the Legislature is in session all year, a member must gavel in a session every three days. If a member does not gavel in a session, then only the governor can call the Legislature back into session.[40]

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, procedures for filling membership vacancies, and redistricting.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-No party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in New York are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 100 of the 150 members in the New York State Assembly and 42 of the 63 members in the New York State Senate. New York is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    Authority: Article IV, Section 7 of the New York Constitution.

    "Every bill which shall have passed the senate and assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor; if the governor approve, he or she shall sign it; but if not, he or she shall return it with his or her objections to the house in which it shall have originated, which shall enter the objections at large on the journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law notwithstanding the objections of the governor."

    Role in state budget

    See also: New York state budget and finances
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    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    New York operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[41][42]

    1. Budget instruction guidelines are sent to state agencies in July or August.
    2. State agencies submit budget requests in September.
    3. Agency hearings are held in October and November.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the New York State Legislature on or before the second Tuesday following the first day of the annual meeting of the legislature, which typically falls in mid-January.
    5. The legislature adopts a budget in March. A simple majority is needed to pass a budget.
    6. The fiscal year begins in April.

    New York is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[42]

    The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget. In turn, the legislature is required by statute to pass a balanced budget.[42]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in New York state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The New York State Senate has 34 standing committees:

    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the New York Constitution can be amended:

    New York Constitution
    Seal of New York.png
    Preamble
    Articles
    I • II • III • IV • V • VI • VII • VIII • IX • X • XI • XII • XIII • XIV • XV • XVI • XVII • XVIII • XIX • XX
    See also: Article XIX of the New York Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in New Mexico

    The New York Constitution can be amended through legislatively referred constitutional amendments or through constitutional conventions.

    • Any proposed amendments must be referred to the New York attorney general, who is required to provide a written opinion as to how the proposed amendment fits in with other provisions of the constitution.
    • If both chambers of the legislature—the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly—agree with the proposed amendment by a simple majority vote, the proposed amendment is then referred to "the next regular legislative session convening after the succeeding general election of members of the assembly."
    • If that next session of the legislature agrees with the amendment by a simple majority vote of both chambers, "it shall be the duty of the legislature to submit each proposed amendment or amendments to the people for approval in such manner and at such times as the legislature shall prescribe."
    • If a general statewide vote approves the amendment by a simple majority vote, it becomes a part of the constitution beginning in January of the following year.[43]
    • According to Section 2 of Article XIX, a question as to whether there shall be a convention is to appear on the statewide ballot every 20 years beginning in 1957.
    • The New York State Legislature can also refer a question to the ballot about whether to hold a convention.
    • The New York Constitution is the only state constitution that describes the constitutional convention process that specifically says what to do should a delegate to the convention die while the convention is still ongoing.


    2020 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2020 ballot by the legislature.

    See also: New York 2020 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures were certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list



    See also

    Elections New York State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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    Footnotes

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 This date reflects the regularly-scheduled date and does not reflect any change made as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. For more information on changes to state legislative sessions as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, click here.
    2. ↑ New York State Senate, "Senate Leadership List," accessed June 19, 2014
    3. ↑ New York Department of State, "New York Constitution," accessed November 22, 2016
    4. ↑ The New York Times, "G.O.P. Regains Control of New York State Senate," June 8, 2009
    5. ↑ The Washington Post, "Stalemate in N.Y. State Senate Appears to Be Resolved as Democrat Rejoins Caucus," July 10, 2009
    6. ↑ NY Senate, "Independent Democratic Conference, Senate Republicans Announce Creation of Historic Bipartisan Partnership," December 4, 2012
    7. ↑ Times Union, "IDC will once again partner with Senate GOP," January 2, 2017
    8. ↑ New York Board of Elections, "2018 Political Calendar," accessed December 22, 2017
    9. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York State Senate 2012 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    10. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2008 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    12. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2006 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    13. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2004 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    14. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2002 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    15. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2000 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    16. ↑ FindLaw, "New York Consolidated Laws, Public Officers Law - PBO § 42. Filling vacancies in elective offices," accessed May 22, 2014 (Statute § 42 (4))
    17. ↑ FindLaw, "New York Consolidated Laws, Public Officers Law - PBO § 38. Terms of officers chosen to fill vacancies," accessed May 22, 2014 (Statute § 38)
    18. ↑ All About Redistricting, "Who draws the lines?" accessed March 25, 2015
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 All About Redistricting, "New York," accessed May 8, 2015
    20. ↑ Wall Street Journal, "New York State Loses 2 Seats in House," accessed December 22, 2010
    21. ↑ Auburn Pub, "Koch expects legislators to deliver on pledge," January 2, 2011
    22. ↑ New York Daily News, "State Senate Republicans mull adding extra seat to 62-member body," September 19, 2011
    23. ↑ New York Daily News, "Gov. Andrew Cuomo vows to veto Republicans' redistricting plan," January 26, 2012
    24. ↑ Syracuse.com, "New York releases its final redistricting maps for state Senate and Assembly districts," March 12, 2012
    25. ↑ Reuters, "New York lawmakers approve redistricting amendment," March 15, 2012
    26. ↑ Capital New York, "Cuomo says redistricting is fixed, and on transparency: 'You can't live your life in a goldfish bowl'," March 15, 2012
    27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cong_approved
    28. ↑ Ledger-Enquirer, "Wages, ethics, schools top issues facing NY lawmakers in '16," accessed January 6, 2016
    29. ↑ wamc.org, "Another NYS Legislative Session Underway... Lawmakers Ready To Tackle Issues," accessed January 21, 2014
    30. ↑ Vermont Public Radio, "New York Lawmakers Face Major Issues In 2015," accessed January 21, 2014
    31. ↑ Epoch Times, "After speech, Cuomo looks to get agenda approved," January 9, 2014
    32. ↑ Spokesman Review, "NY legislative leaders buckle down on gun controls," January 9, 2013
    33. ↑ Yahoo News, "NY seals 1st state gun laws since Newtown massacre," January 15, 2013
    34. ↑ uticaod.com, "Cuomo creates panel to investigate Legislature," July 2, 2013
    35. ↑ Moreland Commission, "Moreland Commission to Investigate Public Corruption Releases Report," December 2, 2013
    36. ↑ Poughkeepsie Journal, "Divisive issues to test Cuomo's popularity in 2nd year," January 9, 2012
    37. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    38. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 19, 2014(Archived)
    39. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    40. ↑ WXXI, "State Assembly is always in session," August 10, 2017
    41. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Experiences with Annual and Biennial Budgeting," updated April 2011
    42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Summer 2008," accessed February 21, 2014
    43. ↑ New York Senate, "Constitution of New York State," accessed June 19, 2014
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