North Carolina Court of Appeals
The North Carolina Court of Appeals is the only intermediate appellate court in the state of North Carolina. The court has 15 judges who rotate, hearing cases in panels of three. Judges serve eight-year terms and are elected in statewide partisan elections.[1]
If one judge on a three-judge panel dissents, the case may be appealed to the North Carolina Supreme Court. The supreme court may accept other cases for review at its discretion.
The court of appeals decides questions of law, not fact, in reviewing cases from the trial courts. The court hears all civil and criminal appeals from the superior and district courts, except for cases in which the death penalty is imposed. Death penalty sentences are appealed directly to the supreme court.[1][2]
- Published opinions of the North Carolina Court of Appeals can be found here.
| North Carolina Court of Appeals | |||
 | |||
| Court information | |||
| Judges: | 15 | ||
| Salary: | Associates: $189,621[3] | ||
| Judicial selection | |||
| Method: | Partisan election of judges | ||
| Term: | 8 years | ||
Judges
| Judge | Tenure | Appointed By |
|---|---|---|
|
January 1, 2025 - Present |
||
|
2015 - Present |
Pat McCrory |
|
|
January 1, 2021 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
January 1, 2025 - Present |
||
|
January 1, 2023 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
January 1, 2015 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
January 2, 2007 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
January 1, 2023 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
January 1, 2021 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
January 1, 2013 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
January 1, 2021 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
January 1, 2021 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
January 1, 2019 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
January 1, 2019 - Present |
Elected |
|
|
2017 - Present |
Roy Cooper |
Former judges
Click here for a list of former judges of the North Carolina Court of Appeals.
Judicial selection
- See also: Judicial selection in North Carolina
The 15 judges of the North Carolina Court of Appeals are chosen through partisan elections. Judges are elected to eight-year terms and must face re-election if they wish to serve again.[4] These elections were nonpartisan from 2004 until a law passed in 2016 made them partisan again, beginning in 2018.
Qualifications
To serve on this court, a person must be licensed to practice law in North Carolina. There is a mandatory retirement age of 72 years.[5]
Chief judge
The chief judge of the court of appeals is selected by the chief justice of the supreme court to serve indefinitely.[6]
Vacancies
In the event of a midterm vacancy, the governor appoints a successor to serve until the next general election which is held more than 60 days after the vacancy occurs. The governor must select an appointee from a list of three recommendations provided by the executive committee of the political party with which the vacating judge was affiliated.[7] An election is then held for a full eight-year term.[8][4]
Salary
In 2024, the associate judges of the court received a salary of $189,621, according to the National Center for State Courts.[9]
Elections
2024
The terms of three North Carolina intermediate appellate court judges expired on January 1, 2025. The three seats were up for partisan election on November 5, 2024. The primary was March 5, 2024, and a primary runoff was May 14, 2024. The filing deadline was December 15, 2023.
Candidates and results
Seat 12: Thompson's seat
General election
General election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 12
Thomas Murry defeated incumbent Carolyn J. Thompson in the general election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 12 on November 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Thomas Murry (R)  | 50.9 | 2,809,458 |
 | Carolyn J. Thompson (D) | 49.1 | 2,710,863 | |
| Total votes: 5,520,321 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
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Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Incumbent Carolyn J. Thompson advanced from the Democratic primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 12.
Republican primary election
The Republican primary election was canceled. Thomas Murry advanced from the Republican primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 12.
Seat 14: Zachary's seat
General election
General election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 14
Incumbent Valerie Johnson Zachary defeated Ed Eldred in the general election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 14 on November 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Valerie Johnson Zachary (R) | 52.3 | 2,879,049 | |
 | Ed Eldred (D) | 47.7 | 2,628,453 | |
| Total votes: 5,507,502 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Ed Eldred advanced from the Democratic primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 14.
Republican primary election
The Republican primary election was canceled. Incumbent Valerie Johnson Zachary advanced from the Republican primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 14.
Seat 15: Murphy's seat
General election
General election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 15
Christopher A. Freeman defeated Martin Moore in the general election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 15 on November 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Christopher A. Freeman (R) | 51.7 | 2,844,286 |
 | Martin Moore (D) | 48.3 | 2,654,765 | |
| Total votes: 5,499,051 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Martin Moore advanced from the Democratic primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 15.
Republican primary election
Republican primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 15
Christopher A. Freeman defeated incumbent Hunter Murphy in the Republican primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 15 on March 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Christopher A. Freeman | 62.6 | 532,794 |
 | Hunter Murphy | 37.4 | 317,807 | |
| Total votes: 850,601 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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2022
The terms of four North Carolina intermediate appellate court judges expired on December 31, 2022. The four seats were up for partisan election on November 8, 2022.
Candidates and results
Seat 8: Inman vacancy
General election
General election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 8
Julee Flood defeated Carolyn J. Thompson in the general election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 8 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Julee Flood (R) | 52.4 | 1,956,550 |
| Carolyn J. Thompson (D) | 47.6 | 1,775,943 | |
| Total votes: 3,732,493 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Carolyn J. Thompson advanced from the Democratic primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 8.
Republican primary election
The Republican primary election was canceled. Julee Flood advanced from the Republican primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 8.
Seat 9: Stroud's seat
General election
General election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 9
Incumbent Donna Stroud defeated Brad Salmon in the general election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 9 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Donna Stroud (R) | 54.4 | 2,029,025 |
 | Brad Salmon (D) | 45.6 | 1,700,597 | |
| Total votes: 3,729,622 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Brad Salmon advanced from the Democratic primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 9.
Republican primary election
Republican primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 9
Incumbent Donna Stroud defeated Beth Freshwater Smith in the Republican primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 9 on May 17, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Donna Stroud | 59.3 | 400,119 |
 | Beth Freshwater Smith | 40.7 | 274,861 | |
| Total votes: 674,980 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Seat 10:Tyson's seat
General election
General election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 10
Incumbent John Marsh Tyson defeated Gale M. Adams in the general election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 10 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | John Marsh Tyson (R) | 52.7 | 1,967,192 |
 | Gale M. Adams (D) | 47.3 | 1,762,793 | |
| Total votes: 3,729,985 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Gale M. Adams advanced from the Democratic primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 10.
Republican primary election
The Republican primary election was canceled. Incumbent John Marsh Tyson advanced from the Republican primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 10.
Seat 11: Jackson's seat
General election
General election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 11
Michael Stading defeated incumbent Darren Jackson in the general election for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 11 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Michael Stading (R) | 52.9 | 1,968,517 |
 | Darren Jackson (D) | 47.1 | 1,755,982 | |
| Total votes: 3,724,499 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Incumbent Darren Jackson advanced from the Democratic primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 11.
Republican primary election
Republican primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 11
Michael Stading defeated Charlton L. Allen in the Republican primary for North Carolina Court of Appeals Seat 11 on May 17, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Michael Stading | 70.8 | 469,419 |
| Charlton L. Allen | 29.2 | 194,022 | ||
| Total votes: 663,441 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Judges not on the ballot
- Lucy N. Inman (D)
2020
The terms of five North Carolina Court of Appeals justices expired on December 31, 2020. The five seats were up for partisan election on November 3, 2020. A full term on the court is eight years.
Candidates and election results
Seat 4: Bryant vacancy
General election candidates
- Tricia Shields (Democratic Party)
- April C. Wood (Republican Party) ✔
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey
Democratic primary candidates
This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey
Republican primary candidates
This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey
Seat 5: McGee vacancy
General election candidates
- Lora Cubbage (Democratic Party)
- Willie Fred Gore (Republican Party) ✔
Democratic primary candidates
This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:
Republican primary candidates
This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:
Seat 6: Dillon's seat
General election candidates
- Chris Dillon (Incumbent) (Republican Party) ✔
- Gray Styers (Democratic Party)
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey Democratic primary candidates
This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey Republican primary candidates
This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:
- Chris Dillon (Incumbent) ✔
Seat 7: Young's seat
General election candidates
- Reuben Young (Incumbent) (Democratic Party)
- Jeffery Carpenter (Republican Party) ✔
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey Democratic primary candidates
This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:
- Reuben Young (Incumbent) ✔
Republican primary candidates
This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey
Seat 13: Brooks' seat
General election candidates
- Chris Brook (Incumbent) (Democratic Party)
- Jefferson Griffin (Republican Party) ✔
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey Democratic primary candidates
This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:
- Chris Brook (Incumbent) ✔
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey Republican primary candidates
This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey
Judges not on the ballot
2018
The terms of three North Carolina Court of Appeals judges expired on December 31, 2018. All three stood for partisan election by voters in 2018 in order to remain on the bench. A full term on the court is eight years.
Candidates and results
Seat 1: Arrowood's seat
General election candidates
- John S. Arrowood (Incumbent) (Democratic Party) ✔
- Andrew Heath (Republican Party)
Seat 2: Calabria vacancy
General election candidates
- Toby Hampson (Democratic Party) ✔
- Jefferson Griffin (Republican Party)
- Sandra Ray (Republican Party)
Seat 3: Elmore vacancy
General election candidates
- Allegra Collins (Democratic Party) ✔
- Chuck Kitchen (Republican Party)
- Michael Monaco (Libertarian Party)
Judges not on the ballot
2016
November general election candidates
Five seats were up for election. Though North Carolina judicial elections were nonpartisan at the time of the November 2016 election, court of appeals candidates declared their party affiliations upon filing, and their party affiliations appeared on the ballot as of 2015.[11] Parties did not nominate the candidates, and if a primary was held because more than two candidates filed, that primary was not to narrow the candidates to one candidate from each party. Instead, the top two finishers, regardless of party, advanced to the general election. In 2016, no primary was held for the court of appeals elections, since not more than two candidates each filed to run for the seats held by Dietz, Hunter, Stephens, and Zachary. The Geer seat was not vacant for election until after the regular March primary.
Dietz seat■ Richard Dietz (R) Hunter seat■ Robert N. Hunter Jr. (R) Stephens seat■ Linda Stephens (D) (Incumbent) |
Zachary seat■ Valerie J. Zachary (R) Geer seatJudge Martha Geer stepped down from her seat in May. ■ Hunter Murphy (R) |
Election results
November 8 general election
| North Carolina Court of Appeals, Dietz seat, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
 Richard Dietz Incumbent |
53.47% | 2,353,604 |
| Vince M. Rozier, Jr. | 46.53% | 2,048,367 |
| Total Votes (2,704 of 2,704: 100%) | 4,401,971 | |
| Source: North Carolina State Board of Elections Official Results | ||
| North Carolina Court of Appeals, Hunter seat, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Robert N. Hunter, Jr. Incumbent |
54.37% | 2,403,059 |
| Abraham P. Jones | 45.63% | 2,016,552 |
| Total Votes (2,704 of 2,704: 100%) | 4,419,611 | |
| Source: North Carolina State Board of Elections Official Results | ||
| North Carolina Court of Appeals, Stephens seat, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Phil Berger Jr. |
50.25% | 2,233,730 |
| Linda Stephens Incumbent | 49.75% | 2,211,631 |
| Total Votes (2,704 of 2,704: 100%) | 4,445,361 | |
| Source: North Carolina State Board of Elections Official Results | ||
| North Carolina Court of Appeals, Zachary seat, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Valerie Johnson Zachary Incumbent |
53.81% | 2,361,232 |
| Rickye McKoy-Mitchell | 46.19% | 2,027,078 |
| Total Votes (2,704 of 2,704: 100%) | 4,388,310 | |
| Source: North Carolina State Board of Elections Official Results | ||
| North Carolina Court of Appeals, Geer seat, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Hunter Murphy |
48.70% | 2,159,193 |
| Margaret P. Eagles | 45.60% | 2,021,769 |
| Donald R. Buie | 5.70% | 252,756 |
| Total Votes (2,704 of 2,704: 100%) | 4,433,718 | |
| Source: North Carolina State Board of Elections Official Results | ||
2014
Davis Seat
| Candidate | Incumbency | Primary Vote | Election Vote |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paul A. Holcombe | No | 41.2%  | |
Mark A. Davis | Yes | 58.8% |
Hunter Seat
| Candidate | Incumbency | Primary Vote | Election Vote |
|---|---|---|---|
| William F. Southern, III | No | 48.1% | |
| Lucy N. Inman | No | 51.9% |
| Unopposed | Judge Donna Stroud (Stroud Seat) |
|---|
Martin seat, special election
| Candidate | Incumbency | Primary Vote | Election Vote |
|---|---|---|---|
| J. Brad Donovan | No | 1.3% | |
| Jody Newsome | No | 1.7% | |
| John S. Arrowood | No | 14.4% | |
| Lori G. Christian | No | 3.8% | |
| Valerie Johnson Zachary | No | 4% | |
| Hunter Murphy | No | 4.4% | |
| Marion R. Warren | No | 6.1% | |
| Abraham P. Jones | No | 2.6% | |
| Sabra Jean Faires | No | 1.4% | |
| John Marsh Tyson | No | 23.8% | |
| Betsy Bunting | No | 1.6% | |
| Jeffrey M. Cook | No | 2.1% | |
| Daniel Patrick Donahue | No | 2.8% | |
| Ann Kirby | No | 4.1% | |
| Keischa Lovelace | No | 9.7% | |
| Marty Martin (North Carolina) | No | 5.1% | |
| Tricia Shields | No | 3.4% | |
| Elizabeth Davenport Scott | No | 5.6% | |
| Chuck Winfree | No | 2.3% |
2012
| Candidate | Incumbency | Office | Primary Vote | Election Vote |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chris Dillon | No | 52.7% | ||
| Cressie Thigpen | Yes | 47.3%  | ||
| David S. Robinson | No | McGee Seat | 38.8% | |
| Linda McGee | Yes | 61.2% | ||
| Martin B. McGee | No | 43.5% | ||
| Wanda Bryant | Yes | 56.6% |
Ethics
The North Carolina Code of Judicial Conduct sets forth ethical guidelines and principles for the conduct of judges and judicial candidates in North Carolina. It is composed of seven canons:
- Canon 1: "A judge should uphold the integrity and independence of the judiciary."
- Canon 2: "A judge should avoid impropriety in all the judge’s activities."
- Canon 3: "A judge should perform the duties of the judge’s office impartially and diligently."
- Canon 4: "A judge may participate in cultural or historical activities or engage in activities concerning the legal, economic, educational, or governmental system, or the administration of justice."
- Canon 5: "A judge should regulate the judge’s extra-judicial activities to ensure that they do not prevent the judge from carrying out the judge’s judicial duties."
- Canon 6: "A judge should regularly file reports of compensation received for quasi-judicial and extra-judicial activities."
- Canon 7: "A judge may engage in political activity consistent with the judge’s status as a public official."[12]
The full text of the North Carolina Code of Judicial Conduct can be found here.
Removal of judges
Judges in North Carolina may be removed in one of three ways:
- Impeachment by the house of representatives and conviction by a two-thirds vote of the senate.[13]
- In case of mental or physical incapacity, by joint resolution of two-thirds of the members of each house of the general assembly.[13]
- By the supreme court, on the recommendation of the judicial standards commission. (The supreme court may choose to merely censure the judge.)[14]
State profile
| Demographic data for North Carolina | ||
|---|---|---|
| North Carolina | U.S. | |
| Total population: | 10,035,186 | 316,515,021 |
| Land area (sq mi): | 48,618 | 3,531,905 |
| Race and ethnicity** | ||
| White: | 69.5% | 73.6% |
| Black/African American: | 21.5% | 12.6% |
| Asian: | 2.5% | 5.1% |
| Native American: | 1.2% | 0.8% |
| Pacific Islander: | 0.1% | 0.2% |
| Two or more: | 2.4% | 3% |
| Hispanic/Latino: | 8.8% | 17.1% |
| Education | ||
| High school graduation rate: | 85.8% | 86.7% |
| College graduation rate: | 28.4% | 29.8% |
| Income | ||
| Median household income: | $46,868 | $53,889 |
| Persons below poverty level: | 20.5% | 11.3% |
| Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in North Carolina. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. | ||
Presidential voting pattern
North Carolina voted Republican in six out of the seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.
Pivot Counties (2016)
Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes. Of these 206 counties, six are located in North Carolina, accounting for 2.91 percent of the total pivot counties.[15]
Pivot Counties (2020)
In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. North Carolina had six Retained Pivot Counties, 3.31 percent of all Retained Pivot Counties.
More North Carolina coverage on Ballotpedia
- Elections in North Carolina
- United States congressional delegations from North Carolina
- Public policy in North Carolina
- Endorsers in North Carolina
- North Carolina fact checks
- More...
See also
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 National Center for State Courts, "Methods of Judicial Selection: North Carolina," accessed March 20, 2017
- ↑ North Carolina Department of Justice, "Criminal Appeals Process," accessed June 8, 2015
- ↑ The salary of the chief judge may be higher than an associate judge.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | School of Government, "History of North Carolina Judicial Elections," August 2020
- ↑ North Carolina Judicial Branch, "Judicial Qualifications Summary," September 28, 2016
- ↑ National Center for State Courts, "Methods of Judicial Selection: North Carolina," accessed September 20, 2021
- ↑ Ballotpedia Election Administration Legislation Tracker, "North Carolina S382," accessed December 19, 2024
- ↑ North Carolina General Assembly, "North Carolina Constitution - Article IV," accessed September 20, 2021 (Section 19)
- ↑ National Center for State Courts, "2024 Salaries and Rankings," accessed October 7, 2024
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 McGee and Bryant did not file to run for re-election in 2020. When they last ran in 2012, judges ran in nonpartisan elections.
- ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "Session Law 2015-292," accessed July 19, 2016
- ↑ North Carolina Judicial Branch, "North Carolina Code of Judicial Conduct – Codified 12 February 2020," accessed August 19, 2025
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 North Carolina General Assembly, "Article IV - Judicial - Sec. 17. Removal of Judges, Magistrates and Clerks," accessed August 19, 2025
- ↑ North Carolina Judicial Branch, "About the Judicial Standards Commission," accessed August 19, 2025
- ↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
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