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Ohio Auditor election, 2018

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2022
2014
Ohio Auditor
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Election details
Filing deadline: February 7, 2018
Primary: May 8, 2018
General: November 6, 2018

Pre-election incumbent(s):
Dave Yost (Republican)
How to vote
Poll times: 6:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m.
Voting in Ohio
Ballotpedia analysis
Federal and state primary competitiveness
State executive elections in 2018
Impact of term limits in 2018
State government trifectas
State government triplexes
Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018
Ohio
executive elections
Governor

Lieutenant governor
Attorney general
Secretary of state
Treasurer
Auditor
State board of education

State Rep. Keith Faber (R) defeated former U.S. Rep. Zack Space (D) and accountant Robert Coogan (L) in the general election for auditor of Ohio on November 6, 2018. Incumbent Dave Yost (R), who was first elected in 2010, was term-limited, making this an open-seat race.

The office performs audits of state agencies and government entities throughout Ohio and provides financial services to local governments as needed. He or she is also one of five members of a state commission responsible for redrawing state legislative boundaries during redistricting.[1][2]

Ohio was both a Republican trifecta and Republican triplex, meaning Republicans controlled both chambers of the state legislature and held the offices of governor, secretary of state, and attorney general.

Ohio had supported statewide Democratic candidates in the past decade, however, including President Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and Sen. Sherrod Brown (D) in 2012.

Thomas Ferguson (D), the last Democrat elected state auditor in Ohio, left office in 1995.[3]

Candidates and election results

General election

General election for Ohio Auditor of State

Keith Faber defeated Zack Space and Robert Coogan in the general election for Ohio Auditor of State on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Keith Faber
Keith Faber (R)
 
49.7
 
2,152,769
Image of Zack Space
Zack Space (D)
 
46.3
 
2,006,204
Robert Coogan (L)
 
4.1
 
175,790

Total votes: 4,334,763
(100.00% precincts reporting)
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for Ohio Auditor of State

Zack Space advanced from the Democratic primary for Ohio Auditor of State on May 8, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Zack Space
Zack Space
 
100.0
 
508,131

Total votes: 508,131
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for Ohio Auditor of State

Keith Faber advanced from the Republican primary for Ohio Auditor of State on May 8, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Keith Faber
Keith Faber
 
100.0
 
611,729

Total votes: 611,729
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Candidate profiles

See also: Editorial approach to writing about key campaign messages


Zack Space, former U.S. representative
Zack Space.png

Campaign website Facebook Twitter

Party: Democratic

Incumbent: No

Political office: U.S. House, Ohio's 18th (2007-2011)

Biography: Space earned his bachelor's degree from Kenyon College and J.D. from the Ohio State University. He practiced law for two decades, including working as a public defender and as the law director of Dover. After serving two terms in Congress, Space joined the law firm Vorys, Sater, Seymour, and Pease.[4]

Key messages
  • Space said the auditor should impact policy. He would use the office to investigate charter schools run by for-profit entities like the Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow.[5]
  • Space said his top three priorities in office would be to "shine a light on the corrupting influence of money in politics," to end partisan gerrymandering, and "to investigate where taxpayer dollars are being spent wisely, and where improvements must be made."[6]




Keith Faber, state legislator
Keith Faber.png

Campaign website Facebook Twitter

Party: Republican

Incumbent: No

Political office: Ohio House of Representative (assumed office: 2017, 2001-2007); Ohio State Senate (2007-2017)

Biography: Faber earned his bachelor's degree from Oakland University and J.D. from the Ohio State University. He became the principal partner of Faber and Associates in Celina, a law firm specializing in civil litigation and mediation. He was first elected to the state legislature in 2006 and served as president of the Ohio State Senate from 2013 to 2017.[7][8]

Key messages
  • Faber said he was running for auditor because it was the "one state agency that can make government work better." He said he wanted to use data analytics and performance metrics to make government agencies faster, better, and cheaper.[9]
  • Faber said Space's plan to investigate charter schools was a misunderstanding of the role of the auditor. Faber described himself in the role of the auditor as the state's chief compliance officer rather than a partisan actor.[10][11]



Polls

See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
Ohio state auditor, 2018
Poll Poll sponsor Democratic Party Space Republican Party FaberUndecided/OtherMargin of errorSample size
Fallon Research
May 21-25, 2018
1984 Society 35%32%33%+/-3.5800
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.

Campaign finance

The chart below contains data from financial reports submitted to the Ohio secretary of state.


Satellite spending

Satellite spending, commonly referred to as outside spending, describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[12][13][14]

This section lists satellite spending in this race reported by news outlets in alphabetical order. If you are aware of spending that should be included, please email us.

Noteworthy endorsements

See also: Ballotpedia: Our approach to covering endorsements

This section lists noteworthy endorsements issued in this election, including those made by high-profile individuals and organizations, cross-party endorsements, and endorsements made by newspaper editorial boards. It also includes a bulleted list of links to official lists of endorsements for any candidates who published that information on their campaign websites. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. If you are aware of endorsements that should be included, please click here.


General election endorsements
Endorsement Democratic Party Space Republican Party Faber
Organizations
Ohio Conference of Teamsters[15]

Campaign advertisements

Democratic Party Zack Space

Support

"I'm Ready. Are You?" - Space ad, released November 16, 2017

Republican Party Keith Faber

Support

"Keith Faber for Auditor of State" - Faber ad, released November 9, 2017

Debates and forums

October 19, 2018, debate

Faber and Space participated in a debate on October 19, 2018, at Zane State College in Zanesville. The candidates discussed Medicaid, tax policy, and the failed Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow charter school, among other issues.[16]

  • Find the Columbus Dispatch round-up of the debate here.

Campaign themes

These were the policy positions listed on the candidates' websites, if available.

Democratic Party Zack Space

Fixing Our Broken Democracy

Ohioans in every corner of the state know that our democratic process is not working for them. Too many feel left behind and ignored by career politicians. For too long Ohio’s political process and system of government have catered to wealthy campaign contributors and prioritized powerful special interests, while disregarding the needs and concerns of hard-working Ohioans and their families.

We deserve a government that is responsive to us; that is accountable to us. Only we have the power to change the rules that govern our democracy. As Auditor, Zack will work tirelessly to reform our government and restore faith in Ohio’s democracy. That starts by shining a light on the improper influence of pay-to-play politics.

One need look no further than to the Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow (ECOT) scandal to understand that our political process is broken. ECOT received over $1 billion in taxpayer money to educate our children, despite its repeated misrepresentation of attendance figures and dismal performance record. How could they stay in business for so long? Because ECOT and its executives contributed heavily to the very politicians charged with ensuring a quality public education for all children. The winners: ECOT executives and incumbent politicians. The losers: thousands of school children who will forever be deprived of reaching their full potential. As Auditor, Zack will hold politicians, the Ohio Department of Education, bad-actor charter schools, and their sponsors accountable.

Ending Gerrymandering

Ohio’s legislative districts are some of the most polarized and non-competitive in the country. Politicians purposely designed them this way as an act of political self-preservation. While a convenient tool to advance political careers and exercise political dominance, these districts have served to both disenfranchise and divide us. The implications are grave.

As Auditor, Zack will serve on the redistricting commission (previously referred to as the Apportionment Board) and will lead an effort to draw Ohio’s districts in a way that serves all Ohioans, without regard to political favor.

The Power of Performance Audits

Ohio’s Auditor has broad statutory authority to oversee the expenditure and utilization of government resources, including the unique ability to conduct performance audits. Performance audits enable the Auditor to commission honest, fair assessments of how effectively our government uses your tax dollars.

As Auditor, Zack will conduct objective, in-depth, and fact-based performance audits to ensure Ohioans’ tax dollars are efficiently serving their interests. Whether it be assessing our state’s response to the opioid crisis, determining the effect of restricting access to health care coverage, or understanding the implications of cutting local government funds to Ohio communities of all sizes. Zack will use performance audits to protect you and your tax dollars.[17]

—Space for Ohio Auditor[18]

Republican Party Keith Faber

Government Accountability and Transparency

OPEN THE GOVERNMENT. GIVE UP THE RECORDS.

Even the news media recognized Conservative Keith Faber as a leader in creating access to public records. In fact, the Ohio Coalition for Open Government gave him their Public Service Award for it. As Auditor of State, Keith Faber will work with local government agencies to make the most commonly requested public records online so that Ohioans have easy access 24 hours a day.

After all, it’s your money and your records.

Cut Regulation and Red Tape

CUTTING JOB-KILLING REGULATIONS

Ohio’s economy depends on growing and maintaining a strong environment for entrepreneurs and private industry. That’s why Keith Faber led on reforms that have reduced new regulatory filings by nearly 50 percent and why he will continue his fight to reform Ohio’s burdensome regulatory environment so that we protect families and grow our economy at the same time.

Rein in Wasteful Spending

TAKING A HARDER LOOK AT STATE AGENCIES

Ohio spends billions of dollars on government bureaucracy. Keith Faber crafted and helped pass legislation that requires performance audits of state agencies and may sunset ineffective, inefficient, or outdated state agencies.

Improving Government Efficiency

EFFICIENT, LESS COSTLY GOVERNMENT

Keith Faber forced Ohio to cut taxes by $5 billion and insisted on the elimination of the job-killing small business tax. He knows a more efficient state government needs less of your money.

Improve Higher Education Affordability and Efficiency

MORE AFFORDABLE AND EFFICIENT HIGHER EDUCATION

Ohioans want to send their children to quality colleges and universities that are affordable. That’s why Keith Faber issued the Ohio Higher Education Challenge that reduced the cost of a degree at Ohio colleges and universities by an average of 11 percent. Keith Faber will initiate performance audits of higher education to help eliminate waste and inefficiency.[17]

—Faber for Ohio Auditor of State[19]

Social media

Twitter accounts

Facebook accounts

Click the icons below to visit the candidates' Facebook pages.

Democratic Party Zack Space Facebook

Republican Party Keith Faber Facebook

2020 redistricting impact

Impact of the 2018 election cycle on 2020 redistricting

Redistricting is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. All 435 United States representatives and 7,383 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. District lines are redrawn every 10 years following completion of the United States Census, which is next scheduled to occur in 2020. The federal government stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.[20]

Redistricting processes can be affected by the trifecta status of a state. Ballotpedia defines a trifecta as any state in which both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship are controlled by the same party. If both chambers of a state legislature are controlled by one party but the governorship is held by another, that governor could veto district maps adopted by the opposing party. Alternatively, in a state where control of the legislature itself is divided between two parties, the two chambers may vie to advance competing district plans.

How did trifecta status impact the 2010 redistricting cycle in Ohio? Click here to find out.

Congressional redistricting

In 37 states, state legislatures control the congressional redistricting process, meaning that the legislatures are ultimately responsible for adopting new maps. In all but two of these states (Connecticut and North Carolina), a governor can veto congressional maps adopted by the state legislature. In 2018, governors in 27 of these states will be up for election and will stand to have an impact during the 2020 redistricting cycle. Of these 27 states, Republicans have trifectas in 15 heading into the 2018 elections, meaning that Republicans control both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship. Democrats have trifectas in three. The remaining nine are under divided control.

The winner of Ohio's 2018 election for auditor is not poised to impact the 2020 congressional redistricting cycle. The state auditor has no direct role in the congressional redistricting process.

State legislative redistricting

In 37 states, state legislatures control the state legislative redistricting process, meaning that the legislatures are ultimately responsible for adopting new maps. In 31 of these states, a governor can veto state legislative maps adopted by the state legislature. In 2018, governors in 23 of these states will be up for election and will stand to have an impact during the 2020 redistricting cycle. Of these 23 states, Republicans have 14 trifectas heading into the 2018 elections, meaning that Republicans control both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship. Democrats have trifectas in three. The remaining six are under divided control.

The winner of Ohio's 2018 election for auditor is poised to impact the 2020 state legislative redistricting cycle. The state auditor serves on the commission responsible for drawing district lines.[2]

Pivot Counties

See also: Pivot Counties by state

Nine of 88 Ohio counties—10.2 percent—are Pivot Counties. Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.

Counties won by Trump in 2016 and Obama in 2012 and 2008
County Trump margin of victory in 2016 Obama margin of victory in 2012 Obama margin of victory in 2008
Ashtabula County, Ohio 18.80% 12.78% 13.54%
Erie County, Ohio 9.48% 12.29% 13.86%
Montgomery County, Ohio 0.73% 4.62% 6.22%
Ottawa County, Ohio 19.51% 4.30% 6.24%
Portage County, Ohio 9.87% 5.52% 8.99%
Sandusky County, Ohio 22.58% 2.71% 4.64%
Stark County, Ohio 17.17% 0.47% 5.46%
Trumbull County, Ohio 6.22% 23.00% 22.43%
Wood County, Ohio 7.99% 4.84% 7.13%

In the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump (R) won Ohio with 51.7 percent of the vote. Hillary Clinton (D) received 43.6 percent. In presidential elections between 1900 and 2016, Ohio cast votes for the winning presidential candidate 93.3 percent of the time (28 out of 30 elections), more than any other state in the country. In that same time frame, Ohio supported Republican candidates for president more often than Democratic candidates, 60 to 40 percent. Between 2000 and 2016, Ohio voted for the winning presidential candidate in every election.

Presidential results by legislative district

The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state House districts in Ohio. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[21][22]

In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won 39 out of 99 state House districts in Ohio with an average margin of victory of 35.7 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won 33 out of 99 state House districts in Ohio with an average margin of victory of 34 points. Clinton won seven districts controlled by Republicans heading into the 2018 elections.
In 2012, Mitt Romney (R) won 60 out of 99 state House districts in Ohio with an average margin of victory of 17.4 points. In 2016, Donald Trump (R) won 66 out of 99 state House districts in Ohio with an average margin of victory of 28.3 points. Trump won seven districts controlled by Democrats heading into the 2018 elections.


Election history

2014

Ohio Auditor, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Yost Incumbent 57% 1,711,927
     Democratic John Patrick Carney 38.3% 1,149,305
     Libertarian Bob Bridges 4.8% 143,363
Total Votes 3,004,595
Election results via Ohio Secretary of State

2010

Ohio Auditor of State, 2010
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDave Yost 50.2% 1,882,010
     Democratic David Pepper 44.9% 1,683,330
     Libertarian L. Michael Howard 4.9% 182,534
Total Votes 3,747,874
Election results via Ohio Secretary of State

State overview

Partisan control

This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Ohio heading into the 2018 elections.

Congressional delegation

State executives

State legislature

Trifecta status

2018 elections

See also: Ohio elections, 2018

Ohio held elections for the following positions in 2018:

Demographics

Demographic data for Ohio
 OhioU.S.
Total population:11,605,090316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):40,8613,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:82.4%73.6%
Black/African American:12.2%12.6%
Asian:1.9%5.1%
Native American:0.2%0.8%
Pacific Islander:0%0.2%
Two or more:2.5%3%
Hispanic/Latino:3.4%17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:89.1%86.7%
College graduation rate:26.1%29.8%
Income
Median household income:$49,429$53,889
Persons below poverty level:19.6%11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Ohio.
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

As of July 2017, Ohio had a population of 11,700,000 people, with its three largest cities being Columbus (pop. est. 860,000), Cleveland (pop. est. 390,000), and Cincinnati (pop. est. 300,000).[23][24]

State election history

This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Ohio from 2000 to 2016. All data comes from the Ohio Secretary of State.

Historical elections

Presidential elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Ohio every year from 2000 to 2016.

Election results (President of the United States), Ohio 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2016 Republican Party Donald Trump 52.1% Democratic Party Hillary Clinton 43.5% 8.6%
2012 Democratic Party Barack Obama 50.7% Republican Party Mitt Romney 47.7% 3.0%
2008 Democratic Party Barack Obama 51.5% Republican Party John McCain 46.9% 4.6%
2004 Republican Party George W. Bush 50.8% Democratic Party John Kerry 48.7% 2.1%
2000 Republican Party George W. Bush 50.0% Democratic Party Al Gore 46.5% 3.5%

U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Ohio from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.

Election results (U.S. Senator), Ohio 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2016 Republican Party Rob Portman 58.0% Democratic Party Ted Strickland 37.2% 20.8%
2012 Democratic Party Sherrod Brown 50.7% Republican Party Josh Mandel 44.7% 6.0%
2010 Republican Party Rob Portman 56.8% Democratic Party Lee Fisher 39.4% 17.4%
2006 Democratic Party Sherrod Brown 56.2% Republican Party Mike DeWine 43.8% 12.4%
2004 Republican Party George Voinovich 63.9% Democratic Party Eric Fingerhut 36.1% 27.8%
2000 Republican Party Mike DeWine 59.9% Democratic Party Ted Celeste 35.9% 24.0%

Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2016. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Ohio.

Election results (Governor), Ohio 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2014 Republican Party John Kasich 63.6% Democratic Party Ed Fitzgerald 33.0% 30.6%
2010 Republican Party John Kasich 49.0% Democratic Party Ted Strickland 47.0% 2.0%
2006 Democratic Party Ted Strickland 60.5% Republican Party Ken Blackwell 36.6% 23.9%
2002 Republican Party Robert Taft 57.8% Democratic Party Tim Hagan 38.3% 19.5%

Congressional delegation, 2000-2016

This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Ohio in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.

Congressional delegation, Ohio 2000-2016
Year Republicans Republicans (%) Democrats Democrats (%) Balance of power
2016 Republican Party 12 75.0% Democratic Party 4 25.0% R+8
2014 Republican Party 12 75.0% Democratic Party 4 25.0% R+8
2012 Republican Party 12 75.0% Democratic Party 4 25.0% R+8
2010 Republican Party 13 72.2% Democratic Party 5 27.8% R+8
2008 Republican Party 8 44.4% Democratic Party 10 55.6% D+2
2006 Republican Party 11 61.1% Democratic Party 7 38.9% R+4
2004 Republican Party 12 66.7% Democratic Party 6 33.3% R+6
2002 Republican Party 12 66.7% Democratic Party 6 33.3% R+6
2000 Republican Party 11 57.9% Democratic Party 8 42.1% R+3

Trifectas, 1992-2017

A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.

Ohio Party Control: 1992-2024
No Democratic trifectas  •  Twenty-six years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Governor R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
Senate R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
House D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R


Recent news

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Ohio auditor election 2018. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

See also

Ohio government:

Elections:

Ballotpedia exclusives:

External links

Footnotes

  1. Ohio Auditor, "About," accessed March 21, 2018
  2. 2.0 2.1 All About Redistricting, "Ohio," accessed March 20, 2018
  3. Journal-News, "Ohio Auditor candidate says public has ‘lost confidence’ in politics, government," August 4, 2018
  4. Space for Ohio, "About," accessed October 1, 2018
  5. Toledo Blade, "Zack Space wants to use auditor post to investigate charter schools," September 30, 2018
  6. WKBN, "Election November 2018: Zack Space," September 26, 2018
  7. Ohio House, "Keith Faber," accessed October 1, 2018
  8. Keith Faber, "Meet Keith," accessed October 1, 2018
  9. Cleveland.com, "Keith Faber on John Kasich: 'We got a lot of great things done together' -- Ohio Matters podcast: Episode 33," September 28, 2018
  10. Toledo Blade, "State Rep. Keith Faber touts experience in race for auditor," September 30, 2018
  11. Times Reporter, "GOP candidate Keith Faber sees auditor’s job as chief compliance officer for Ohio," September 15, 2018
  12. OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed September 22, 2015
  13. OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed September 22, 2015
  14. National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," November 6, 2015
  15. Ohio Teamsters, "Ohio Statewide Endorsements," accessed October 1, 2018
  16. Ohio.com, "Zack Space, Keith Faber get rough in state auditor’s debate," October 19, 2018
  17. 17.0 17.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  18. Space for Ohio Auditor, "Issues," accessed October 1, 2018
  19. Faber for Ohio Auditor of State, "Issues," accessed October 1, 2018
  20. All About Redistricting, "Why does it matter?" accessed April 8, 2015
  21. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
  22. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017
  23. United States Census Bureau, "QuickFacts - Ohio," accessed April 4, 2018
  24. Ohio Demographics, "Ohio Cities by Population," accessed April 4, 2018