Oregon Measure 103, Ban Tax on Groceries Initiative (2018)
- General election: Nov. 6
- Voter registration deadline: Oct. 16
- Early voting: N/A
- Absentee voting deadline: Nov. 6
- Online registration: Yes
- Same-day registration: N/A (all-mail elections)
- Voter ID: N/A
- Poll times: N/A
| Oregon Measure 103 | |
|---|---|
| Election date November 6, 2018 | |
| Topic Taxes | |
| Status | |
| Type Constitutional amendment | Origin Citizens |
Oregon Measure 103, the Ban Tax on Groceries Initiative, was on the ballot in Oregon as an initiated constitutional amendment on November 6, 2018. It was defeated.
| A yes vote supported this amendment to prohibit state and local governments from enacting taxes on groceries. |
| A no vote opposed this amendment, thus retaining the authority of state and local governments to enact taxes on groceries. |
Election results
|
Oregon Measure 103 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Result | Votes | Percentage | ||
| Yes | 791,687 | 42.69% | ||
| 1,062,752 | 57.31% | |||
Overview
What would this measure have done?
Measure 103 would have prevented the enactment or increase of any state or local tax, fee, or assessment on the sale of groceries. Going into the election, Oregon did not have statewide sales tax—including on groceries—but had no law preventing local governments from establishing such a sales tax. Measure 103's prohibition on taxes or tax increases on grocery sales would have applied to any tax or fee put in place on or after October 1, 2017, thereby applying retroactively to any taxes or fees enacted between October 2017 and the election on Measure 103.[1][2]
Measure 103 would have defined groceries as "raw or processed food or beverages intended for human consumption," excluding alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana.[1] Based on this definition, Measure 103 would have prevented local governments from taxing soda or sugary beverages.[3]
Business taxes in Oregon
Businesses in Oregon paid the greater of the following two options: (a) what is known as a corporate minimum tax that amounts to roughly 0.1 percent of sales or (b) 6.6 percent on taxable income up to $1 million and 7.6 percent over $1 million. The minimum tax on sales was capped at $100,000 going into the election. Businesses that sell groceries were subject to the state's corporate minimum tax.
- The Oregon Attorney General's office wrote: "[W]e believe that a significant effect of the measure is that the corporate minimum tax could not be amended as it applies to sellers and distributors of groceries."[4]
- Willamette Week stated that "The measure would also freeze in place the state's corporate minimum tax, a provision that adds to progressives' hostility to it."[5]
- Dan Floyd of the support campaign, Yes! Keep Our Groceries Tax Free, told Ballotpedia via email that it was important to note that Measure 103 would not affect income taxes, property taxes, or any other tax besides sales taxes for businesses selling groceries.[6]
Supporters and opponents
The following two committees were registered to support Measure 103:[7]
- Yes! Keep Our Groceries Tax Free!
- Parent's Education Association PAC
Together, they had raised $8.18 million and had spent $8.43 million.
The following three committees were registered to oppose Measure 103:[7]
- Defend Oregon
- Vote No on 103
- Team Oregon
Together, they had raised $11.39 million and had spent $10.98 million.
What other states had grocery tax ballot measures in 2018?
- The Washington Taxes on Groceries Initiative was on the ballot in Washington. The measure was designed to local government entities from imposing any new tax, fee, or other assessment on grocery items. It was not designed to prevent the state from imposing taxes on groceries generally. As of July 19, 2018, the support committee received $4.8 million in contributions. The largest donors were the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc.
- The Washington State and Local Taxes on Groceries Initiative did not qualify for a place on the ballot in Washington. The measure would have exempted groceries including food, bottled water, carbonated beverages, soft drinks, and their ingredients from sales and use taxes. The measure would have prohibited both state and local governments from imposing a sales and use tax on groceries.
- The California Two-Thirds Vote for State and Local Revenue Increases Initiative qualified for the ballot but was withdrawn by proponents who instead agreed to a compromise bill with legislators to keep the initiative off the ballot. The initiative would have required a two-thirds vote of the electorate on all local taxes, including as soda taxes. Supporters of the ballot initiative raised $8.25 million as of June 2018. More than $7 million was from the American Beverage Association California PAC. Contributors to the PAC include the Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo Inc., Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Red Bull North America, and the national American Beverage Association.
Measure design
Measure 103 would have banned state and local governments from enacting taxes on the sale of groceries. It would have retroactively prohibited any taxes, fees, or assessments adopted or enacted on or after October 1, 2017.[1]
Measure 103 defined groceries as "raw or processed food or beverages intended for human consumption," excluding alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana.[1] Based on this definition, the measure would have preempted local governments from taxing soda or sugary beverages.[8][4]
Text of measure
Ballot title
The ballot title was as follows:
| “ |
Amends Constitution: Prohibits taxes/fees based on transactions for “groceries” (defined) enacted or amended after September 2017 Result of “Yes” Vote: “Yes” vote amends Constitution; prohibits state/local taxes/fees based on transactions for “groceries” (defined), including those on sellers/distributors, enacted/amended after September 2017. Result of “No” Vote: “No” vote retains state/local government authority to enact/amend taxes (includes corporate minimum tax), fees, on transactions for “groceries” (defined), including on sellers/distributors.[9] |
” |
Ballot summary
The ballot summary was as follows:[1]
| “ |
Amends Constitution. Currently, state/local governments may enact/amend taxes/fees on grocery sales, including state corporate minimum tax, local taxes. Measure prohibits state/local governments from adopting, approving or enacting, on or after October 1, 2017, any “tax, fee, or other assessment” on sale/distribution/purchase/receipt of, or for privilege of selling/distributing, “groceries”, by individuals/entities regulated by designated food safety agencies, including restaurants, or operating as farm stand/farmers market/food bank. Measure prohibits “sales tax, gross receipts tax, commercial activity tax, value-added tax, excise tax, privilege tax, and any other similar tax on sale of groceries.” “Groceries” defined as “any raw or processed food or beverage intended for human consumption.” Alcoholic beverages, marijuana products, tobacco products exempted. Other provisions.[9] |
” |
Constitutional changes
- See also: Article IX, Oregon Constitution
Measure 103 would have added a Section 16 to Article IX of the Oregon Constitution.
Note: Use your mouse to scroll over the below text to see the full text.
KEEPING GROCERIES TAX FREE SECTION 16. (1) Subject to the limitations in subsection (4) herein, the state and a city county, district or other political subdivision or municipal corporation of this state may not adopt, collect, enact, or impose a tax, fee, or other assessment upon the sale or distribution of groceries or for the privilege of selling or distributing groceries. (2) Nothing in subsection (l) of this section limits the authority to adopt, collect, enact, or impose: (a) A tax, fee, or other assessment on or measured by
(b) A fee or other assessment to operate the State Department of Agriculture's Food Safety Program or Commodity inspection Program or any successor agency or program that provides for the safety of groceries. DEFINITIONS 3) As used in this section: (a) "Groceries" means any raw or processed food or beverage intended for human consumption except alcoholic beverages, marijuana products, and tobacco product (b) "Sale or distribution of groceries" means any transaction for the sale, purchase distribution, or transfer of groceries sold, distributed, transferred to, or purchased or received from, any individual or entity that
(c) "Tax, fee, or other assessment" includes, but is not limited to, a sales tax, gross receipts tax, commercial activity tax value-added tax, excise tax, privilege tax, and any other similar tax on the sale of groceries. (d) "Alcoholic beverage" means any liquid or solid containing more than one-half of one percent alcohol by volume and capable of being consumed by a human being. (e) "Marijuana product" means a product made from any part of the plant Cannabis family Cannabaceae or the seeds of the plant Cannabis family Cannabaceae (f) "Tobacco products" means cigars, cigarettes, cheroots, stogies, periques, granulated, plug cut, crimp cut, ready rubbed, and other smoking tobacco, snuff, snuff flour, moist snuff, cavendish, plug and twist tobacco, fine-cut and other chewing tobaccos, shorts, refuse scraps, clippings, cuttings and sweepings of tobacco, and other kinds and forms of tobacco prepared in such manner as to be suitable for chewing or smoking in a pipe or otherwise, or both for chewing and smoking. IMPLEMENTATION (4) The prohibition on the imposition and collection of a tax fee, or other assessment, including but not limited to a corporate minimum tax, on the sale or distribution of groceries by subsection (1) of this section applies only to state and local enactments relating to taxes, fees, or other assessments adopted, approved, or enacted on or after October 1, 2017. (5) It is the intent of the people that all parts of this amendment are independent and that if any part of this amendment is held unconstitutional all remaining parts shall remain in force.[9] |
Readability score
- See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2018
| Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The attorney general wrote the ballot language for this measure.
In 2018, for the 167 statewide measures on the ballot, the average ballot title or question was written at a level appropriate for those with between 19 and 20 years of U.S. formal education (graduate school-level of education), according to the FKGL formula. Read Ballotpedia's entire 2018 ballot language readability report here. |
Support
Vote Yes on Measure 103; Keep Our Groceries Tax Free led the campaign in support of this initiative.[10]
Supporters
- The Northwest Grocery Association
- Oregon state representative and gubernatorial candidate Knute Buehler (R)[11]
Arguments
- On their website, the support campaign argued, "A tax on groceries is unfair and regressive and hits those who can least afford it, like seniors, low-income households and military families. We need to permanently protect groceries from being taxed."[12]
- A spokesperson for Knute Buehler said "State government is already collecting record tax revenues from Oregonians. Taxing groceries will hit lower- and middle-income families and people on fixed incomes especially hard."[11]
- Joe Gilliam, president of the Northwest Grocery Association, said, "Since statehood, Oregon has never taxed groceries, yet politicians in Oregon continue to push for a tax on grocery sales. This initiative will end these efforts and other future efforts by proactively prohibiting the taxing of groceries from farm-to-fork."[13]
Opposition
No on 103 led the campaign in opposition to the measure.
Opponents
Following is a list of organizations, individuals, and businesses listed as members of the No on 103 coalition:[14]
Organizations
Oregon businesses
Elected officials and community leaders
|
Arguments
- Defend Oregon stated, "Constitutional Amendment 103 is risky and unnecessary. Supporters claim it’s meant to keep groceries tax free, but there is no tax on groceries and no one is proposing one. The measure is retroactive and so misleading and poorly-written that it would have many unintended consequences that harm Oregon families."[16]
- Our Oregon Communications Director Katherine Driessen said, "This is really an attempt by the grocers to codify their ability not to pay their fair share of taxes."[17] Driessen also said, "We certainly plan to talk to voters about all of the many, many unintended consequences this measure would have. We think it’s very important that folks know that it’s incredibly misleading.”[18]
Media editorials
- See also: 2018 ballot measure media endorsements
Support
- The Bulletin said: "Grocery companies have spent more than $2 million to get enough signatures for Initiative Petition 37, according to The Oregonian. The proposal would block the Legislature from putting taxes or fees on sales of 'groceries.' Food is a necessity and taxes on food can be among the most regressive of taxes. People with lower incomes don’t have much room to cut spending on food. And if they do, what’s cheaper is not always healthier. Of course there are likely Oregon politicians who would like to shape food choices for Oregonians. They may want to tax soda or even anything with added sugar. Don’t let them. Taxes should be used to raise revenue, not to control the population. Sign the petition if you get a chance. And next up in Oregon should be a proposal for a ban on tax and fees on medicine."[19]
If you are aware of any other supporting editorials, please send an email with a link to editor@ballotpedia.org.
Opposition
- The Pamplin Media Group said: "This initiative is a direct reaction to Measure 97, which would have imposed a gross receipts tax on large companies, including most major grocers. We agree with Measure 103's proponents that there should never, ever be a tax on basic needs such as groceries (or medicine). Oregon doesn't have such a tax now, and it's hard to envision it ever would. But embedding tax policy in the state constitution is unnecessary and unwise. Conversely, the measure's definition of groceries doesn't include other basic needs, such as medicine, which leaves the opportunity for those items to be taxed by a 'Son of 97' type of measure. And that brings us to our final objection to Measure 103: It divides the business coalition that defeated Measure 97 and opens the door for public employee unions to come back in 2020 with a new measure that taxes everything but groceries."[20]
- The Oregonian said: "Voters should steer clear of Measure 103 and its many unintended consequences and vote no. The initiative goes far beyond just food purchased at a local grocery store - it bars taxes on the sales, distribution or transfer of raw and processed food at all stages 'from farm to fork.' It's overly vague, leaving open to legal interpretation just how broadly a ban could apply. It would bar local communities from enacting a targeted food or beverage tax of their own, even if their community members enthusiastically support one."[21]
- The Daily Tidings said: "The grocery industry wants to enact a permanent ban on any new taxes on groceries, including food and soda, and would freeze the state corporate minimum tax for supermarkets. Bad enough that a single industry should get special tax protection enshrined in the state Constitution, but this measure’s language is so confusing that it’s difficult to know what else it might do. For instance, the state Department of Justice says Measure 103 would ban new taxes on restaurant meals (Ashland’s meals tax would not be affected). The measure’s supporters insist new restaurant meals taxes still would be allowed. That confusion is reason enough to keep it out of the state Constitution. We recommend a no vote."[22]
- The Herald and News wrote, "We say 'No.' Anytime you push through a law for a special interest group, no matter how well intentioned, it has consequences no one thought of. Excluding an industry from taxes, while others must pay up, does not pass muster with us."[23]
Additional editorial endorsements
In addition to the above editorial endorsements, the following news editorial boards oppose Measure 103:[24]
- Willamette Week
- Mail Tribune
- The Register-Guard
- Street Roots News
- East Oregonian
- Corvallis Gazette-Times
- Albany Democrat-Herald
Campaign finance
| Total campaign contributions: | |
| Support: | $8,176,515.66 |
| Opposition: | $11,390,008.73 |
The following two committees were registered to support Measure 103:[7]
- Yes! Keep Our Groceries Tax Free!
- Parent's Education Association PAC
Together, they had raised $8.18 million and had spent $8.43 million.
The following three committees were registered to oppose Measure 103:[7]
- Defend Oregon
- Vote No on 103
- Team Oregon
Together, they had raised $11.39 million and had spent $10.98 million.
Support
|
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Top donors
The top five donors to the support campaign are listed below:[7]
| Donor | Cash | In-kind | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Beverage Association | $2,800,000.00 | $436,063.00 | $3,236,063.00 |
| Albertsons Safeway | $1,440,917.00 | $15,000.00 | $1,455,917.00 |
| Kroger | $1,240,917.00 | $0.00 | $1,240,917.00 |
| Costco | $885,001.00 | $0.00 | $885,001.00 |
| Northwest Grocery Association | $265,000.00 | $8,058.44 | $273,058.44 |
Opposition
|
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Top donors
Top donors listed here are the top donors for the committee that was exclusively opposing Measure 103: Vote No on 103. Top donors to the other committees are not included in the chart below because they were registered with a position on multiple measures on the ballot, making it impossible to determine on which measure the committee's funds were used.[7]
| Donor | Cash | In-kind | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Michael Bloomberg | $2,100,000.00 | $0.00 | $2,100,000.00 |
| Oregon Education Association | $650,000.00 | $1,200.00 | $651,200.00 |
| Action Now Initiative | $500,000.00 | $0.00 | $500,000.00 |
| Common Good Fund | $0.00 | $42,100.00 | $42,100.00 |
Methodology
To read Ballotpedia's methodology for covering ballot measure campaign finance information, click here.
Polls
Below are results of polls that asked respondents how they would vote on Measure 103. Also displayed are the dates the poll was conducted, the number of respondents, and the poll's margin of error.
| Oregon Measure 103 | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poll | Yes- support | No- oppose | Undecided | Margin of error | Sample size | ||||||||||||||
| DHM Research Poll 10/4/18 - 10/11/18 | 33.0% | 47.0% | 20.0% | +/-4.4 | 500 | ||||||||||||||
| Riley Research Associates Poll 9/24/18 - 10/7/18 | 40.0% | 38.0% | 21.0% | +/-5.2 | 356 | ||||||||||||||
| AVERAGES | 36.5% | 42.5% | 20.5% | +/-4.8 | 428 | ||||||||||||||
| Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org. | |||||||||||||||||||
Background
Taxes on groceries in Oregon
As of 2018, Oregon had no statewide sales tax and no law preventing local governments from establishing a sales tax.[25][26] Two cities in Oregon do have a tax on prepared foods and non-alcoholic drinks, which fall under the definition of groceries in Measure 103 according to the attorney general. Ashland and Yachats charge a sales tax of five percent on prepared food and non-alcoholic drinks. The tax was approved by voters in Ashland and established in 1990. Of the five percent tax, four percent is used to help fund costs associated with the construction of a wastewater treatment plant, and one percent is used to purchase land for parks. The tax was renewed and extended by Ashland voters in 2009 and is set to expire on December 31, 2030.[27][28]
Sales taxes on groceries and treatment of candy and soda
The following map shows how each state taxed groceries and how states assessed taxes on candy and soda as of October 2018. States that exempted groceries from taxes show a sales tax rate of 0.0 percent and are colored in light green on the map. Whether candy and/or soda were treated as groceries differs by state. For example, in California and Pennsylvania, candy was treated as a grocery item and was also tax-exempt, while soda was not treated as a grocery item and was, therefore, subject to the state sales tax. In Alabama, Hawaii, Idaho, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Dakota, groceries were subject to the general state sales tax rate. In Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee, Utah, and Virginia, groceries were taxed, but at a lower rate than the general state sales tax rate. In Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hampshire, and Oregon, there was no state sales tax and, therefore, groceries were not subject to a state sales tax.[29]
Local Oregon ballot measure
Yes! Keep St. Helens Groceries Tax Free was behind a local measure in St. Helens, Oregon, Measure 5-266, which was approved on May 15, 2018. It amended the city charter to prohibit taxes on groceries and retroactively prohibit the imposition or collection of taxes since September 1, 2017.[30] The measure was approved by a vote of 2,446 (89.11 percent) to 299 (10.98 percent).[31]
Tax preemption measures in 2018
- The Washington Taxes on Groceries Initiative (#1634), filed by Heidi Schultz, was on the ballot in Washington as an Initiative to the People, a type of initiated state statute, on November 6, 2018. This measure was designed to prohibit local government entities from imposing any new tax, fee, or other assessment on grocery items. It was not designed to prevent the state from imposing taxes on groceries. Grocery items are defined in this measure as "any raw or processed food or beverage, or any ingredient thereof, intended for human consumption." The measure would prohibit any existing taxes, fees, or assessments from being increased after January 15, 2018. Yes! To Affordable Groceries is leading the campaign in support of this initiative. Yes! To Affordable Groceries is sponsored by the American Beverage Association and is supported by the Washington Farm Bureau, the Washington Food and Beverage Association, the Korean-American Grocer's Association of Washington, and the Joint Council of Teamsters No. 28.
- The Washington State and Local Taxes on Groceries Initiative (#1635), filed by Tim Eyman, did not qualify for a place on the ballot in Washington as an Initiative to the People, a type of initiated state statute, on November 6, 2018. This measure would have exempted groceries including food, bottled water, carbonated beverages, soft drinks and their ingredients from sales and use taxes. The measure would have prohibited both state and local governments from imposing a sales and use tax on groceries.
- The California Two-Thirds Vote for State and Local Revenue Increases Initiative qualified for the ballot but was withdrawn by proponents who, instead, agreed to a compromise bill with legislators to keep the initiative off the ballot. The initiative would have required a two-thirds vote of the electorate on all local taxes, including soda taxes. Supporters of the ballot initiative raised $8.25 million as of June 2018. More than $7 million was from the American Beverage Association California PAC. Since January 1, 2017, the American Beverage Association California PAC had received contributions over $10,000 from five sources—The Coca-Cola Company ($3,050,827), PepsiCo Inc. ($2,303,851), Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc./Mott’s LLP ($964,516), Red Bull North America ($89,206), and the national American Beverage Association ($24,679).
Ballot measures to cap, limit, or restrict taxes in 2018
- See also: Taxes on the ballot
In 2018, voters in six states considered ballot measures to cap, limit, or restrict types of taxes. In Oregon and Washington, voters decided ballot initiatives to prohibit governments from enacting taxes on groceries. Oregan voters rejected the grocery tax ban. In Washington, the measure was ahead by 5 percentage points with 64 percent of precincts reporting.
In Arizona, an initiative to prohibit new taxes or increased tax rates on services was approved. Voters in California defeated an initiated measure to require voter approval for the state legislature to impose, increase, or extend fuel taxes or vehicle fees in the future. It would have also repealed a gas tax increase passed in 2017.
Legislatures in Florida and North Carolina referred constitutional amendments capping taxes to the ballot and both were approved. Voters in Florida and Oregon also considered ballot measures to require supermajorities of the state legislature to increase taxes. In Florida, the measure was approved, and, in Oregon, it was defeated.
An additional initiative qualified for the ballot in California but was withdrawn after proponents agreed to a compromise bill with legislators to keep the initiative off the ballot. The initiative would have required a two-thirds vote of the electorate on all local taxes, including soda taxes. The compromise legislation prohibited local soda taxes until 2031.
| Measure | Origin | Description | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona Proposition 126 | Initiative | Prohibits the state and local governments from enacting new taxes or increasing tax rates on services | |
| California Proposition 6 | Initiative | Requires voter approval for the state legislature to impose, increase, or extend fuel taxes or vehicle fees in the future | |
| Florida Amendment 2 | Legislature | Makes permanent the cap of 10 percent on annual nonhomestead parcel assessment increases set to expire | |
| Florida Amendment 5 | Legislature | Requires a two-thirds vote of each chamber of the state legislature to enact new taxes or fees or increase existing ones | |
| North Carolina Amendment | Legislature | Lowers the maximum allowable state income tax rate from 10 percent to 7 percent | |
| Oregon Measure 103 | Initiative | Prohibits state and local governments from enacting taxes on groceries | |
| Oregon Measure 104 | Initiative | Requires a three-fifths vote of each chamber of the state legislature to increase revenue, such as via increasing taxes and decreasing tax exemptions | |
| Washington Initiative 1634 | Initiative | Prohibits local governments from enacting taxes on groceries |
Path to the ballot
The state process
In Oregon, the number of signatures required to qualify an initiated constitutional amendment for the ballot is equal to 8 percent of the votes cast for governor in the most recent gubernatorial election. Signatures for Oregon initiatives must be submitted four months prior to the next regular general election. State law also requires paid signature gatherers to submit any signatures they gather every month.
Moreover, Oregon is one of several states that require a certain number of signatures to accompany an initiative petition application. The signatures of at least 1,000 electors are required to trigger a review by state officials, a period of public commentary, and the drafting of a ballot title. Prior to gathering these initial 1,000 signatures, petitioners must submit the text of the measure, a form disclosing their planned use of paid circulators, and a form designating up to three chief petitioners.
The requirements to get an initiated constitutional amendment certified for the 2018 ballot:
- Signatures: 117,578 valid signatures were required.
- Deadline: The deadline to submit signatures was July 6, 2018.
In Oregon, signatures are verified using a random sample method. If a first round of signatures is submitted at least 165 days before an election and contains raw, unverified signatures at least equal to the minimum requirement, but verification shows that not enough of the submitted signatures are valid, additional signatures can be submitted prior to the final deadline.
Details about the initiative
Ron Brake and Syd Hannigan filed the proposal with the secretary of state's office on October 19, 2017. Oregon requires that 1,000 signatures be submitted before a ballot title is drafted. Brake and Hannigan filed similar versions of this measure, Initiative #30 and #35. Those measures were withdrawn and refiled as the current measure, Initiative #37. The only differences between the versions were technical changes that do not impact what the measure is designed to do if approved. Petitioners appealed to the Oregon Supreme Court, asking the court to change the ballot title and summary provided by the attorney general. The supreme court ruled on March 2, 2018, to uphold the attorney general's certified ballot title and summary. On March 7, 2018, Initiative #37 was cleared for circulation.[1]
Petitioners were required to collect 117,578 valid signatures to get their initiative on the ballot. Signatures for initiatives needed to be submitted four months prior to the election on November 6, 2018, which was July 6, 2018.
On May 23, 2018, proponents reported submitting around 180,000 signatures to the secretary of state's office.[13]
On June 18, 2018, the Oregon Secretary of State announced that proponents had submitted over 121,000 valid signatures, certifying the measure for the ballot.[32]
Cost of signature collection:
Sponsors of the measure hired Morning in America and Ballot Access LLC to collect signatures for the petition to qualify this measure for the ballot. A total of $1,403,992.14 was spent to collect the 117,578 valid signatures required to put this measure before voters, resulting in a total cost per required signature (CPRS) of $11.94.[7]
Compromise deal
On July 5, 2018, Oregon Public Broadcasting reported that Oregon Governor Kate Brown reached a deal with the proponents of the Corporate Tax Disclosures Initiative, Initiative #25, which would have required publicly-traded corporations to file statements with the secretary of state on their state tax filings and other financial information. The measure was sponsored by top officials of two major public employee unions, the Oregon chapter of the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) and Local 503 of Service Employees International Union (SEIU).[33]
Under the deal, proponents agreed to not submit the signatures they had gathered for the initiative and would instead use their funds to defeat two other initiatives: (a) Measure 103, which would ban taxes on groceries, and (b) Measure 104, which would apply a three-fifths supermajority vote requirement to any legislation that increases revenue through changes in tax exemptions, credits, and deductions.[33]
Oregon Public Broadcasting reported, "Nike, the state’s largest home-grown business, appeared to play a major role in the negotiations. According to sources, the company had told the governor that the corporate transparency measure would put them at a disadvantage with rivals from other states and would hurt efforts for moderate elements of the business community to work with labor... On July 3, 2018, Nike donated $100,000 to a new political action committee called the Common Good Fund, controlled by senior Nike employee Julia Brim-Edwards."[33][34]
Later in July 2018, a complaint was filed with the Oregon Secretary of State's office alleging that "The unions agreed to withdraw an initiative … in exchange for Nike donating $100,000 to a PAC — the Common Good Fund — that will campaign against [Measures 103 and 104]".[34]
The Oregon Department of Justice reviewed the complaint and determined that a criminal investigation was not warranted in the matter.[35]
How to cast a vote
- See also: Voting in Oregon
Poll times
Oregon is an all-mail voting state. Each county provides privacy booths that voters can use to mark their ballot. Typically, voters can return their completed ballot at the same location.[36][37]
Registration requirements
To register to vote in Oregon, one must be a resident of Oregon, a United States citizen, and at least 16 years old. Voters must be at least 18 years old by the day of the election in order to receive a ballot.[38] Potential voters can register online or by mailing in a voter registration form to your county election office. The deadline to register is 21 days before the election.[38]
Automatic registration
Oregon implemented automatic voter registration in 2016. For more information, click here.
Online registration
- See also: Online voter registration
Oregon has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.
Same-day registration
Oregon does not allow same-day voter registration.
Residency requirements
To register to vote in Oregon, you must be a resident of the state.
Verification of citizenship
Oregon does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration.
Verifying your registration
The Oregon Secretary of State’s Office allows residents to check their voter registration status online by visiting this website.
Voter ID requirements
Oregon is an all-mail voting state. When registering to vote, voters must provide their driver's license number or state ID card number. If voters can not provide this information, they can print and sign a online voter registration form and mail it to their county election office to complete their registration.[36]
Background
As of May 2023, 35 states enforced (or were scheduled to begin enforcing) voter identification requirements. A total of 25 states required voters to present photo identification at the polls; the remainder accepted other forms of identification. Valid forms of identification differ by state. Commonly accepted forms of ID include driver's licenses, state-issued identification cards, and military identification cards.[39][40]
Oregon is an all-mail voting state. When registering to vote, voters must provide their driver's license number or state ID card number. If voters can not provide this information, they can print and sign a online voter registration form and mail it to their county election office to complete their registration.[36]
Provisional ballot rules
Voters in Oregon are given provisional ballots, or ballots requiring additional steps or information before they can be counted, if a voter claims to be registered to vote but no record of registration can be found.[41]
A provisional ballot is counted in the following circumstances:[42]
- If the voter is registered to vote and cast the ballot correctly;
- If the "county clerk determines the registration of the elector is considered active or inactive"; and
- If the voter is "qualified to vote for the particular office or on the measure."
Was your provisional ballot counted?
The Oregon Secretary of State's office allows voters, including those who cast a provisional ballot, to check the status of their ballot here.[43]
Local election officials
Do you need information about elections in your area? Are you looking for your local election official? Click here to visit the U.S. Vote Foundation and use their election official lookup tool. |
Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker
State election laws are changing. Keeping track of the latest developments in all 50 states can seem like an impossible job.
Here's the solution: Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker.
Ballotpedia's Election Administration Tracker sets the industry standard for ease of use, flexibility, and raw power. But that's just the beginning of what it can do:
- Ballotpedia's election experts provide daily updates on bills and other relevant political developments
- We translate bill text into summaries that are easy-to-digest everyday language
- And because it's from Ballotpedia, our Tracker is guaranteed to be neutral, unbiased, and nonpartisan
The Ballot Bulletin
The Ballot Bulletin is a weekly email that delivers the latest updates on election policy. The Ballot Bulletin tracks developments in election policy around the country, including legislative activity, big-picture trends, and recent news. Each email contains in-depth data from our Election Administration Legislation Tracker. You'll also be able to track relevant legislation, with links to and summaries of the bills themselves.
Recent issues
Click below to view recent issues of The Ballot Bulletin.
- The Ballot Bulletin: May 26, 2023
- The Ballot Bulletin: May 19, 2023
- The Ballot Bulletin: May 12, 2023
- The Ballot Bulletin: May 5, 2023
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Primary election type
- See also: Primary elections in Oregon
A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for elected office to run in the general election. They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. Oregon generally utilizes a closed primary process. The selection of a party's candidates in an election is limited to registered party members for presidential and legislative elections. However, the Oregon Republican Party voted to open the Republican primary to unaffiliated voters for the offices of secretary of state, attorney general, and treasurer.[44][45][46][47]
For information about which offices are nominated via primary election, see this article. As of 2020, 28 states had laws requiring employers to provide time off for voting under certain conditions.
Voting rules for people convicted of a felony
- See also: Voting rights for convicted felons
In Oregon, people convicted of a felony automatically regain their right to vote upon completion of their incarceration.[48]
Voting rights for people convicted of a felony vary from state to state. In the majority of states, people convicted of a felony cannot vote while they are incarcerated but may regain the right to vote upon release from prison or at some point thereafter.[49]
Voter list maintenance
All states have rules under which they maintain voter rolls—or, check and remove certain names from their lists of registered voters. Most states are subject to the parameters set by The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA).[50] The NVRA requires states to make efforts to remove deceased individuals and individuals who have become ineligible due to a change of address. It prohibits removing registrants from voter lists within 90 days of a federal election due to change of address unless a registrant has requested to be removed, or from removing people from voter lists solely because they have not voted. The NVRA says that states may remove names from their registration lists under certain other circumstances and that their methods for removing names must be uniform and nondiscriminatory.[51]
When names can be removed from the voter list
Oregon law authorizes county clerks to remove the names of voters from the registered voting list under the following circumstances:Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name cannot be a simple integer. Use a descriptive title
| “ |
(a) At the request of the elector; (b) Upon the death of the elector; (c) If the county clerk receives written evidence that the elector has registered to vote in another county in this state or in another state; or (d) If the elector has not responded to a notice described in ORS 247.563 and has not voted or updated a registration during the period beginning on the date the notice is sent and ending on the day after the date of the second regular general election that occurs after the date the notice was sent.[9] |
” |
Inactive voter list rules
If a voter is determined to have moved outside of their voting jurisdiction or to need to update their registration status, county clerks are to send them an address confirmation notice. The voter is to be considered inactive when sent a notice. If an inactive voter fails to respond to the notice and fails to vote in two consecutive general elections, they are fully removed from the list of registered voters.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name cannot be a simple integer. Use a descriptive title
The Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC)
According to its website, ERIC is a nonprofit corporation that is governed by a board of member-states. These member states submit voter registration and motor vehicle registration information to ERIC. ERIC uses this information, as well as Social Security death records, to provide member states with detailed reports showing voters who have moved within their state, moved out of their state, died, have duplicate registrations in their state, or are potentially eligible to vote but are not yet registered.
ERIC's website describes its funding as follows: "Each state pays annual dues, which are determined by a formula approved by the ERIC membership. The formula includes a state's citizen voting age population as a factor."[52]
As of April 2023, Oregon was one of the 26 states participating in the ERIC program.
Post-election auditing
Oregon state law requires post-election audits. County clerks can choose to conduct a hand counted audit or a risk-limiting audit. In a hand counted audit, 10% of all precincts are counted if the margin of victory is less than 1% of the total votes cast; 5% of all precincts are counted if the margin of victory is between 1% and 2%; and 3% of all precincts are counted if the margin of victory is 2% or greater. If there is a discrepancy of greater than 0.5% in a hand counted audit, the sample is audited again. If the second audit has a discrepancy of 0.5%, all ballots are audited. If a risk-limiting audit is chosen, the secretary of state provides guidance on how to handle discrepancies. Hand counted audits must begin no later than the 21st day after the election and must be completed by the 30th day after the election. Risk-limiting audits must be completed before the election is certified.[53]
Post-election audits check that election results tallied by a state's voting system match results from paper records, such as paper ballots filled out by voters or the paper records produced by electronic voting machines. According to the Election Assistance Commission, 40 states required some form of post-election audit as of May 2023.[49][54]
Typically, audits are done by recounting a portion of ballots, either electronically or by hand, and comparing the results to those produced by the state's voting system. Thirty-five states and the District of Columbia require this type of traditional post-election audit: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Three additional states require risk-limiting post-election audits, which use statistical methods to compare a random sample of votes cast to election results instead of reviewing every ballot: Colorado, Rhode Island, and Virginia. Two other states require procedural post-election audits, which review the entire election process, including vote totals, ballot chain of custody, and election worker training: Michigan and South Carolina.[49][54]
Election administration agencies
Election agencies
- See also: State election agencies
Individuals seeking additional information about voting provisions in Oregon can contact the following local, state, and federal agencies.
Oregon County Elections Officials
Oregon Secretary of State, Elections Division
- 255 Capitol Street NE, Suite 501
- Salem, Oregon 97310-1306
- Phone: 503-986-1518
- Email: elections.sos@state.or.us
U.S. Election Assistance Commission
- 633 3rd Street NW, Suite 200
- Washington, DC 20001
- Telephone: 301-563-3919
- Toll free: 1-866-747-1471
Election costs: NCSL 2018 report
In Oregon, the state “pays for statewide special elections or statewide elections that don’t coincide with regularly scheduled elections," according to a February 2018 report by the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) titled, "The Price of Democracy: Splitting the Bill for Elections."[55]
The report's authors noted that "no one knows how much [states] spend on elections ... [because] good research on election costs is slim." Generally, local units of government (most often counties, but sometimes cities and towns) are primarily responsible for election administration costs, though states and the federal government may also contribute. The report identified the states listed in the table below as assuming financial responsibility for at least some aspects of election administration.[56]
To access the complete NCSL report, click here.
| Election administration costs assumed by state | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| State pays all expenses for federal or state elections | State bears a portion of election costs | State pays for statewide special elections or statewide elections that don’t coincide with regularly scheduled elections | State pays for primary elections (statewide, presidential, or both) |
| Alaska Delaware |
Alabama Colorado Hawaii Kentucky Louisiana Rhode Island |
Arkansas Florida Iowa Michigan Missouri New Jersey North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Washington West Virginia |
Arizona Arkansas Idaho Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington |
| Note: If a state is not listed above, it was not included in the report. Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, "The Price of Democracy: Splitting the Bill for Elections," February 14, 2018 | |||
Election policy ballot measures
Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measures relating to election and campaign policy in Oregon.
- Oregon Deceased Candidate Procedure Measure 31 (2004)
- Oregon School District Election Amendment, Measure 54 (2008)
- Oregon Property Tax Elections Amendment, Measure 56 (2008)
- Oregon Public Funding for Candidates Limiting Spending and Private Contributions, Measure 6 (2000)
- Oregon Top Two Elections, Measure 65 (2008)
- Oregon Ballot Measure 40, Election of Judges by District (2006)
- Oregon No Public Resources To Collect Political Funds, Measure 64 (2008)
- Oregon Ballot Measure 46, Regulation of Campaign Contributions (2006)
- Oregon Initiative 38 (2006)
- Oregon Primary Nominating Elections from May to September, Measure 5 (1940)
- Oregon Ballot Measure 47, Revision of Campaign Finance Laws (2006)
- Oregon Non-Voters as "No" Votes on Tax Measures, Measure 46 (1996)
- Oregon Deadline for Filling Vacancies at General Election, Measure 3 (1994)
- Oregon Candidates to Receive Contributions from Residents Only, Measure 6 (1994)
- Oregon Campaign Contributions, Finance and Spending Limits, Measure 9 (1994)
- Oregon Campaign Finance and Signature Gathering Regulation, Measure 62 (1998)
- Oregon Supermajority Proposals Require Supermajority for Passage, Measure 63 (1998)
- Oregon Judicial Vacancies and Elections, Measure 21 (2002)
- Oregon Judicial Districts and Elections, Measure 22 (2002)
- Oregon Primary Nominating Election, Measure 2 (June 1904)
- Oregon General Biennial Elections from June to November, Measure 4 (June 1908)
- Oregon U.S. Senate Elections, Measure 14 (June 1908)
- Oregon Alternative Methods for Electing Officials, Measure 15 (June 1908)
- Oregon Campaign Rules and Regulations, Measure 16 (June 1908)
- Oregon Presidential Primaries, Measure 29 (1910)
- Oregon Increasing Direct Democracy and Electoral Reform, Measure 31 (1910)
- Oregon Prohibition of Party Nominations for Judges, Measure 13 (1914)
- Oregon Proportional Representation, Measure 25 (1914)
- Oregon Election of Primary Delegates, Measure 28 (1914)
- Oregon Simultaneous Elections Throughout the State, Measure 5 (June 1917)
- Oregon Term Lengths for Elected County Officials, Measure 5 (1920)
- Oregon Elections to Fill Office Vacancies, Measure 9 (1926)
- Oregon Primary Elections in September, Measure 1 (January 1936)
- Oregon Length of Legislative Term, Measure 7 (1952)
- Oregon Voter Qualifications for Presidential Elections, Measure 7 (1960)
- Oregon Vacancies in Elective Office, Measure 10 (1960)
- Oregon Legislators' Terms Begin at Start of Legislative Session, Measure 1 (1960)
- Oregon Terms of Defeated Incumbents, Measure 6 (1970)
- Oregon Voting Age for School District Elections, Measure 8 (1974)
- Oregon State Voter Qualifications Conform with Federal Qualifications, Measure 10 (1974)
- Oregon Synchronized City, County and State Elections, Measure 2 (1976)
- Oregon Partial Public Funding of Campaigns, Measure 7 (1976)
- Oregon Elections for School District Operating Levies, Measure 1 (May 1977)
- Oregon Appointment and Election of Judges, Measure 1 (1978)
- Oregon Repeal Election of Superintendent of Public Instruction, Measure 1 (1980)
- Oregon Number of Signatures Needed for Recall Referendum, Measure 1 (1984)
- Oregon Special Election for U.S. Senator Vacancy, Measure 4 (May 1986)
- Oregon Elimination of Voter Turnout Requirement for Property Tax Measures, Measure 53 (May 1998)
- Oregon Prohibition of Public Resources for Political Fund Collecting, Measure 59 (1998)
- Oregon Prohibits Payroll Deductions For Political Purposes, Measure 92 (2000)
- Oregon Voter Approval of Taxes by Certain Approval Percentage, Measure 93 (2000)
- Oregon Prohibits Using Public Resources For Political Purposes, Measure 98 (2000)
- Oregon Open Primary Initiative, Measure 90 (2014)
- Oregon Top-Five Ranked Choice Voting Initiative (2024)
- Oregon Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (2024)
Election policy legislation
The following is a list of recent election bills that have been introduced in or passed by the Oregon State Legislature. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.
Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.
Ballotpedia's election coverage
- United States Senate Democratic Party primaries, 2024
- United States House Democratic Party primaries, 2024
- Democratic Party gubernatorial primaries, 2024
- Democratic Party Secretary of State primaries, 2024
- Democratic Party Attorney General primaries, 2024
- State legislative Democratic primaries, 2024
- United States Senate Republican Party primaries, 2024
- United States House Republican Party primaries, 2024
- Republican Party gubernatorial primaries, 2024
- Republican Party Secretary of State primaries, 2024
- Republican Party Attorney General primaries, 2024
- State legislative Republican primaries, 2024
See also
- Voting in Oregon
- Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Oregon
- Redistricting in Oregon
Elections in Oregon
- Oregon elections, 2023
- Oregon elections, 2022
- Oregon elections, 2021
- Oregon elections, 2020
- Oregon elections, 2019
- Oregon elections, 2018
- Oregon elections, 2017
- Oregon elections, 2016
- Oregon elections, 2015
- Oregon elections, 2014
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Oregon Secretary of State, "Yes! Keep Our Groceries Tax-Free!" accessed April 17, 2018
- ↑ Ballotpedia Staff Writer, e-mail communication with Dan Floyd of Yes! Keep our Groceries Tax Free, July 26, 2018
- ↑ Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Oregon Grocery Initiative May Sink Multnomah County Soda Tax," July 27, 2017
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Oregon Votes, "Ballot Title and AG Letter," accessed July 10, 2018
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedWillamette - ↑ Ballotpedia staff writer, "Email correspondence with Dan Floyd," August 6, 2018
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Oregon Secretary of State, "Committee Search," accessed November 2, 2018
- ↑ Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Oregon Grocery Initiative May Sink Multnomah County Soda Tax," July 27, 2017
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Yes! Keep Our Groceries Tax Free, "Petition," accessed May 18, 2018
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 The Bulletin, "Brown and Buehler agree on abortion, housing ballot measures," accessed August 15, 2018
- ↑ Yes! Keep Our Groceries Tax Free, "Petition," accessed May 18, 2018
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Blue Mountain Eagle, Tax-free grocery initiative closer to state’s November ballot," accessed May 29, 2018
- ↑ No on 103, "No on 103 Coalition," accessed October 18, 2018
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "Defend Oregon Statement of Organization," accessed August 15, 2018
- ↑ Defend Oregon, "Pledge to vote no," accessed September 4, 2018
- ↑ Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Big Retailers Spend $1.3 Million To Stop Grocery Taxes In Oregon," accessed May 29, 2018
- ↑ KUOW News, "As Grocers Seek Shelter From New Oregon Taxes, Opponents Warn Of Chaos," accessed June 8, 2018
- ↑ The Bulletin, "Editorial: Oregon should ban taxes and fees on groceries," accessed May 15, 2018
- ↑ 'Portland Tribune, "Our Opinion: Don't use ballot measures to control costs," accessed September 26, 2018
- ↑ Oregon Live, "Editorial endorsement: Vote 'no' on Measure 103's grocery-tax ban," accessed October 5, 2018
- ↑ The Daily Tidings, "Measure 103: A bad idea," accessed October 5, 2018
- ↑ H&N Editorial: Our view on several ballot issues," October 21, 2018
- ↑ No on 103, "Home," accessed October 18, 2018
- ↑ The Heartland Institute, "RESEARCH & COMMENTARY: OREGON CONSIDERS CONSTITUTIONAL BAN ON GROCERY TAXES," accessed June 25, 2018
- ↑ Oregon Department of Revenue, "Sales tax," accessed June 25, 2018
- ↑ City of Ashland, "Food and Beverage Tax," accessed July 23, 2018
- ↑ Bend Bulletin, "In sales-tax-free Oregon, Ashland and Yachats are Sales tax islands," accessed July 23, 2018
- ↑ Tax Foundation, "2018 Facts and Figures," accessed June 25, 2018
- ↑ City of St. Helens, "Measure 5-266," accessed May 18, 2018
- ↑ Oregon Votes, "May 15, 2018 election results," accessed May 18, 2018
- ↑ Bend Bulletin, "Food-tax ban makes fall ballot," accessed June 19, 2018
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Tax And Anti-Immigration Measures See Movement As Filing Deadline Nears," accessed July 6, 2018
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Complaint Alleges Gov. Kate Brown's Ballot Deal Was Illegal," accessed August 10, 2018
- ↑ Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Oregon DOJ Declines To Investigate Ballot Deal Cut By Gov. Kate Brown," accessed August 10, 2018
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Oregon Secretary of State, “Voting in Oregon,” accessed April 20, 2023
- ↑ Deschutes County Oregon, “Voting in Oregon FAQ,” accessed April 20, 2023
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Oregon Secretary of State, "Oregon Online Voter Registration," accessed April 20, 2023
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Voter Identification Requirements|Voter ID Laws," March 9, 2023
- ↑ The Washington Post, "Do I need an ID to vote? A look at the laws in all 50 states," October 27, 2014
- ↑ Oregon Legislature, "Chapter 254-Conduct of Elections, 254.408," accessed September 21, 2019
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Provisional Ballots," accessed September 21, 2019
- ↑ Secretary of State of Oregon, "Provisional Ballot Information and Provisional Voter Registration," accessed April 20, 2023
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures,"State Primary Election Types," accessed October 25, 2019
- ↑ FairVote,"Primaries," accessed October 25, 2019
- ↑ Ballotpedia research conducted December 26, 2013, through January 3, 2014, researching and analyzing various state websites and codes.
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State Bev Clarno,"Voting in Oregon," accessed October 25, 2019
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State Bev Clarno, "Voter Status FAQ," accessed April 20, 2023
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 National Conference of State Legislatures, "Felon Voting Rights," April 6, 2023 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ncsl" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ The Justice Department notes, "Six States (Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) are exempt from the NVRA because, on and after August 1, 1994, they either had no voter-registration requirements or had election-day voter registration at polling places with respect to elections for federal office."
- ↑ The United States Department of Justice, "The National Voter Registration Act of 1993," accessed Aprl 4, 2023
- ↑ ERIC, "Home," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Post-Election Audits," September 22, 2022
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Election Assistance Commission, "Election Audits Across the United States," accessed May 31, 2023
- ↑ NCSL, “The Price of Democracy: Splitting the Bill for Elections,” February 14, 2018
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "The Price of Democracy: Splitting the Bill for Elections," February 14, 2018
State of Oregon Salem (capital) | |
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Footnotes
| ||||||||||||||
State of Oregon Salem (capital) | |
|---|---|
| Elections |
What's on my ballot? | Elections in 2023 | How to vote | How to run for office | Ballot measures |
| Government |
Who represents me? | U.S. President | U.S. Congress | Federal courts | State executives | State legislature | State and local courts | Counties | Cities | School districts | Public policy |











