Pennsylvania House of Representatives
| Pennsylvania House of Representatives | |
 | |
| General Information | |
| Party control: | Republican |
| Session start:[1] | January 7, 2020 |
| Session end:[1] | November 30, 2020 |
| Term length: | 2 years |
| Term limits: | None |
| Redistricting: | Commission |
| Salary: | $88,610/year + per diem |
| Members | |
| Total: | 203 |
| Democrats: | 93 |
| Republicans: | 109 |
| Other: | 0 |
| Vacancies: | 1 |
| Leadership | |
| Speaker: | Bryan Cutler (R) |
| Maj. Leader: | Kerry Benninghoff (R) |
| Min. Leader: | Frank Dermody (D) |
| Elections | |
| Last election: | November 6, 2018 |
| Next election: | November 3, 2020 |
The Pennsylvania House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Pennsylvania General Assembly. Alongside the Pennsylvania State Senate, it forms the legislative branch of the Pennsylvania state government and works alongside the governor of Pennsylvania to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.
The Pennsylvania House of Representatives meets in the state capitol building in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
This page contains the following information on the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
- Which party controls the chamber
- The chamber's current membership
- Partisan control of the chamber over time
- Elections in the chamber and how vacancies are filled
- A district map
- How redistricting works in the state
- Legislation currently under consideration
- Legislative session dates
- Legislative procedures, such as veto overrides and the state budget process
- A list of committees
Contents
- 1 Party control
- 2 Members
- 3 Historical party control
- 4 Elections
- 5 District map
- 6 Redistricting
- 7 Sessions
- 8 Legislative roles and procedures
- 9 Committees
- 10 Constitutional amendments
- 11 See also
- 12 Footnotes
Party control
Current partisan control
The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as of November 2020: The following figures are from before the November 2020 election. Click here to see our election results coverage.
| Party | As of November 2020 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 93 | |
| Republican Party | 109 | |
| Vacancies | 1 | |
| Total | 203 | |
Members
Leadership
The speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the body.[2]
Current leadership and members
- Speaker of the House: Bryan Cutler (R)
- Majority leader: Kerry Benninghoff (R)
- Minority leader: Frank Dermody (D)
Salaries
- See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
| State legislators | |
|---|---|
| Salary | Per diem |
| $88,610/year | $177/day |
Swearing in dates
Pennsylvania legislators' terms officially begin on December 1 the year of their election. However, legislators take the oath of office the first Tuesday in January.[3][4]
Membership qualifications
Under Article II of the Pennsylvania Constitution, Senators shall be at least twenty-five years of age and Representatives twenty-one years of age. They shall have been citizens and inhabitants of their respective districts one year next before their election (unless absent on the public business of the United States or of this State) and shall reside in their respective districts during their terms of service.
Historical party control
Between 1992 and 2018, partisan control of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives fluctuated between the Democratic and Republican parties. After the 1992 elections, Democrats held a 105-98 majority. Since that year, control of the chamber changed three times. House Republicans maintained a 110-93 majority after the 2018 elections. The table below shows the partisan history of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives following every general election from 1992 to 2018. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.
Pennsylvania House of Representatives Party Control: 1992-2018
| Year | '92 | '94 | '96 | '98 | '00 | '02 | '04 | '06 | '08 | '10 | '12 | '14 | '16 | '18 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democrats | 105 | 101 | 99 | 100 | 99 | 94 | 93 | 102 | 104 | 91 | 93 | 84 | 82 | 93 |
| Republicans | 98 | 102 | 104 | 103 | 104 | 109 | 110 | 101 | 99 | 112 | 110 | 119 | 121 | 110 |
Republicans picked up four seats and gained control of the chamber in 1994. That Republican majority held until the 2006 elections, when Democrats gained nine seats. The chamber returned to a Republican majority in 2010 after Republicans picked up 13 seats.
Between 2010 and 2016, Republicans expanded their majorities from 112-91 in 2010 to 121-82 in 2016 but lost those gains slightly at 110-93 in 2018. Democrats reduced the Republican majority by two seats in 2012. Republicans gained nine seats and two seats in 2014 and 2016 respectively. In the 2018 elections, Democrats picked up 11 seats but did not win control of the chamber.
Trifecta history
A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Democratic Governor Tom Wolf won election in 2014, moving Pennsylvania's state government to divided control. Prior to that, Republicans controlled a trifecta resulting from the 2010 elections. The table below shows state government trifectas in Pennsylvania from 1992 to 2019.
Pennsylvania Party Control: 1992-2020
One year of a Democratic trifecta • Twelve years of Republican trifectas
Elections
Elections by year
Pennsylvania state representatives serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years. Pennsylvania holds elections for its legislature in even years.
2020
Elections for the office of Pennsylvania House of Representatives took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 2, 2020. The filing deadline was February 18, 2020.
2018
Elections for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives took place in 2018. A closed primary election took place on May 15, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 6, 2018.
In the 2018 elections, the Republican majority in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives was reduced from 120-79 to 110-93.
| Pennsylvania House of Representatives | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 6, 2018 | After November 7, 2018 | |
| Democratic Party | 79 | 93 | |
| Republican Party | 120 | 110 | |
| Vacancy | 4 | 0 | |
| Total | 203 | 203 | |
2016
Elections for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives took place in 2016. The primary election was held on April 26, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was February 16, 2016. All 203 seats in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives were up for election in 2016.
Heading into the election, Republicans held a 119-84 majority. Republicans gained two seats in the election, giving them a 121-82 majority.
| Pennsylvania House of Representatives | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 7, 2016 | After November 8, 2016 | |
| Democratic Party | 84 | 82 | |
| Republican Party | 119 | 121 | |
| Total | 203 | 203 | |
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2014Elections for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives took place in 2014. A primary election took place on May 20, 2014. The general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was March 11, 2014. Heading into the election, Republicans held a 111-91 majority with one vacancy. Republicans gained eight seats in the election, giving them a 119-84 majority.
2012Elections for the office of Pennsylvania House of Representatives took place in 2012. The primary election was held on April 24, 2012, and the general election was held on November 6, 2012. The candidate filing deadline was February 14, 2012. All 203 seats were up for election. Heading into the election, Republicans held a 110-91 majority with two vacancies. Democrats regained two vacant seats in the election, giving Republicans a 110-93 majority.
During the 2012 election, the total value of contributions to the 410 House candidates was $33,351,949. The top 10 contributors were:[5]
The following table details the 10 districts with the smallest margin of victory in the November 6 general election.
2010Elections for the office of Pennsylvania House of Representatives took place in 2010. The primary election was held on May 18, 2010, and the general election was held on November 2, 2010. The candidate filing deadline was March 9, 2010. All 203 seats were up for election. Heading into the election, Democrats held a 104-98 majority with one vacancy. Democrats lost 13 seats in the election, giving Republicans a 112-91 majority.
During the 2010 election, the total value of contributions to the 444 House candidates was $36,502,678. The top 10 contributors were:[6]
2008Elections for the office of Pennsylvania House of Representatives consisted of a primary election date on April 22, 2008, and a general election on November 4, 2008. All 203 seats were up for election. During the 2008 election, the total value of contributions to the 403 House candidates was $45,787,518. The top 10 contributors were:[7]
2006Elections for the office of Pennsylvania House of Representatives consisted of a primary election date on May 16, 2006, and a general election on November 7, 2006. All 203 seats were up for election. During the 2006 election, the total value of contributions to the 531 House candidates was $50,730,125. The top 10 contributors were:[8]
2004Elections for the office of Pennsylvania House of Representatives consisted of a primary election date on April 27, 2004, and a general election on November 2, 2004. All 203 seats were up for election. During the 2004 election, the total value of contributions to the 391 House candidates was $32,641,151. The top 10 contributors were:[9]
2002Elections for the office of Pennsylvania House of Representatives consisted of a primary election date on May 21, 2002, and a general election on November 5, 2002. All 203 seats were up for election. During the 2002 election, the total value of contributions to the 420 House candidates was $29,793,903. The top 10 contributors were:[10]
2000Elections for the office of Pennsylvania House of Representatives consisted of a primary election date on April 4, 2000, and a general election on November 7, 2000. All 203 seats were up for election. During the 2000 election, the total value of contributions to the 395 House candidates was $24,838,142. The top 10 contributors were:[11]
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Vacancies
If there is a vacancy in the Pennsylvania General Assembly, a special election must be held to fill the vacant seat. The presiding officer in the house where the vacancy happened must call for an election. There are no deadlines set in the state constitution on when a special election can be held.[12]
See sources: Pennsylvania Cons. Art. II, §2
District map
- See also: Pennsylvania state legislative districts
The state of Pennsylvania has 203 state House districts. Each district elects one representative.
Use the interactive map below to find your district.
Redistricting
- See also: Redistricting in Pennsylvania
In 37 states, legislatures are primarily responsible for drawing congressional district lines. Seven states have only one congressional district each, rendering congressional redistricting unnecessary. Four states employ independent commissions to draw the district maps. In two states, politician commissions draw congressional district lines.
State legislative district lines are primarily the province of the state legislatures themselves in 37 states. In seven states, politician commissions draw state legislative district lines. In the remaining six states, independent commissions draw the lines.[13]
In Pennsylvania, the statutory authority to draw congressional district boundaries is vested with the Pennsylvania General Assembly. These lines are subject to gubernatorial veto.[14]
State legislative district lines are drawn by a politician commission. Established in 1968, the commission comprises five members:[14]
- The majority leader of the Pennsylvania State Senate appoints one member.
- The minority leader of the Pennsylvania State Senate appoints one member.
- The majority leader of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives appoints one member.
- The minority leader of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives appoints one member.
- The first four commissioners appoint a fifth member to serve as the commission's chair. If the commission is unable to reach an agreement, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court must appoint a commission chair.[14]
The Pennsylvania Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous and compact. Further, state legislative districts should "respect county, city, incorporated town, borough, township and ward boundaries." There are no such requirements in place for congressional districts.[14]
2020
Upon completion of the 2020 census, Pennsylvania will draft and enact new district maps. As of October 3, 2018, redistricting authorities in Pennsylvania had not released a projected timeline for the 2020 cycle.[15]
2010
Pennsylvania received its local census data on March 9, 2011. The state had a low 3.4 percent growth rate from 2000-2010. The five most populous cities showed mostly stagnation: Philadelphia grew by 0.6 percent, Pittsburgh decreased by 8.6 percent, Allentown grew by 10.7 percent, Erie decreased by 1.9 percent, and Reading grew by 8.5 percent. By county, the major standout was Forest County with a 56 percent rate of growth.[16]
On August 17, 2011, the Commission approved the census data and went to work on a preliminary map, which it passed on October 31, 2011 by a vote of 3-2. Democrats were not happy with the plan or the negotiation process. Final maps were approved on December 12, 2011 by a 4-1 vote, moving a Senate district and five House districts from west to east. There was a 30-day window to file appeals, of which 11 were filed. The state Supreme Court threw out the maps on January 25, 2012 after appeals were heard.
The commission met on April 12, 2012 to vote in favor of a compromise map, which contained two Senate district splits and 68 House splits. On June 8, the commission approved the final plan, which went to the state Supreme Court for final approval.
Sessions
Legislation
The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Pennsylvania House of Representatives has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the House to the Senate and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. Information on legislation provided below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. The tracker is fully interactive. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read its text in full and see its voting history. You can click the headings to sort the content in the column. You can also rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Finally, in the bottom-left corner of the tracker is a magnifying glass, which, when clicked, will allow you to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.
Dates of legislative sessions in Pennsylvania by year
2020
In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 7, 2020 and adjourn on November 30, 2020.
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| Coronavirus pandemic |
| Select a topic from the dropdown below to learn more.
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Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. On March 16, 2020, the Pennsylvania House of Representatives adopted temporary rules that would allow members to cast votes remotely.[17]
2019
In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 1, 2019, through December 18, 2019.
2018
In 2018, the legislature was in session from January 2, 2018, through November 30, 2018. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here.
2017
In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 3, 2017, through December 31, 2017.
| Click [show] to read about the 2017 budget debate. |
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Background
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| Click [show] for past years' session dates. |
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2016
In 2016, the legislature was in session from January 5 through November 30. Major issuesMajor issues during the 2016 legislative session included passing a state budget, public employee pension plan reform, and school funding.[27] 2015
In 2015, the legislature was in session from January 6 through December 31. Major issuesMajor issues during the 2015 legislative session included a severance tax on shale gas, pension reforms, liquor privatization, and judicial reforms.[28] 2014
In 2014, the legislature was in session from January 7 through November 12. Major issuesMajor issues during the 2014 legislative session included public pension reform and liquor privatization.[29] 2013
In 2013, the legislature was in session from January 2 to December 31. Major issuesLike many other states, Pennsylvania lawmakers had to work on the budget deficit. Other issues included economic development, public pension reform, liquor privatization, and child abuse.[30] In November 2013, the Pennsylvania state House and state Senate voted unanimously on a bill, which was signed by Gov. Tom Corbett (R), to change the state’s unemployment compensation law. The bill closed a loophole that allowed a state employee to retire from his job and begin collecting benefits, only to be hired back as a part-time employee while also collecting unemployment compensation after leaving a previous job. While the law closed a triple-dipping loophole, the changes did not prevent double-dipping, in which a state employee retires, begins collecting pension benefits, and returns to work a part-time position.[31] 2012
In 2012, the legislature was in session from January 3 to November 30. 2011
In 2011, the legislature was in session from January 4 through November 30.[32] 2010
In 2010, the legislature convened its legislative session on January 5, and it remained in session to November 30.[33] |
About legislative sessions in Pennsylvania
The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[34] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.
Article II of the Pennsylvania Constitution establishes when the Pennsylvania General Assembly, of which the House of Representatives is a part, is to meet. Section 4 of Article II states that the General Assembly is to convene its regular session on the first Tuesday of January each year.
Section 4 gives the Governor of Pennsylvania the authority to convene special sessions of the General Assembly either when he judges a special session to be in the public interest, or when a majority of each legislative House requests a special session.
Legislative roles and procedures
Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.
Veto overrides
- See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures
State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Pennsylvania are listed below.
How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.
| Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 136 of the 203 members in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and 34 of the 50 members in the Pennsylvania State Senate. Pennsylvania is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto. |
How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?
| Vetoes can be overridden when the next regular session convenes, provided that an election has not occurred.[35] |
Authority: Article IV, Section 15 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
| "Every bill which shall have passed both Houses shall be presented to the Governor; if he approves he shall sign it, but if he shall not approve he shall return it with his objections to the House in which it shall have originated, which House shall enter the objections at large upon their journal, and proceed to re-consider it. If after such re-consideration, two-thirds of all the members elected to that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent with the objections to the other House by which likewise it shall be re-considered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the members elected to that House it shall be a law; but in such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each House, respectively." |
Role in state budget
- See also: Pennsylvania state budget and finances
Pennsylvania on 
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The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[36][37]
- Budget instruction guidelines are sent to state agencies in August of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year.
- State agencies submit their requests to the governor in October.
- Agency hearings are held in December and January. Public hearings are held in February and March.
- The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in February.
- The legislature typically adopts a budget in May or June. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The fiscal year begins July 1.
Pennsylvania is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[37]
The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. While the legislature is not legally required to pass a balanced budget, the governor is legally required to sign a balanced budget.[37]
Committees
Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.
- Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
- Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
- Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.
Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Pennsylvania House of Representatives has 27 standing committees:
- Aging & Older Adult Services
- Agriculture & Rural Affairs
- Appropriations
- Children & Youth
- Commerce
- Committee On Committees
- Committee On Ethics
- Consumer Affairs
- Education
- Environmental Resources & Energy
- Finance
- Game & Fisheries
- Gaming Oversight
- Health
- Human Services
- Insurance
- Judiciary
- Labor & Industry
- Liquor Control
- Local Government
- Professional Licensure
- Rules
- State Government
- Tourism & Recreational Development
- Transportation
- Urban Affairs
- Veterans Affairs & Emergency Preparedness
Constitutional amendments
In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.
The methods in which the Pennsylvania Constitution can be amended:
The Pennsylvania Constitution is only explicit about one way to change the constitution, namely, the process of a legislatively referred constitutional amendment. The constitution does not lay out the rules for how a constitutional convention can be called, but the state has held five such conventions, most recently in 1968 when the current constitution was adopted.[38]
- The rules governing legislatively referred constitutional amendments are in Article XI, which has only one section.
- Either chamber of the Pennsylvania General Assembly can propose amendments.
- If a simple majority of both chambers approves of a proposed amendment, that amendment must be "published three months before the next general election, in at least two newspapers in every county in which such newspapers shall be published."
- In the next session of the legislature, the amendment must be considered again. If it is approved a second time by a simple majority of both houses, the amendment goes on a statewide ballot.
- The statewide vote on the measure can be on any election date, as determined by the state legislature.
- The same amendment cannot be submitted more than once in any five-year period.
- Separate amendments must be voted on separately.
- Pennsylvania also has a unique requirement for those times when the state legislature believes that a "major emergency threatens or is about to threaten the Commonwealth." If this happens, the proposed emergency amendment can be approved to go on a statewide ballot by two-thirds of the members of each branch of the legislature in one legislative session. Election officials must promptly publish a notice of an election on the amendment "in at least two newspapers in every county" and the election can occur quickly but "at least one month after being agreed to by both Houses." Separate emergency amendments must be voted on separately.
- Regarding constitutional conventions, the state legislature appears to take as a matter of tradition, rather than explicit constitutional direction, that it can vote to put a constitutional convention question on the ballot. For example, Ann Livak wrote in "Pennsylvania's Constitutions and the Amendment Process — Where it Began, Where it is Now" that, "...in 1961, the Committee for State Constitutional Revision led by Milton J. Shapp got underway and in 1963 forced the legislature to call for a referendum on a constitutional convention....The 1967 legislature gave priority to constitutional revision and passed a convention enabling bill as well as the amendments awaiting second passage." This suggests that the legislature voted only once to put the convention question on the ballot.[38]
Pennsylvania is one of the states that does not feature the power of initiated constitutional amendments.
2020 measures:
Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2020 ballot by the legislature.
- See also: 2020 ballot measures
Certified:
- The following measures were certified for the ballot.
No measures to list
See also
| Elections | Pennsylvania State Government | State Legislatures | State Politics |
|---|---|---|---|
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Footnotes
- ↑ Pennsylvania House of Representatives, "Officers of the House," accessed June 6, 2014
- ↑ Pennsylvania Constitution, "Article II, Section 2," accessed November 19, 2012
- ↑ Pennsylvania Constitution, "Article II, Section 4," accessed November 19, 2012
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania House of Representatives 2012 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania House of Representatives 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania House of Representatives 2008 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania House of Representatives 2006 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania House of Representatives 2004 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania House of Representatives 2002 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania House of Representatives 2000 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
- ↑ State of Pennsylvania, "Pennsylvania Constitution," accessed May 22, 2014 (Article II, Section 2)
- ↑ All About Redistricting, "Who draws the lines?" accessed March 25, 2015
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 All About Redistricting, "Pennsylvania," accessed May 8, 2015
- ↑ Pennsylvania Redistricting, "Welcome to Pennsylvania Redistricting," accessed October 3, 2018
- ↑ Census.gov, "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Pennsylvania's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting," March 9, 2011
- ↑ The Philadelphia Inquirer, "Pennsylvania legislature will vote remotely as coronavirus spreads," March 16, 2020
- ↑ The Inquirer, "S&P threatens to cut Pa. credit rating," July 6, 2017
- ↑ The Morning Call, "Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Wolf to let budget become law," July 11, 201
- ↑ U.S. News, "Pennsylvania Budget Takes Effect Amid Fight Over Funding It," July 10, 2017
- ↑ U.S. News, "Pennsylvania Senate Approves Higher Taxes to Balance Budget," July 27, 2017
- ↑ NBC 10, "Budget Bills Are Ugly But Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Wolf Has Little Choice But to Sign," October 28, 2017
- ↑ The Inquirer Daily News, "Wolf signs bills to balance Pa. budget with gambling and borrowing, hints of veto of education bill," October 30, 2017
- ↑ The Morning Call, "Pennsylvania's budget still not finished," July 5, 2017
- ↑ The Inquirer, "PA. budget talks drag on," July 5, 2017
- ↑ Lehigh Valley, "House, Senate send Pennsylvania budget to Gov. Wolf," June 30, 2017
- ↑ Penn Live, "New year, old issues: Pennsylvania legislative leaders meet on budget Tuesday," accessed January 6, 2016
- ↑ Law 360, "Pennsylvania Legislation And Regulation To Watch In 2015," accessed January 22, 2015
- ↑ Penn Live, "Pa. Senate Prez: Do away with 'obsolete, unsustainable' pensions or face budget crash: Friday Morning Coffee," January 10, 2014
- ↑ Post-Gazette, "Pennsylvania lawmakers start settling in," January 2, 2013
- ↑ The Reporter Online, "Triple-dipping loophole in Pa. unemployment law finally closed," accessed December 6, 2013
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 session dates for Pennsylvania legislature," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
- ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
- ↑ Pennsylvania Code, "§ 9.127. Passage of vetoed bill.," accessed July 3, 2017
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Experiences with Annual and Biennial Budgeting," updated April 2011
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Summer 2008," accessed February 21, 2014
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 23 Pennsylvania Law Weekly 324 (March 27, 2000)
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