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Presidential election in Michigan, 2020

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Michigan
2020 presidential election

Democratic primary: March 10, 2020
Democratic winner: Joe Biden

Republican primary: March 10, 2020
Republican winner: Donald Trump

Electoral College: 16 votes
2020 winner: Joe Biden (D)
2016 winner: Donald Trump (R)
2012 winner: Barack Obama (D)

Presidential election by state, 2020

Former Vice President Joe Biden (D) won the presidential election in Michigan on November 3, 2020. Biden won the presidential election with 306 electoral votes to President Donald Trump's (R) 232 electoral votes.

Biden won the Democratic primary on March 10, 2020.[1] Trump won the Republican primary.[2]

Alongside Georgia, Michigan is one of two states with 16 votes in the Electoral College, making it tied for 8th-most. In the 2016 election, Trump (R) carried Michigan with 47.5% of the vote to Hillary Clinton's (D) 47.3%. Trump was the first Republican presidential candidate to carry Michigan since George H.W. Bush (R) in 1988. Between 1900 and 2016, Michigan was carried by the Republican presidential candidate in 60% of elections and by the Democratic candidate in 40%.

Both the Republican and Democratic parties are targeting Michigan as part of their 2020 election strategies. Democratic Party of Michigan communications director Paul Kanan said, "There’s no denying that the road to a Democratic nomination and to the White House runs through Michigan...We know firsthand what can happen when Michigan isn’t a priority ... we will not allow that to happen again." Republican Party of Michigan communications director Tony Zammit said, "I think we’re seeing a lot of that energy (from the 2016 election) return."[3]

This page includes the following sections:

Lawsuits related to the presidential election in Michigan

See also: Ballotpedia's 2020 Election Help Desk: Presidential election results subject to lawsuits and recounts

Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson

  • Case name: Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson
  • Related election/s: Presidential election (Michigan)
  • Court: Michigan Court of Appeals (lower court: Michigan Court of Claims)
  • Issue: Whether an election challenger was illegally prevented from participating in the absentee/mail-in ballot review process.
  • Current status/outcome: The lower court declined to intervene, denying the plaintiffs' motion for relief. The appeals court dismissed the plaintiff's appeal as moot.
  • Order/decision date: December 4, 2020 (lower court: November 5, 2020)
  • Order/opinion link: Order (lower court: opinion and order)

Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson

Candidates and election results

General election


Presidential election in Michigan, 2020
 
Candidate/Running mate
%
Popular votes
Electoral votes
✔
Image of
Image of
Joe Biden/Kamala D. Harris (D)
 
50.6
 
2,804,040 16
Image of
Image of
Donald Trump/Mike Pence (R)
 
47.8
 
2,649,852 0
Image of
Image of
Jo Jorgensen/Spike Cohen (L)
 
1.1
 
60,381 0
Image of
Image of
Howie Hawkins/Angela Nicole Walker (G)
 
0.2
 
13,718 0
Image of
Image of
Don Blankenship/William Mohr (U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan)
 
0.1
 
7,235 0
Image of
Image of
Roque De La Fuente/Darcy Richardson (Natural Law Party of Michigan)
 
0.1
 
2,986 0
Image of
Brian T. Carroll (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 
0.0
 
963 0
Image of
Jade Simmons (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 
0.0
 
89 0
Image of
Tom Hoefling (no running mate) (Independent)
 
0.0
 
32 0
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Kasey Wells (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 
0.0
 
5 0
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Tara Hunter (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 
0.0
 
1 0

Incumbents are bolded and underlined The results have been certified.

Total votes: 5,539,302



Primary election

Michigan Democratic presidential primary on March 10, 2020
 
Candidate
%
Votes
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Official_portrait_of_Vice_President_Joe_Biden.jpg
Joe Biden
 
52.9
 
840,360 73
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Bernie_Sanders.jpg
Bernie Sanders
 
36.3
 
576,926 52
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/400px-Mike_Bloomberg_Headshot.jpg
Michael Bloomberg
 
4.6
 
73,464 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Elizabeth_Warren--Official_113th_Congressional_Portrait--.jpg
Elizabeth Warren
 
1.6
 
26,148 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/150px-Pete_buttigieg.jpg
Pete Buttigieg
 
1.4
 
22,462 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Amy_Klobuchar.jpg
Amy Klobuchar
 
0.7
 
11,018 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/TulsiGabbardReplace.jpg
Tulsi Gabbard
 
0.6
 
9,461 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Screen_Shot_2019-02-21_at_3.25.16_PM.png
Andrew Yang
 
0.1
 
2,380 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Tom_Steyer.jpg
Thomas Steyer
 
0.1
 
1,732 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Michael_Bennet.jpg
Michael Bennet
 
0.1
 
1,536 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/CoryBooker.jpg
Cory Booker
 
0.1
 
840 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Congressman_Sestak_Official_Congressional_headshot.jpg
Joe Sestak
 
0.0
 
757 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/3HaJVw3AYyXBdF9iSRPp977CBFrGCMDhc1w2rHKAC1yEKppTQoGMxtNCjAfntRbE3vPfKMrXcV5x6tsZ7rfuCzeUq2zG7qQsmao4URt.jpeg
Marianne Williamson
 
0.0
 
719 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/John_Delaney_113th_Congress_official_photo.jpg
John Delaney
 
0.0
 
464 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/JulianCastro1.jpg
Julián Castro
 
0.0
 
306 0
  Other
 
1.2
 
19,106 0

 Source

Total votes: 1,587,679 • Total pledged delegates: 125


Michigan Republican presidential primary on March 10, 2020
 
Candidate
%
Votes
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/473px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Donald_Trump.jpg
Donald Trump
 
93.7
 
640,522 73
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Bill_Weld_campaign_portrait.jpg
Bill Weld
 
0.9
 
6,099 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Mark_Sanford.png
Mark Sanford
 
0.6
 
4,258 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Joe_Walsh.jpg
Joe Walsh
 
0.6
 
4,067 0
  Other
 
4.2
 
28,485 0

 Source

Total votes: 683,431 • Total pledged delegates: 73


Polls in Michigan

Pivot Counties in Michigan

See also: Election results, 2020: Pivot Counties' margins of victory analysis

Pivot Counties are the 206 counties nationwide Ballotpedia identified as having voted for Barack Obama (D) in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections and Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Media and political observers sometimes refer to these counties as swing counties.

Ballotpedia defines Pivot Counties Trump won in 2020 as Retained Pivot Counties and those Joe Biden (D) won as Boomerang Pivot Counties.

Trump won 181 Retained Pivot Counties across 32 states to Biden's 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties across 16 states. Trump's median margin of victory was 13.2 percentage points in those 181 counties, while Biden's median margin of victory was 3.4 percentage points among the 25 he won.[10][11]

In 2020, Michigan had 11 Retained Pivot Counties, one Boomerang Pivot County, eight Solid Democratic counties, 61 Solid Republican counties, and one county with a different voting pattern.

Biden won Michigan by 2.8 percentage points. He saw a margin change of 3.0 percentage points compared to 2016, flipping the state which had previously voted for Trump. Biden either increased his margin or narrowed Trump's in all county categories in 2020. His largest margin change—+9.1 percentage points—came in the two counties with different voting patterns than Solid and Pivot Counties: Kent and Leelanau. Both counties voted for Obama in 2008, Romney and Trump in 2012 and 2016, and Biden in 2020. Trump's vote share decreased in these counties and increased in all other categories, his largest being in the one Boomerang Pivot County where he received 49.1% of the vote compared to 48.0% in 2016.

The table below compares margins in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. Percentages show the share of the vote received by a candidate. Margins and changes are shown as changes in percentage points. The overall winner of a given category can be found under the "2020" data. The "Percentage point change" section shows changes in vote share and in margins. Figures were calculated by combining the vote totals across all counties of a given category and may not equal 100% due to rounding. Click [show] beneath the table to view vote totals.

Michigan presidential election results by county category, 2016-2020
Year # 2016 2020 Percentage point change
Clinton Trump Third party Margin Biden Trump Third party Margin Democratic Republican Third party Margin
Retained 11 41.1% 53.6% 5.3% R+12.5 44.1% 54.3% 1.5% R+10.2 +3.0 +0.7 -3.7 D+2.3
Boomerang 1 46.8% 48.0% 5.2% R+1.1 49.4% 49.1% 1.6% D+0.3 +2.5 +1.1 -3.6 D+1.4
Solid Dem. 8 58.5% 36.1% 5.3% D+22.4 62.0% 36.4% 1.6% D+25.6 +3.5 +0.3 -3.7 D+3.2
Solid Repub. 61 32.9% 60.9% 6.2% R+28.1 36.5% 61.7% 1.8% R+25.2 +3.6 +0.8 -4.4 D+2.8
Other 2 44.6% 47.7% 7.6% R+3.1 51.9% 45.8% 2.3% D+6.1 +7.3 -1.9 -5.4 D+9.1
All 83 47.0% 47.3% 5.7% R+0.2 50.6% 47.8% 1.7% D+2.8 +3.5 +0.5 -4.0 D+3.0



Solid Democratic counties accounted for 48.3% of Biden's new votes and Solid Republican counties made up 42.9% of Trump's. The state's 11 Retained Pivot Counties made up 14.3% of Biden's total in 2020 and 18.6% of Trump's. The one Boomerang Pivot County made up 1.8% and 1.9% of Biden's and Trump's respective vote totals.

The table below shows how much of a candidate's vote total came from a particular county category. Data under "New votes, 2020" shows the percentage of a candidate's new votes by county category compared to 2016 vote totals.

Percentage of votes by county category in Michigan's 2016 and 2020 presidential elections
Year # 2016 2020 New votes, 2020
Clinton Trump Biden Trump Democratic
votes		 Republican
votes
Total votes 83 2,268,839 2,279,543 2,804,040 2,649,852 +535,201 +370,309
Retained 11 14.1% 18.4% 14.3% 18.6% 15.0% 20.3%
Boomerang 1 2.0% 2.0% 1.8% 1.9% 1.3% 1.4%
Solid Dem. 8 57.0% 35.0% 55.3% 34.4% 48.3% 30.4%
Solid Repub. 61 20.5% 37.8% 21.5% 38.5% 25.8% 42.9%
Other 2 6.4% 6.8% 7.0% 6.6% 9.6% 4.9%

PredictIt market in Michigan

See also: PredictIt markets in the 2020 presidential election

What is a PredictIt market?

PredictIt is an online political futures market in which users purchase shares relating to the outcome of political events using real money. Each event, such as an election, has a number of contracts associated with it, each correlating to a different outcome. For instance, an election contested between four candidates would be represented by eight separate contracts, with each contract correlating to a particular candidate winning or losing the election.

The price of a share in each individual contract rises and falls based on market demand. Once the event's outcome is decided, holders of shares that correlate with the correct outcome receive a $1 payout for each share they held.

For example, a user buys 10 shares at 20 cents each in a presidential primary saying Candidate A will win. If Candidate A wins the election, the user earns $10. If the candidate loses, the user earns no money and loses his original $2 investment.

Why do PredictIt markets matter?

Services such as PredictIt are being used to gain insight into the likely outcome of elections. Microsoft Research economist David Rothschild argues that they are better suited to the task than polls: "I can create a poll that can mimic everything about a prediction market...except markets have a way of incentivizing you to come back at 2 a.m. and update your answer."[12][13][14]

Campaign events in Michigan

This section features clips of Biden and Trump at presidential campaign events in Michigan during the 2020 general election.

Biden in Michigan

Biden in Flint, October 31, 2020
Biden in Detroit, October 31, 2020
Biden in Southfield, October 16, 2020
Biden in Detroit, October 16, 2020
Biden in Grand Rapids, October 2, 2020
Biden in Warren, September 9, 2020

Trump in Michigan

Trump in Grand Rapids, November 2, 2020
Trump in Traverse City, November 2, 2020
Trump in Washington, November 1, 2020
Trump in Waterford Township, October 30, 2020
Trump in Lansing, October 27, 2020
Trump in Muskegon, October 17, 2020
Trump in Freeland, September 10, 2020

Government response to coronavirus pandemic in Michigan

Summary of changes to election dates and procedures

Michigan modified its absentee/mail-in voting procedures for the November 3, 2020, general election as follows:

  • Absentee/mail-in voting: Absentee ballot applications were sent to all registered voters in the general election.

For a full timeline about election modifications made in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, click here.

Frequently asked questions

See also: Ballotpedia's 2020 Election Help Desk: Presidential election

The 2020 election took place against a backdrop of uncertainty. Our readers had questions about what to expect in elections at all levels of government, from the casting of ballots to the certification of final results. Ballotpedia's 2020 Election Help Desk was designed to answer those questions. Ballotpedia is in the process of compiling and answering frequently asked questions related to the 2020 elections. Questions related to this election will be available soon.


Additional resources

Democratic primary

See also: Democratic presidential nomination, 2020
HIGHLIGHTS
  • Michigan held its Democratic primary election on March 10, 2020.
  • Michigan had an estimated 147 delegates comprised of 125 pledged delegates and 22 superdelegates. Delegate allocation was proportional.
  • The Democratic primary was open, meaning all voters were able to vote in the election.


    • Former Vice President Joe Biden (D) was formally nominated as the Democratic presidential nominee at the 2020 Democratic National Convention on August 18, 2020.[15] The convention was originally scheduled to take place July 13-16, 2020.[16] Organizers postponed the event in response to the coronavirus pandemic.

    Prior to the national convention, individual state caucuses and primaries were held to allocate convention delegates. These delegates vote at the convention to select the nominee. In 2020, a Democratic presidential candidate needed support from 1,991 delegates to secure the nomination.

    Republican primary

    See also: Republican presidential nomination, 2020
    HIGHLIGHTS
  • Michigan held its Republican primary election on March 10, 2020.
  • Michigan had an estimated 73 delegates. Delegate allocation was hybrid.
  • The Republican primary was open, meaning all voters were able to vote in the election.


    • The Republican Party selected President Donald Trump as its presidential nominee at the 2020 Republican National Convention, which was held from August 24-27, 2020.[17]

    Prior to the national convention, individual state caucuses and primaries were held to allocate convention delegates. These delegates vote at the convention to select the nominee. Trump crossed the delegate threshold necessary to win the nomination—1,276 delegates—on March 17, 2020.

    George H.W. Bush (R) was the last incumbent to face a serious primary challenge, defeating political commentator Pat Buchanan in 1992. He was also the last president to lose his re-election campaign. Franklin Pierce (D) was the first and only elected president to lose his party's nomination in 1856.[18]

    Sixteen U.S. presidents—approximately one-third—have won two consecutive elections.


    Candidate filing requirements

    See also: Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Michigan

    The tables below detail filing requirements for presidential candidates in Michigan in the 2020 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Michigan, click here.

    Presidential primary candidates

    Filing requirements for presidential primary candidates in Michigan, 2020[19]
    State Party Signatures required Signature formula Filing fee Filing fee formula Filing deadline Source
    Michigan Democratic 11,345 0.5% of total votes cast in the state for the party's presidential candidate in the last election N/A N/A 12/13/2019 Source
    Michigan Republican 11,398 0.5% of total votes cast in the state for the party's presidential candidate in the last election N/A N/A 12/13/2019 Source

    Independent presidential candidates

    Filing requirements for independent candidates in Michigan, 2020
    State Signatures required Signature formula Filing fee Filing fee formula Filing deadline Source
    Michigan 30,000 30,000, with at least 100 signatures from each of at least half of the state's congressional districts N/A N/A 7/16/2020 Source

    Historical election results

    2016

    General election

    U.S. presidential election, Michigan, 2016
    Party Candidate Vote % Votes Electoral votes
         Democratic Hillary Clinton/Tim Kaine 47.3% 2,268,839 0
         Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDonald Trump/Mike Pence 47.5% 2,279,543 16
         Libertarian Gary Johnson/Bill Weld 3.6% 172,136 0
         Green Jill Stein/Ajamu Baraka 1.1% 51,463 0
         U.S. Taxpayers Darrell Lane Castle/Scott Bradley 0.3% 16,139 0
         Natural Law Emidio Soltysik/Angela Nicole Walker 0% 2,209 0
         Other Write-in votes 0.2% 8,955 0
    Total Votes 4,799,284 16
    Election results via: Michigan Department of State

    Primary election

    Michigan Democratic Primary, 2016
    Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates
    Green check mark transparent.pngBernie Sanders 49.7% 598,943 67
    Hillary Clinton 48.3% 581,775 63
    Martin O'Malley 0.2% 2,363 0
    Roque De La Fuente 0.1% 870 0
    Other 1.8% 21,601 0
    Totals 1,205,552 130
    Source: Michigan Secretary of State and The New York Times


    Michigan Republican Primary, 2016
    Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates
    Jeb Bush 0.8% 10,685 0
    Ben Carson 1.6% 21,349 0
    Chris Christie 0.2% 3,116 0
    Ted Cruz 24.7% 326,617 17
    Carly Fiorina 0.1% 1,415 0
    Lindsey Graham 0% 438 0
    Mike Huckabee 0.2% 2,603 0
    John Kasich 24.3% 321,115 17
    George Pataki 0% 591 0
    Rand Paul 0.3% 3,774 0
    Marco Rubio 9.3% 123,587 0
    Rick Santorum 0.1% 1,722 0
    Green check mark transparent.pngDonald Trump 36.5% 483,753 25
    Other 1.7% 22,824 0
    Totals 1,323,589 59
    Source: CNN and Michigan Secretary of State

    2012

    2008

    Presidential statewide margins of victory of 5 percentage points or fewer, 1948-2016

    See also: Presidential statewide margins of victory of 5 percentage points or fewer, 1948-2016

    The following map shows the number of times, in presidential elections held between 1948 and 2016, that the margin of victory was 5 percentage points or fewer in each state.

    • Wisconsin was the state with the most frequently narrow margins during this time period, appearing on the list in 10 presidential elections.
    • Five states appeared eight times: Florida, Missouri, Nevada, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.
    • The state with the narrowest margin of victory was Florida in 2000 at 537 votes or one-hundredth of a percentage point.

    Historical election trends

    See also: Presidential voting history by state

    Michigan presidential election results (1900-2024)

    • 13 Democratic wins
    • 18 Republican wins
    • 1 other win
    Year 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
    Winning Party R R R P[20] R R R R D D R D R R R D D D R R R R R D D D D D D R D R


    See also: Presidential election accuracy

    Below is an analysis of Michigan's voting record in presidential elections. The state's accuracy is based on the number of times a state has voted for a winning presidential candidate. The majority of statistical data is from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration and was compiled, here, by Ballotpedia, unless otherwise noted.

    Presidential election voting record in Michigan, 1900-2016

    Between 1900 and 2016:

    • Michigan participated in 30 presidential elections.
    • Michigan voted for the winning presidential candidate 73.33 percent of the time. The average accuracy of voting for winning presidential candidates for all 50 states in this time frame was 72.31 percent.[21]
    • Michigan voted Democratic 40 percent of the time and Republican 60 percent of the time.

    Third party vote

    In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran as the Democratic candidate, Theodore Roosevelt ran as a Progressive candidate, and William H. Taft ran as the Republican candidate. Taft won Utah and Vermont, while Roosevelt won 11 electoral votes (Wilson got two) from California, 15 from Michigan, 12 from Minnesota, 38 in Pennsylvania, five from South Dakota, and seven from Washington.[22]

    Presidential election voting record in Michigan, 2000-2016

    *An asterisk indicates that that candidate also won the national electoral vote in that election.

    State profile

    See also: Michigan and Michigan elections, 2019
    USA Michigan location map.svg

    Partisan data

    The information in this section was current as of May 7, 2019

    Presidential voting pattern

    Congressional delegation

    State executives

    State legislature

    Michigan Party Control: 1992-2025
    Two years of Democratic trifectas  •  Fourteen years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
    Governor R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D
    Senate R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D
    House D S S R R D D R R R R R R R R D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R D D R

    Michigan quick stats
    More Michigan coverage on Ballotpedia:


    Demographic data for Michigan
     MichiganU.S.
    Total population:9,917,715316,515,021
    Land area (sq mi):56,5393,531,905
    Race and ethnicity**
    White:79%73.6%
    Black/African American:14%12.6%
    Asian:2.7%5.1%
    Native American:0.5%0.8%
    Pacific Islander:0%0.2%
    Two or more:2.6%3%
    Hispanic/Latino:4.7%17.1%
    Education
    High school graduation rate:89.6%86.7%
    College graduation rate:26.9%29.8%
    Income
    Median household income:$49,576$53,889
    Persons below poverty level:20%11.3%
    Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
    Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Michigan.
    **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.


    Presidential election by state

    See also: Presidential election by state, 2020

    Click on a state below to navigate to information about the presidential election in that jurisdiction.

    https://ballotpedia.org/Presidential_election_in_STATE,_2020

    See also

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ The New York Times, "Live Primary Election Results: Michigan, Washington and More," March 10, 2020
    2. ↑ The New York Times, "Michigan Presidential Republican Primary Election Results," March 10, 2020
    3. ↑ The State News, "Michigan already a political battleground ahead of 2020 election," March 28 2019
    4. ↑ Detroit Free Press, "Trump campaign files lawsuit to temporarily stop vote count in Michigan," November 4, 2020
    5. ↑ Patch, "Michigan Judge Denies Trump Campaign Lawsuit To Halt Ballot Count," November 5, 2020
    6. ↑ Michigan Court of Claims, "Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson: Opinion and Order," November 6, 2020
    7. ↑ Michigan Court of Appeals, "Michigan Court of Claims, "Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson: Motion for Immediate Consideration of Appeal," November 6, 2020
    8. ↑ Michigan Court of Appeals, "Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson: Order," December 4, 2020
    9. ↑ United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan, "Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson: Complaint," November 10, 2020
    10. ↑ This analysis does not include counties in Alaska and certain independent cities due to variations in vote total reporting.
    11. ↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
    12. ↑ Nature, "The power of prediction markets," October 18, 2016
    13. ↑ Politico, "Meet the 'stock market' for politics," October 31, 2014
    14. ↑ U.S. Presidential General Election Results, "2008 Electoral Map Based on the Intrade Prediction Market," accessed January 25, 2018
    15. ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "2020 DNC in Milwaukee pushed back to week of August 17 in response to coronavirus pandemic," April 2, 2020
    16. ↑ The New York Times, "Milwaukee Picked as Site of 2020 Democratic National Convention," March 11, 2019
    17. ↑ Charlotte Observer, "Here’s when the 2020 Republican National Convention will be in Charlotte," October 1, 2018
    18. ↑ NPR, "When Has A President Been Denied His Party's Nomination?" July 22, 2009
    19. ↑ A candidate is only required to petition for ballot placement if he or she is not automatically placed on the ballot by the secretary of state or the chairpersons of the parties.
    20. ↑ Progressive Party
    21. ↑ This average includes states like Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, which did not participate in all 30 presidential elections between 1900 and 2016. It does not include Washington, D.C., which cast votes for president for the first time in 1964, or Alaska and Hawaii, which cast votes for president for the first time in 1960.
    22. ↑ U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, "Electoral Votes, 1904-1912," accessed June 21, 2016
    23. ↑ This number refers to the number of times that the state voted for the winning presidential candidate between 2000 and 2016.
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