Presidential election in Vermont, 2024
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2024 presidential election  |
Democratic primary: March 5, 2024 |
Republican primary: March 5, 2024 |
Electoral College: Three votes |
Vice President Kamala Harris (D) won the presidential election in Vermont on November 5, 2024. Former President Donald Trump (R) won the 2024 presidential election with 312 electoral votes to Harris' 226.
The Democratic and Republican parties held primary elections on March 5, 2024.[1] Joe Biden (D) won the Democratic primary, and Nikki Haley (R) won the Republican primary.
Vermont was one of seven states with three votes in the Electoral College, making it tied for fewest. Vermont was carried by the Democratic presidential candidate in every election between 1992 and 2020; the last Republican to carry the state was George H.W. Bush (R). Between 1900 and 2020, Vermont backed the Republican presidential candidate in 71% of elections and the Democratic candidate in 29%.
This page includes the following sections:
- Candidates and election results
- Information about voting in Vermont
- Race ratings, polling, and prediction markets
- Previous presidential election results in Vermont and analysis
- Effect of the 2020 census on electoral votes
- Presidential election endorsements in Vermont
- Details about Vermont's Democratic primary
- Details about Vermont's Republican primary
- Candidate filing requirements in Vermont
- About Vermont
- Presidential election by state
Candidates and election results
General election
Presidential election in Vermont, 2024
Candidate/Running mate |
% |
Popular votes |
Electoral votes |
||
| ✔ |
 
| Kamala D. Harris/Tim Walz (D) |
63.8
|
235,791 | 3 |
 
| Donald Trump/J.D. Vance (R) |
32.3
|
119,395 | 0 | |
 
| Robert F. Kennedy Jr./Nicole Shanahan (We the People) |
1.6
|
5,905 | 0 | |
 
| Chase Oliver/Mike ter Maat (L) |
0.5
|
1,828 | 0 | |
 
| Claudia De La Cruz/Karina Garcia (Party for Socialism and Liberation) |
0.5
|
1,710 | 0 | |
 
| Cornel West/Melina Abdullah (Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party) |
0.4
|
1,549 | 0 | |
 
| Rachele Fruit/Dennis Richter (Socialist Workers Party) |
0.1
|
211 | 0 | |
| Other write-in votes |
0.8
|
3,033 | 0 | ||
 |
Total votes: 369,422 |
Primary election
Vermont Democratic presidential primary on March 5, 2024
Candidate |
% |
Votes |
Pledged delegates |
|
 | Joe Biden |
85.0
|
56,924 | 16 |
 | Marianne Williamson |
4.3
|
2,873 | 0 |
 | Dean Phillips |
2.9
|
1,942 | 0 |
 | Mark Stewart Greenstein |
1.2
|
779 | 0 |
 | Cenk Uygur |
1.0
|
700 | 0 |
 | Jason Palmer |
0.6
|
404 | 0 |
| Other |
5.0
|
3,376 | 0 | |
|
Total votes: 66,998 • Total pledged delegates: 16 |
Vermont Republican presidential primary on March 5, 2024
Candidate |
% |
Votes |
Pledged delegates |
|
 | Nikki Haley |
49.8
|
36,241 | 9 |
|
| Donald Trump |
45.6
|
33,162 | 8 |
 | Chris Christie |
1.4
|
1,020 | 0 |
 | Ron DeSantis |
1.3
|
949 | 0 |
 | Vivek Ramaswamy |
0.8
|
546 | 0 |
 | Ryan Binkley |
0.4
|
278 | 0 |
| Other |
0.8
|
585 | 0 | |
|
Total votes: 72,781 • Total pledged delegates: 17 |
Voting information
- See also: Voting in Vermont
Race ratings, polling, and prediction markets
Race ratings
The map below displays presidential race ratings in each state. These ratings are generated by averaging the ratings from The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, and Sabato's Crystal Ball. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:
- Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
- Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
- Lean and Tilt ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.
- Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.
Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[2][3][4]
Polling
The chart below displays national polling averages for the 2024 presidential election from RealClearPolitics.
Prediction markets
The section below displays national PredictIt share prices and RealClearPolitics prediction market averages for the 2024 presidential election.
What is a prediction market?
Prediction markets allow users to purchase shares relating to the outcome of events using real money. Each event, such as an election, has a number of contracts associated with it, each correlating to a different outcome. For instance, an election contested between four candidates would be represented by eight separate contracts, with each contract correlating to a particular candidate winning or losing the election.
The share price in each individual forecast rises and falls based on market demand. Once the event's outcome is decided, holders of shares that correlate with the correct outcome receive a payout for each share they held.
For example, a user buys 10 shares at 20 cents each in a presidential primary saying Candidate A will win. If Candidate A wins the election, the user earns $10. If the candidate loses, the user earns no money and loses his original $2 investment.
Why do prediction markets matter?
Prediction markets can be used to gain insight into the outcome of elections. Microsoft Research economist David Rothschild argued that they are better suited to the task than polls: "I can create a poll that can mimic everything about a prediction market...except markets have a way of incentivizing you to come back at 2 a.m. and update your answer."[5][6][7]
PredictIt
The chart below shows 2024 presidential general election open share prices over time.[8]
RealClearPolitics prediction market averages
Previous presidential election results and analysis
Vermont presidential election results (1900-2020)
Scroll to the right in the box below to view more recent presidential election results.
- 9 Democratic wins
- 22 Republican wins
| Year | 1900 | 1904 | 1908 | 1912 | 1916 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1944 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winning Party | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Below is an analysis of Vermont's voting record in presidential elections. The state's accuracy is based on the number of times a state has voted for a winning presidential candidate. The majority of statistical data is from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration and was compiled, here, by Ballotpedia, unless otherwise noted.
Between 1900 and 2020:
- Vermont participated in 31 presidential elections.
- Vermont voted for the winning presidential candidate 61.3 percent of the time. The average accuracy of voting for winning presidential candidates for all 50 states in this time frame was 71.26 percent.[9]
- Vermont voted Democratic 29 percent of the time and Republican 71 percent of the time.
Recent statewide results
2020
General election
Presidential election in Vermont, 2020
Candidate/Running mate |
% |
Popular votes |
Electoral votes |
||
| ✔ |
| Joe Biden/Kamala D. Harris (D) |
65.5
|
242,820 | 3 |
| Donald Trump/Mike Pence (R) |
30.4
|
112,704 | 0 | |
 
| Jo Jorgensen/Spike Cohen (L) |
1.0
|
3,608 | 0 | |
 
| Howie Hawkins/Angela Nicole Walker (G) |
0.4
|
1,310 | 0 | |
 
| Ye/Michelle Tidball (Independent) |
0.3
|
1,269 | 0 | |
| H. Brooke Paige/Thomas Witman (Grumpy Old Patriots) |
0.3
|
1,175 | 0 | |
 
| Christopher Lafontaine/Michael Speed (Independent) |
0.2
|
856 | 0 | |
| Richard Duncan/Mitch Bupp (Independent) |
0.1
|
213 | 0 | |
 
| Brian T. Carroll/Amar Patel (American Solidarity Party) |
0.1
|
209 | 0 | |
 
| Don Blankenship/William Mohr (Constitution Party) |
0.1
|
208 | 0 | |
 
| Alyson Kennedy/Malcolm Jarrett (Socialist Workers Party) |
0.1
|
195 | 0 | |
 
| Gloria La Riva/Sunil Freeman (Liberty Union Party) |
0.0
|
166 | 0 | |
 
| Gary Swing/David Olszta (Boiling Frog) |
0.0
|
141 | 0 | |
| Phil Collins/Billy Joe Parker (Prohibition Party) |
0.0
|
137 | 0 | |
|
| Keith McCormic/Sam Blasiak (Bull Moose) |
0.0
|
126 | 0 | |
 
| Brock Pierce/Karla Ballard (Unaffiliated) |
0.0
|
100 | 0 | |
| Jerry Segal/John de Graaf (Bread and Roses) |
0.0
|
65 | 0 | |
 
| Blake Huber/Frank Atwood (Approval Voting Party) |
0.0
|
54 | 0 | |
 
| Kyle Kenley Kopitke/Taja Iwanow (Independent) |
0.0
|
53 | 0 | |
 
| Roque De La Fuente/Darcy Richardson (Alliance Party) |
0.0
|
48 | 0 | |
|
| Zachary Scalf/Matthew Lyda (Independent) |
0.0
|
29 | 0 | |
| Other write-in votes |
1.5
|
5,482 | 0 | ||
|
Total votes: 370,968 |
Primary election
Vermont Democratic presidential primary on March 3, 2020
Candidate |
% |
Votes |
Pledged delegates |
|
 | Bernie Sanders |
50.7
|
79,921 | 11 |
|
| Joe Biden |
22.0
|
34,669 | 5 |
 | Elizabeth Warren |
12.5
|
19,785 | 0 |
 | Michael Bloomberg |
9.4
|
14,828 | 0 |
 | Pete Buttigieg |
2.4
|
3,709 | 0 |
 | Amy Klobuchar |
1.3
|
1,991 | 0 |
 | Tulsi Gabbard |
0.8
|
1,303 | 0 |
 | Andrew Yang |
0.4
|
591 | 0 |
 | Thomas Steyer |
0.1
|
202 | 0 |
 | Deval Patrick |
0.1
|
137 | 0 |
|
| Marianne Williamson |
0.1
|
135 | 0 |
|
| Mark Stewart Greenstein |
0.1
|
110 | 0 |
 | Julián Castro |
0.0
|
52 | 0 |
| Other |
0.1
|
219 | 0 | |
|
Total votes: 157,652 • Total pledged delegates: 16 |
Vermont Republican presidential primary on March 3, 2020
Candidate |
% |
Votes |
Pledged delegates |
|
|
| Donald Trump |
87.6
|
33,984 | 17 |
 | Bill Weld |
10.2
|
3,971 | 0 |
|
| Roque De La Fuente |
0.9
|
341 | 0 |
| Other |
1.2
|
480 | 0 | |
|
Total votes: 38,776 • Total pledged delegates: 17 |
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Recent county-level results
How a state's counties vote in a presidential election and the size of those counties can provide additional insights into election outcomes at other levels of government including statewide and congressional races. Below, four categories are used to describe each county's voting pattern over the 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections: Solid, Trending, Battleground, and New. Click [show] on the table below for examples:
| County-level voting pattern categories | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | |||||||
| Status | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | ||||
| Solid Democratic | D | D | D | ||||
| Trending Democratic | R | D | D | ||||
| Battleground Democratic | D | R | D | ||||
| New Democratic | R | R | D | ||||
| Republican | |||||||
| Status | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | ||||
| Solid Republican | R | R | R | ||||
| Trending Republican | D | R | R | ||||
| Battleground Republican | R | D | R | ||||
| New Republican | D | D | R | ||||
Following the 2020 presidential election, 99.1% of Vermonters lived in one of the state's 13 Solid Democratic counties, which voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election from 2012 to 2020, and 0.9% lived Essex County, the state's one Trending Republican county. Overall, Vermont was Solid Democratic, having voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2012, Hillary Clinton (D) in 2016, and Joe Biden (D) in 2020. Use the table below to view the total number of each type of county in Vermont following the 2020 election as well as the overall percentage of the state population located in each county type.
| Vermont county-level statistics, 2020 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solid Democratic | 13 | 99.1% | |||||
| Trending Republican | 1 | 0.9% | |||||
| Total voted Democratic | 13 | 99.1% | |||||
| Total voted Republican | 1 | 0.9% | |||||
Presidential elections by state decided by 5 percentage points or less
The following map shows the number of times, in presidential elections held between 1948 and 2020, that the margin of victory was 5 percentage points or fewer in each state.
- Wisconsin was the state with the most frequently narrow margins during this time period, appearing on the list in 11 presidential elections.
- Three states appeared nine times: Florida, Nevada, and Pennsylvania.
- The state with the narrowest margin of victory was Florida in 2000 at 537 votes or one-hundredth of a percentage point.
Effect of the 2020 census on electoral votes
Every ten years, the United States conducts the census, a complete count of the U.S. population. The data gleaned from the census process is used to determine several things, including legislative district lines, a state's number of U.S. House representatives, and the number of votes a state has in the Electoral College.
The 2024 presidential election was the first presidential election to take place using the electoral vote counts produced by the 2020 census. Six states gained votes in the Electoral College, while seven states lost votes. See the table below for exact figures.
| Electoral votes gained and lost after the 2020 census | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| State | Votes gained (new total) | State | Votes lost (new total) |
| Texas | +2 (40) | California | -1 (54) |
| Colorado | +1 (10) | Illinois | -1 (19) |
| Florida | +1 (30) | Michigan | -1 (15) |
| Montana | +1 (4) | New York | -1 (28) |
| North Carolina | +1 (16) | Ohio | -1 (17) |
| Oregon | +1 (8) | Pennsylvania | -1 (19) |
| West Virginia | -1 (4) | ||
Presidential election endorsements in Vermont
- See also: Presidential election endorsements, 2024
The section below displays current and former party leaders, governors and other state executives, members of Congress, mayors of large cities, and state legislative majority and minority leaders in Vermont who issued an endorsement in the 2024 presidential election. See something we missed? Email us.
| Presidential endorsements by Vermont elected officials and party leaders, 2024 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | State | Party | Candidate | Date |
| Bernie Sanders | VT | Democratic Party | Joe Biden | April 25, 2023 source |
| Peter Welch | VT | Democratic Party | Kamala D. Harris | July 23, 2024 source |
| Becca Balint | VT | Democratic Party | Joe Biden | March 7, 2024 source |
| Becca Balint | VT | Democratic Party | Kamala D. Harris | July 21, 2024 source |
| Phil Scott | VT | Republican Party | Nikki Haley | January 19, 2024 source |
| Patricia McCoy | VT | Republican Party | Nikki Haley | February 20, 2024 source |
| Charity Clark | VT | Democratic Party | Kamala D. Harris | July 23, 2024 source |
Democratic primary
- See also: Democratic presidential nomination, 2024
The Democratic Party selected Vice President Kamala Harris (D) as its nominee during a virtual roll call vote on August 2, 2024, ahead of the in-person 2024 Democratic National Convention, which took place from August 19-22, 2024, in Chicago, Illinois.[12][13][14][15][16]
Joe Biden (D) withdrew from the presidential race on July 21, 2024.[17] Biden crossed the majority delegate threshold necessary to win the Democratic nomination on March 12, 2024, which made him the presumptive Democratic nominee.
Before the national convention, individual state caucuses and primaries were held to allocate convention delegates. To read more about the 2024 primary schedule click here. These delegates, along with superdelegates who come from the party leadership, voted at the virtual roll call to select the nominee.
Republican primary
- See also: Republican presidential nomination, 2024
The Republican Party selected former President Donald Trump (R) as its 2024 presidential nominee at the 2024 Republican National Convention, which was held from July 15-18, 2024, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Before the convention, each state, Washington, D.C., and five U.S. territories held a primary, caucus, or convention to decide how to allocate delegates at the national convention. These nominating events began in January and ended in June. Trump crossed the delegate threshold necessary to win the nomination—1,215—on March 12, 2024.
Republican presidential candidates participated in five primary debates, with the first being held held in August 2023 and the last in January 2024.[18] Trump did not participate in any of the debates.
Trump was the sixth U.S. president to run for re-election to non-consecutive terms.[19] Grover Cleveland (D), the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, is the only president who has been elected to non-consecutive terms. Before Trump's 2024 campaign, the most recent former president to run for non-consecutive terms was Theodore Roosevelt (R), who sought re-election in 1912 as a Progressive Party candidate after leaving office in 1909.
Candidate filing requirements
The tables below detail filing requirements for presidential candidates in Vermont in the 2024 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Vermont, click here.
Presidential primary candidates
| Filing requirements for presidential primary candidates in Vermont, 2024 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Party | Signatures required | Signature formula | Filing fee | Filing fee formula | Filing deadline | Source |
| Vermont | Qualified political parties | 1,000 | Fixed by statute | $2,000.00 | Fixed by statute | 12/15/2023 | Source |
Independent presidential candidates
| Filing requirements for independent candidates in Vermont, 2024 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Signatures required | Signature formula | Filing fee | Filing fee formula | Filing deadline | Source |
| Vermont | 1,000 | Fixed by statute | N/A | N/A | 8/1/2024 | Source |
About the state
Click the tabs below to view information about demographics, past elections, and partisan control of the state.
- Statewide elections - Information about recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections in the state.
- State partisanship - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
- Demographics - Information about the state's demographics and how they compare to the country as a whole.
This section details the results of the five most recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections held in the state.
U.S. Senate elections
The table below details the vote in the five most recent U.S. Senate races in Vermont.
| U.S. Senate election results in Vermont | ||
|---|---|---|
| Race | Winner | Runner up |
| 2022 | 68.5% |
28.0%
|
| 2018 | 67.4% (Independent) |
27.5%
|
| 2016 | 61.3% |
33.0%
|
| 2012 | 71.0% (Independent) |
24.9%
|
| 2010 | 64.4% |
30.9%
|
| Average | 66.5 | 28.9 |
Gubernatorial elections
- See also: Governor of Vermont
The table below details the vote in the five most recent gubernatorial elections in Vermont.
| Gubernatorial election results in Vermont | ||
|---|---|---|
| Race | Winner | Runner up |
| 2022 | 71.0% |
24.0% (Progressive Party)
|
| 2020 | 68.5% |
27.3% (Progressive Party)
|
| 2018 | 55.2% |
40.2%
|
| 2016 | 52.9% |
44.2%
|
| 2014 | 46.4% |
45.1%
|
| Average | 58.8 | 36.2 |
Congressional delegation
The table below displays the partisan composition of Vermont's congressional delegation as of May 2024.
| Congressional Partisan Breakdown from Vermont | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | U.S. Senate | U.S. House | Total |
| Democratic | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Republican | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Independent | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Vacancies | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 2 | 1 | 3 |
State executive
The table below displays the officeholders in Vermont's top four state executive offices as of May 2024.
| State executive officials in Vermont, May 2024 | |
|---|---|
| Office | Officeholder |
| Governor | Phil Scott
|
| Lieutenant Governor | David Zuckerman
|
| Secretary of State | Sarah Copeland Hanzas
|
| Attorney General | Charity Clark
|
State legislature
Vermont State Senate
| Party | As of February 2024 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 22 | |
| Republican Party | 7 | |
| Vermont Progressive Party | 1 | |
| Other | 0 | |
| Vacancies | 0 | |
| Total | 30 | |
Vermont House of Representatives
| Party | As of February 2024 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 106 | |
| Republican Party | 37 | |
| Vermont Progressive Party | 3 | |
| Independent | 3 | |
| Libertarian Party | 1 | |
| Other | 0 | |
| Vacancies | 0 | |
| Total | 150 | |
Trifecta control
The table below shows the state's trifecta status from 1992 until the 2024 election.
Vermont Party Control: 1992-2024
Ten years of Democratic trifectas • No Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
| Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governor | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| Senate | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| House | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
The table below details demographic data in Vermont and compares it to the broader United States as of 2022.
| Demographic Data for Vermont | ||
|---|---|---|
| Vermont | United States | |
| Population | 643,077 | 331,449,281 |
| Land area (sq mi) | 9,217 | 3,531,905 |
| Race and ethnicity** | ||
| White | 92.3% | 65.9% |
| Black/African American | 1.2% | 12.5% |
| Asian | 1.7% | 5.8% |
| Native American | 0.2% | 0.8% |
| Pacific Islander | 0% | 0.2% |
| Other (single race) | 0.6% | 6% |
| Multiple | 4% | 8.8% |
| Hispanic/Latino | 2.1% | 18.7% |
| Education | ||
| High school graduation rate | 94.2% | 89.1% |
| College graduation rate | 41.7% | 34.3% |
| Income | ||
| Median household income | $74,014 | $75,149 |
| Persons below poverty level | 5.9% | 8.8% |
| Source: population provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "Decennial Census" (2020). Other figures provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2017-2022). | ||
| **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. | ||
Presidential election by state
- See also: Presidential election by state, 2024
Click on a state below to navigate to information about the presidential election in that jurisdiction.
See also
Use the dropdown menu below to navigate Ballotpedia's historical coverage of the presidential election in each state.
Footnotes
- ↑ Vermont Secretary of State, "Election Information & Resources," accessed June 1, 2023
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
- ↑ Nature, "The power of prediction markets," October 18, 2016
- ↑ Politico, "Meet the 'stock market' for politics," October 31, 2014
- ↑ U.S. Presidential General Election Results, "2008 Electoral Map Based on the Intrade Prediction Market," accessed January 25, 2018
- ↑ PredictIt, "Who will win the 2024 US presidential election?" accessed December 16, 2022
- ↑ This average includes states like Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, which did not participate in all 30 presidential elections between 1900 and 2020. It does not include Washington, D.C., which cast votes for president for the first time in 1964, or Alaska and Hawaii, which cast votes for president for the first time in 1960.
- ↑ U.S. Election Atlas, "2012 Presidential Election Results," accessed December 29, 2014
- ↑ U.S. Election Atlas, "2008 Presidential Election Results," accessed December 29, 2014
- ↑ USA Today, "Harris makes history as first Black woman, Asian American presidential nominee," August 2, 2024
- ↑ ABC News, "DNC to nominate Biden and Harris to bypass Ohio ballot issues," May 28, 2024
- ↑ The New York Times, "Democrats Set Aug. 1 for Harris Nomination Vote," July 24, 2024
- ↑ CBS News, "Kamala Harris closer to being nominee as DNC approves early virtual roll call vote," July 24, 2024
- ↑ DNC, "DNC and DNCC Chairs Announce Results of Presidential Nominating Petition Process and Opening of Virtual Roll Call on August 1," July 30, 2024
- ↑ X, "Biden on July 21, 2024," accessed July 21, 2024
- ↑ The Hill, "RNC votes to hold first presidential debate in Milwaukee," February 23, 2023
- ↑ Pew Research Center, "Few former presidents have run for their old jobs – or anything else – after leaving office,' November 16, 2022
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