Ranked-choice voting in the United States

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Ranked-choice voting (RCV)
Academic studies on RCV
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This page lists instances of the use of ranked-choice voting in United States elections. While not comprehensive, it includes examples from states that use ranked-choice voting in either statewide or some local elections.

A ranked-choice voting system (RCV) is an electoral system in which voters rank candidates by preference on their ballots. If a candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, he or she is declared the winner. If no candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes is eliminated. First-preference votes cast for the failed candidate are eliminated, lifting the second-preference choices indicated on those ballots. A new tally is conducted to determine whether any candidate has won a majority of the adjusted votes. The process is repeated until a candidate wins an outright majority.

Examples

See also: Main article on Ranked-choice voting (RCV)

Alaska

2022

As of 2022, Alaska had adopted the use of ranked-choice voting in its federal and statewide elections.

General election

General election for U.S. House Alaska At-large District

Select round: Round 3 Round 2 Round 1

The ranked-choice voting election was won by Mary Peltola in round 3 . The results of Round are displayed below. To see the results of other rounds, use the dropdown menu above to select a round and the table will update.

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Mary Peltola	55.0	137,263	7,477	Won (3)
		Sarah Palin	45.0	112,471	43,072	3
		Nicholas Begich	0.0	0	-64,499	3
		Chris Bye	0.0	0	0	2
		David Ambrose (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Jay Armstrong (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Joe Bredar (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
		Lady Donna Dutchess (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Sherry Mettler (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
		Robert Ornelas (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Brad Snowden (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Ernest Thomas (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Mary Peltola	49.2	129,786	1,031	Won (3)
		Sarah Palin	26.3	69,399	1,069	3
		Nicholas Begich	24.5	64,499	1,994	3
		Chris Bye	0.0	0	-4,999	2
		David Ambrose (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Jay Armstrong (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Joe Bredar (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
		Lady Donna Dutchess (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Sherry Mettler (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
		Robert Ornelas (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Brad Snowden (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Ernest Thomas (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Mary Peltola	48.7	128,755	0	Won (3)
		Sarah Palin	25.8	68,330	0	3
		Nicholas Begich	23.6	62,505	0	3
		Chris Bye	1.9	4,999	0	2
		David Ambrose (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Jay Armstrong (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Joe Bredar (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
		Lady Donna Dutchess (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Sherry Mettler (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
		Robert Ornelas (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Brad Snowden (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
	Submit photo	Ernest Thomas (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1

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	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 264,589
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

• Sherry Strizak (Independent)
• Tara Sweeney (R)

Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House Alaska At-large District

The following candidates ran in the primary for U.S. House Alaska At-large District on August 16, 2022.

		Candidate	%	Votes
✔		Mary Peltola (D)	36.8	70,295
✔		Sarah Palin (R)	30.2	57,693
✔		Nicholas Begich (R)	26.2	50,021
✔		Tara Sweeney (R)	3.8	7,195
		Chris Bye (L)	0.6	1,189
		J.R. Myers (L)	0.3	531
		Robert Lyons (R)	0.2	447
	Submit photo	Jay Armstrong (R)	0.2	403
	Submit photo	Brad Snowden (R)	0.2	355
		Randy Purham (R)	0.2	311
		Lady Donna Dutchess (Independent)	0.1	270
	Submit photo	Sherry Strizak (Independent)	0.1	252
		Robert Ornelas (American Independent Party)	0.1	248
	Submit photo	Denise Williams (R)	0.1	242
		Gregg Brelsford (Independent)	0.1	241
	Submit photo	David Hughes (Independent)	0.1	238
	Submit photo	Andrew Phelps (Independent)	0.1	222
	Submit photo	Tremayne Wilson (Independent)	0.1	194
	Submit photo	Sherry Mettler (Independent)	0.1	191
	Submit photo	Silvio Pellegrini (Independent)	0.1	187
	Submit photo	Ted Heintz (Independent)	0.1	173
	Submit photo	Davis LeBlanc Jr. (R)	0.1	117

---

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 191,015
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

• Tyler Cropley (Independent)
• Julio Perez (R)
• Don Young (R)
• Shannon Evans (R)
• Christopher Constant (D)
• Al Gross (Independent)
• Adam Wool (D)
• Mike Milligan (D)
• Mikel Melander (R)
• William Hibler (Independent)
• Jeff Lowenfels (Independent)
• John B. Coghill (R)
• Josh Revak (R)

General election

General election for Governor of Alaska

The ranked-choice voting election was won by Mike Dunleavy in round 1 .

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Mike Dunleavy	50.3	132,632	0	Won (1)
		Les Gara	24.2	63,851	0	1
		Bill Walker	20.7	54,668	0	1
		Charlie Pierce	4.5	11,817	0	1
		Bruce Walden (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
		Undeclared Write-insUndeclared write-in candidates may advance past the first round in some ranked-choice elections. If the official source reports write-in votes by candidate name, Ballotpedia displays them alongside the ballot-qualified candidates. However, if write-in votes are reported without a name, they will instead be included in the total write-in votes figure in Round 1. Please consult the official elections source for more details about unnamed write-in candidate vote totals past Round 1.	0.3	784	0

---

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 263,752
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for Governor of Alaska

The following candidates ran in the primary for Governor of Alaska on August 16, 2022.

		Candidate	%	Votes
✔		Mike Dunleavy (R)	40.4	76,534
✔		Les Gara (D)	23.1	43,660
✔		Bill Walker (Independent)	22.8	43,111
✔		Charlie Pierce (R)	6.6	12,458
		Christopher Kurka (R)	3.9	7,307
		John Howe (Alaskan Independence Party)	0.9	1,702
		Bruce Walden (R)	0.9	1,661
		William Toien (L)	0.7	1,381
		David Haeg (R)	0.6	1,139
	Submit photo	William Nemec II (Independent)	0.2	347

---

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 189,300
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

• Jim Cottrell (R)

General election

General election for Lieutenant Governor of Alaska

The ranked-choice voting election was won by Nancy Dahlstrom in round 1 .

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Nancy Dahlstrom	50.3	132,632	0	Won (1)
		Jessica Cook	24.2	63,851	0	1
		Heidi Drygas	20.7	54,668	0	1
		Edie Grunwald	4.5	11,817	0	1
	Submit photo	Sherry Strizak (Write-in)	0.0	0	0	1
		Undeclared Write-insUndeclared write-in candidates may advance past the first round in some ranked-choice elections. If the official source reports write-in votes by candidate name, Ballotpedia displays them alongside the ballot-qualified candidates. However, if write-in votes are reported without a name, they will instead be included in the total write-in votes figure in Round 1. Please consult the official elections source for more details about unnamed write-in candidate vote totals past Round 1.	0.3	784	0

---

	There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 263,752
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for Lieutenant Governor of Alaska

The following candidates ran in the primary for Lieutenant Governor of Alaska on August 16, 2022.

		Candidate	%	Votes
✔		Nancy Dahlstrom (R)	40.4	76,534
✔		Jessica Cook (D)	23.1	43,660
✔		Heidi Drygas (Independent)	22.8	43,111
✔		Edie Grunwald (R)	6.6	12,458
	Submit photo	Paul Hueper (R)	3.9	7,307
	Submit photo	Shellie Wyatt (Alaskan Independence Party)	0.9	1,702
	Submit photo	Tanya Lange (R)	0.9	1,661
	Submit photo	Shirley Rainbolt (L)	0.7	1,381
	Submit photo	S. Waynette Coleman (R)	0.6	1,139
	Submit photo	Ronnie Ostrem (Independent)	0.2	347

---

	There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 189,300
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

• Brittany Cottrell (Independent)

State house

Click here to view individual elections for the Alaska House of Representatives in 2022.

California

2022

As of 2022, certain cities in California had adopted RCV for use in their local elections.

General election

General election for Mayor of Oakland

Select round: Round 9 Round 8 Round 7 Round 6 Round 5 Round 4 Round 3 Round 2 Round 1

The ranked-choice voting election was won by Sheng Thao in round 9 . The results of Round are displayed below. To see the results of other rounds, use the dropdown menu above to select a round and the table will update.

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Sheng Thao	50.3	57,206	4,116	Won (9)
		Loren Taylor	49.7	56,529	6,110	9
	Submit photo	Ignacio De La Fuente	0.0	0	-16,538	9
	Submit photo	Allyssa Victory Villanueva	0.0	0	0	8
		Treva Reid	0.0	0	0	7
	Submit photo	Gregory Hodge	0.0	0	0	6
	Submit photo	Seneca Scott	0.0	0	0	5
	Submit photo	John Reimann	0.0	0	0	4
		Peter Liu	0.0	0	0	3
		Tyron Jordan	0.0	0	0	2

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Sheng Thao	44.2	53,090	8,430	Won (9)
		Loren Taylor	42.0	50,419	2,162	9
	Submit photo	Ignacio De La Fuente	13.8	16,538	1,053	9
	Submit photo	Allyssa Victory Villanueva	0.0	0	-14,149	8
		Treva Reid	0.0	0	0	7
	Submit photo	Gregory Hodge	0.0	0	0	6
	Submit photo	Seneca Scott	0.0	0	0	5
	Submit photo	John Reimann	0.0	0	0	4
		Peter Liu	0.0	0	0	3
		Tyron Jordan	0.0	0	0	2

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Sheng Thao	36.4	44,660	2,017	Won (9)
		Loren Taylor	39.4	48,257	3,612	9
	Submit photo	Ignacio De La Fuente	12.6	15,485	970	9
	Submit photo	Allyssa Victory Villanueva	11.5	14,149	1,056	8
		Treva Reid	0.0	0	-9,022	7
	Submit photo	Gregory Hodge	0.0	0	0	6
	Submit photo	Seneca Scott	0.0	0	0	5
	Submit photo	John Reimann	0.0	0	0	4
		Peter Liu	0.0	0	0	3
		Tyron Jordan	0.0	0	0	2

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Sheng Thao	34.4	42,643	1,564	Won (9)
		Loren Taylor	36.0	44,645	1,739	9
	Submit photo	Ignacio De La Fuente	11.7	14,515	585	9
	Submit photo	Allyssa Victory Villanueva	10.6	13,093	1,294	8
		Treva Reid	7.3	9,022	744	7
	Submit photo	Gregory Hodge	0.0	0	-6,886	6
	Submit photo	Seneca Scott	0.0	0	0	5
	Submit photo	John Reimann	0.0	0	0	4
		Peter Liu	0.0	0	0	3
		Tyron Jordan	0.0	0	0	2

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Sheng Thao	32.9	41,079	443	Won (9)
		Loren Taylor	34.4	42,906	936	9
	Submit photo	Ignacio De La Fuente	11.2	13,930	671	9
	Submit photo	Allyssa Victory Villanueva	9.4	11,799	325	8
		Treva Reid	6.6	8,278	304	7
	Submit photo	Gregory Hodge	5.5	6,886	760	6
	Submit photo	Seneca Scott	0.0	0	-4,151	5
	Submit photo	John Reimann	0.0	0	0	4
		Peter Liu	0.0	0	0	3
		Tyron Jordan	0.0	0	0	2

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Sheng Thao	32.4	40,636	241	Won (9)
		Loren Taylor	33.4	41,970	113	9
	Submit photo	Ignacio De La Fuente	10.6	13,259	87	9
	Submit photo	Allyssa Victory Villanueva	9.1	11,474	296	8
		Treva Reid	6.3	7,974	95	7
	Submit photo	Gregory Hodge	4.9	6,126	140	6
	Submit photo	Seneca Scott	3.3	4,151	195	5
	Submit photo	John Reimann	0.0	0	-1,391	4
		Peter Liu	0.0	0	0	3
		Tyron Jordan	0.0	0	0	2

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Sheng Thao	32.1	40,395	268	Won (9)
		Loren Taylor	33.3	41,857	80	9
	Submit photo	Ignacio De La Fuente	10.5	13,172	80	9
	Submit photo	Allyssa Victory Villanueva	8.9	11,178	63	8
		Treva Reid	6.3	7,879	57	7
	Submit photo	Gregory Hodge	4.8	5,986	53	6
	Submit photo	Seneca Scott	3.1	3,956	100	5
	Submit photo	John Reimann	1.1	1,391	69	4
		Peter Liu	0.0	0	-1,000	3
		Tyron Jordan	0.0	0	0	2

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Sheng Thao	31.8	40,127	218	Won (9)
		Loren Taylor	33.1	41,777	267	9
	Submit photo	Ignacio De La Fuente	10.4	13,092	199	9
	Submit photo	Allyssa Victory Villanueva	8.8	11,115	166	8
		Treva Reid	6.2	7,822	195	7
	Submit photo	Gregory Hodge	4.7	5,933	135	6
	Submit photo	Seneca Scott	3.1	3,856	111	5
	Submit photo	John Reimann	1.0	1,322	54	4
		Peter Liu	0.8	1,000	40	3
		Tyron Jordan	0.0	0	-863	2

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
		Sheng Thao	31.8	39,909	0	Won (9)
		Loren Taylor	33.1	41,510	0	9
	Submit photo	Ignacio De La Fuente	10.3	12,893	0	9
	Submit photo	Allyssa Victory Villanueva	8.7	10,949	0	8
		Treva Reid	6.1	7,627	0	7
	Submit photo	Gregory Hodge	4.6	5,798	0	6
	Submit photo	Seneca Scott	3.0	3,745	0	5
	Submit photo	John Reimann	1.0	1,268	0	4
		Peter Liu	0.8	960	0	3
		Tyron Jordan	0.7	863	0	2

---

	There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 125,522
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

General election

General election for San Francisco District Attorney

Select round: Round 3 Round 2 Round 1

The ranked-choice voting election was won by Brooke Jenkins in round 3 . The results of Round are displayed below. To see the results of other rounds, use the dropdown menu above to select a round and the table will update.

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
	Submit photo	Brooke Jenkins	53.7	142,412	12,197	Won (3)
	Submit photo	John Hamasaki	46.3	122,906	17,136	3
	Submit photo	Joe Alioto Veronese	0.0	0	-37,332	3
	Submit photo	Maurice Chenier	0.0	0	0	2

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
	Submit photo	Brooke Jenkins	47.6	130,215	3,710	Won (3)
	Submit photo	John Hamasaki	38.7	105,770	3,158	3
	Submit photo	Joe Alioto Veronese	13.7	37,332	2,729	3
	Submit photo	Maurice Chenier	0.0	0	-12,211	2

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
	Submit photo	Brooke Jenkins	45.8	126,505	0	Won (3)
	Submit photo	John Hamasaki	37.2	102,612	0	3
	Submit photo	Joe Alioto Veronese	12.5	34,603	0	3
	Submit photo	Maurice Chenier	4.4	12,211	0	2

---

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 275,931
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Maine

2022

As of 2022, Maine had adopted the use of ranked-choice voting in its federal elections and statewide elections for governor and the state legislature, as well as municipal elections in Portland.

General election

General election for Governor of Maine

Incumbent Janet T. Mills defeated Paul LePage and Sam Hunkler in the general election for Governor of Maine on November 8, 2022.

		Candidate	%	Votes
✔		Janet T. Mills (D)	55.7	376,934
		Paul LePage (R)	42.4	287,304
		Sam Hunkler (Independent)	1.9	12,581

---

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 676,819
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Democratic primary election

Democratic Primary for Governor of Maine

The following candidates advanced in the ranked-choice voting election: Janet T. Mills in round 1 .

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
✔		Janet T. Mills	100	69,422	0	Advanced (1)

---

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 69,422
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

• John Glowa (D)

Republican primary election

Republican Primary for Governor of Maine

The following candidates advanced in the ranked-choice voting election: Paul LePage in round 1 .

		Candidate	%	Total Votes	Transfer	Round eliminated
✔		Paul LePage	100	59,713	0	Advanced (1)

---

	There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 59,713
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

State Senate

Click here to view individual elections for the Maine House of Representatives in 2022.

State Senate

Click here to view individual elections for the Maine State Senate in 2022.

External links

• FairVote, "Data on Ranked Choice Voting"
• ACE: The Electoral Knowledge Network
• Ranked Choice Voting Resource Center
• Electology.org (The Center for Election Science)
• Protect My Ballot
• RankedVote: Create Ranked-Choice Contests & Elections

Ranked-choice voting legislation

The table below lists bills related to ranked-choice voting introduced during (or carried over to) each state's regular legislative session this year. The following information is included for each bill:

• State
• Bill number
• Official bill name or caption
• Most recent action date
• Legislative status
• Sponsor party
• Topics dealt with by the bill

Bills are organized by state and then by most recent action. The table displays up to 100 results. To view more bills, use the arrows in the upper-right corner. Clicking on a bill will open its page on Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker, which includes bill details and a summary.

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