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Redistricting in Kansas after the 2010 census
 in Kansas |
| Note: Redistricting takes place every 10 years after completion of the United States Census. The information here pertains to the 2010 redistricting process. For information on more recent redistricting developments, see this article. |
| Redistricting in Kansas | |
 | |
| General information | |
| Partisan control: Republican | |
| Process: Reapportionment Commission | |
| Deadline: Before end of 2012 legislative session | |
| Total seats | |
| Congress: 4 | |
| State Senate: 40 | |
| State House: 125 | |
This article details the timeline of redistricting events in Kansas following the 2010 census. It also provides contextual information about the redistricting process and census information.
Process
- See also: State-by-state redistricting procedures
The Kansas Legislature was responsible for legislative, congressional, and state Board of Education redistricting. The House and Senate each appointed members to a committee to develop plans which were then presented to the respective chambers for consideration. Kansas redistricting was based on figures adjusted by the Secretary of State. These figures were adjusted for the student, prison, and military populations, using state survey data. Redistricting plans were subject to mandatory judicial review by the Kansas Supreme Court.[1][2]
Both chambers held orientation meetings for their redistricting work on June 2, 2011.[3]
House Speaker Michael O'Neal (R) appointed himself head of redistricting for the House. Explaining the decision he said: "There are really only a couple of us who've had experience doing this. Given that I was going to have a substantial interest in it and probably would be working on it anyway, I just decided that we'd run it out of our office."[4]
The Kansas Constitution provided authority for redistricting to the Legislature in Article 10.
Originally, the Constitution required the use of a state-conducted census for determining population statistics. This was amended in 1988 to require the use of U.S. Census figures.[5]
Leadership
Senate Reapportionment Committee
The Kansas State Senate appointed its reapportionment committee members. The committee was composed of 17 Republicans and 6 Democrats. The members were as follows:
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House Reapportionment Committee
The Kansas House of Representatives appointed its reapportionment committee members. They were as follows:
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Public meetings
Members of the reapportionment committees planned to hold several meetings around the state in the summer of 2011.[6] The full schedule can be found here. Additional meetings were scheduled in September and October.[7][8]
January 2011: Committee met to establish guidelines
The Kansas State Sentate's Reapportionment Committee met Friday, January 13 to establish rules to guide its drafting of new redistricting maps. The House committee adopted its own guidelines prior, permitting a five percent deviation from ideal district populations.[9]
Census results
Kansas did not gain or lose any seats from the reapportionment after the 2010 census. The state population grew to over 2.85 million residents, an increase of 6.1 percent.[10]
March 2011: Kansas received local data
On March 2, Kansas received its local 2010 census data. The data would guide the state as it redrew congressional, state, and local electoral districts.[11] The local data showed declines in Kansas' rural counties. Of the state's 105 counties, 77 saw population declines in the previous ten years. 23 of these saw declines greater than 10 percent. Contrasted with the state's overall population growth of 6.1 percent, this indicated shifts in the distribution of Kansas residents. Many of these shifts moved residents away from the state's western districts.[12][13] Analysts contended that this was part of a longer trend away from labor intensive agriculture to mechanized farming.[14] The largest growth was seen in Kansas' small cities.[15][16]
Kansas also saw an increase in its Hispanic population. The Hispanic population had grown 59 percent since 2000, accounting for 10.5 percent of the total population.[17] Since redistricting must respect minority voting rights, growing minority populations promised to create new challenges for state mapmakers.
July 2011: Secretary released revised census data
On July 26, Secretary of State Kris Kobach (R) released revised census figures accounting for non-resident students and military personnel. The revised population total was about 14,000 lower than the federal count of 2,583,118. The revision process began when Kansas used the state agricultural census to conduct redistricting. District 66, home to Kansas State University, lost the most residents (10,000) in the revised count.[18][19]
Congressional redistricting
February 2012: Committee adopted U.S. House plan
On February 1, the Kansas State Senate's redistricting committee approved a bipartisan congressional redistricting plan. The plan consolidated Lawrence in US House District 2, and moved Manhattan from District 2 to District 1. State Republicans and the Kansas Chamber of Commerce criticized the plan. Kansas Republican Party chairwoman Amanda Adkins said that the plan was intended to create a Democratic 2nd District. A chamber official said the map hurt Republicans and furthered President Obama's political agenda. Proponents of the plan defended it as nonpartisan and noted that registered Republicans in the district only decreased by 2 percent under the plan.[20]
- The redistricting bill (SB 344) and maps can be found here.
February 2012: Senate approved congressional map
On February 9, the Kansas State Senate approved a congressional plan by a 23-17 margin. The plan consolidated Lawrence in US House District 2, and moved Manhattan from District 2 to District 1. Only 15 Republicans supported the plan (with 17 opposed). However, with all eight Democrats supporting the plan, it was passed. The map moved to the state House, whose speaker, Mike O'Neal (R), expressed concerns about the bill.[21]
March 2012: Proposals submitted in House
On March 2, 2012, Kansas lawmakers submitted 18 proposed congressional maps to the House Redistricting Committee. The Kansas State Senate had already approved a bipartisan congressional map on February 9, 2012. Most of the plans divided either Topeka or Kansas City, and reunified Lawrence. A meeting to narrow down the proposals was held on Monday, March 5. The committee planned to adopt one of the proposals outright, rather than working from scratch.[22][23]
- Congressional proposals and drafts can be found here.
March 2012: Committee chose map
A House committee passed a new congressional map by a vote of 12-11 on March 14. The bill moved a portion of Wyandotte County -- home to Kansas City -- into the 1st Congressional District of Kansas. The upper chamber chose a bipartisan map that kept Wyandotte in the 3rd Congressional District of Kansas.[24]
March 2012: Two maps not passed in House
During the week of March 19, the Kansas House of Representatives rejected two competing congressional redistricting plans, sending lawmakers back to the drawing board. The committee map, approved on March 14, waited in the House until it was replaced by Rep. Tom Arpke (R). The replacement map passed 70-51 in a preliminary vote. However, House Speaker Mike O'Neal (R), an advocate of the original map, criticized the map, and the House voted it down the next day, 48-76.
The Senate chose a bipartisan map that kept Wyandotte in the 3rd Congressional District of Kansas, drawing population for District 1 from Riley County.[25]
Meanwhile, a Kansas State Senate panel approved a chamber map on March 20. [26]
March 2012: House approved map
After two earlier options were rejected, the Kansas House of Representatives approved a congressional redistricting plan. Passed 81-43 on March 27, the plan would have moved half of Topeka from District 2 to District 1, bolstering rural District 1's slowed population growth.[27][28][29][30]
May 2012: Chambers approved plans
On May 18, 2012, the Kansas State Senate approved a chamber map and the Kansas House of Representatives approved a congressional map.[31][32]
May 2012: Legislature did not approve plan
On May 20, 2012, the Kansas State Legislature adjourned, leaving the state's political districts undrawn. The task would fall to a three-judge panel of the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas. This was the first time that the state's redistricting maps were sent to be drawn by a court. In the past, court interventions always worked from legislature-approved plans. A trial in the redistricting case was scheduled for May 29.[33][34]
June 2012: Court drew new maps
On June 7, 2012, the district court issued new congressional and legislative maps. In its opinion, the court noted that it "recognizes that because it has tried to restore compact contiguous districts where possible, it is pushing a re-set button." The court opted not to split Topeka or Lawrence, unlike earlier legislature plans, leaving both within the 2nd Congressional District.[35][36]
After the panel redrew the district lines when the Kansas State Legislature did not, about 20 individuals who sued the state for damages from the lack of new district lines demanded the state pay $700,000 in legal fees. As the judges drew the lines, no clear ruling was given, and the plaintiffs believed they won the case. Kansas Attorney General Derek Schmidt asked the judges to clarify their ruling.[37]
Legislative redistricting
January 2012: House plans emerged in committee
A new state House plan surfaced in the House redistricting committee in late January 2012. The plan shifted three districts into the Kansas City metro area.[38]
February 2012: House approved chamber map
On Thursday, February 9, 2012, the Kansas House of Representatives gave bipartisan approval to its new chamber map. The plan was approved by a 109-14 margin and garnered the support of the speaker and minority leader. Republicans controlled the House by a 92-33 margin. The plan paired eight lawmakers in four districts -- seven of the eight lawmakers were Republicans.[39]
April 2012: Senate approved chamber map
On April 27, 2012, the Kansas State Senate Reapportionment Committee approved a chamber map and revisions to a House map passed the House earlier that year. The revisions strained the tradition that each chamber may draw its own maps. House Speaker Mike O'Neal (R) said that he would consider revisions to the Senate map unless it passed by a large margin.[40]
May 2012: House passed Senate map
On May 10, 2012, the Kansas House of Representatives approved an alternate version of the Senate redistricting map. Previously, each chamber had drawn its own chamber maps. The competing House plan challenged this tradition.[41]
Kansas law required legislators to complete redistricting during the regular session--which was limited to 90 days. The 90 day limit passed and a lawsuit was filed.[42]
May 2012: Chambers approved plans
On May 18, 2012, the Kansas State Senate approved a chamber map and the Kansas House of Representatives approved a congressional map.[43][44]
May 2012: Legislature did not approve plan
On May 20, the Kansas State Legislature adjourned, leaving the state's political districts undrawn. The task would now fall to a three-judge panel of the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas. This was the first time that the state's redistricting maps were sent to be drawn by a court. In the past, court interventions always worked from legislature-approved plans. A trial in the redistricting case was scheduled for May 29.[45][46]
June 2012: Court issued new maps
On June 7, 2012, the district court issued new congressional and legislative maps. In its opinion, the court noted that it "recognizes that because it has tried to restore compact contiguous districts where possible, it is pushing a re-set button." About a third of House members -- 46 -- were placed into multiple-incumbent races, some containing as many as three.[47][48][49]
Legal issues
May 2012: Lawsuit filed over delays
On May 3, a Kansas resident and Republican precinct committee member filed a federal lawsuit over the state's redistricting gridlock. The lawsuit contended that operating under the old boundaries constituted a violation of the plaintiff's right to equal representation. Her attorney was House Speaker Mike O'Neal's (R) former chief of staff, Brent Haden. O'Neal denied any involvement in the filing.[50]
May 2012: Secretary of State Kobach filed brief
On May 16, 2012, Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach (R) responded to a federal lawsuit over redistricting. The plaintiff argued that redistricting delays had left outdated and unequal districts in place and constituted a violation of her right to equal representation. Kobach's filing asked the court to create a three-judge panel to redraw Kansas' congressional, legislative, and Board of Education districts.[51]
Kobach also suggested that the court could select one of the maps under consideration in the legislature or that he himself could redraw the lines.[52] Kobach maintained that redistricting was a task for the legislature, but contended that the long delays forced his hand. Kobach called the delays a constitutional crisis.[53] Several legislative leaders requested to intervene in the case.[54]
- Documents in the court case can be found here.
- Kobach's press conference on the filing can be found here.
May 2012: Trial ended
On May 30, the trial concluded in Kansas' federal redistricting lawsuit. A panel of three federal judges then deliberated on how to draw the state's legislative, congressional, and Board of Education maps. Secretary of State Kris Kobach advised the court to complete their work by June 20 in order to avoid delaying the August 7 primary election. Nathan Persily, a redistricting expert and consultant in four judicial redistricting efforts, suggested that the court's timeline might be overly ambitious. He also noted that acceptable deviations for court-drawn maps are often stricter than those for legislatively-drawn maps.[55][56]
June 2012: Court finalized new lines
On Thursday, June 7, a three-judge federal panel completed redistricting maps for Kansas' congressional, legislative, and Board of Education districts. The task of redistricting fell to the court after the Kansas State Legislature failed to complete redistricting by the end of the legislative session. This was the first time a court drew the state's maps without an approved legislative plan from which to work.[57]
Legislators and state officials reacted strongly to the new boundaries which judges described as pushing a reset button. Secretary of State Kris Kobach (R) called the plan the "most disruptive change in legislative districts that the state has ever seen." House Speaker Mike O'Neal argued that, "You couldn't be more disruptive if you tried."[58]
Although the effects of the new maps were still being evaluated, it appeared that 48 representatives and six senators resided in a district with at least one other incumbent. In the state House, at least 26 Republican and four Democratic incumbents would face a member of their own party in November unless they moved or retired. While the Senate changes were less dramatic, three GOP candidates who intended to challenge moderate Republican senators no longer resided in the same district.[59]
The congressional map moved Manhattan into the 1st District and reunited Lawrence in District 2. Districts 1 and 4 were expected to see little partisan change. However, District 2 would likely become more Democratic and District 3 more Republican.[59]
Following the ruling, candidates had until noon on Monday, June 10 to file for candidacy.[60]
- The approved redistricting plans can be found here.
June 2013: Payment of legal fees
Of the 27 individuals who were in the original lawsuit against the state, 20 asked the state to pay legal fees amounting to about $700,000. These former plaintiffs argued that they won the case, and the state should pay their legal fees. Kansas Attorney General Derek Schmidt argued that no clear ruling was given and asked the judges to clarify their ruling.[61]
Reform Legislation
March 2011: Non-Partisan Commission
Kansas Democrats proposed a nonpartisan redistricting commission to redraw the state's legislative boundaries. However, with Republican majorities firmly in control of redistricting, it was unlikely the proposal would pass. Past Republican supporters of the proposal suggested that it was simply too late to pass the bill.[62]
Government downsizing
County Consolidation
On February 14, the Senate Ways and Means Committee introduced legislation, SB204, that would reduce the number of Kansas counties from 105 to 23. The bill, supported by Sen. Chris Steineger (R), was designed to strengthen counties and improve efficiency. A Wichita State University study found that such a consolidation could result in hundreds of millions in yearly savings.[63]
Eliminating representatives
Sen. Chris Steineger (R) introduced a bill, SB203, to reduce the number of state senators from 40 to 30 and the number of state representatives from 125 to 90. The bill was part of a larger movement to consolidate state government by reducing the number of state representatives.[64]
Timeline
Kansas redistricting plans were officially approved in the legislative session beginning two years after the Census year. Thus, Kansas redistricting had to be completed in the 2012 legislative session. Kansas redistricting maps were based on adjusted figures calculated by the Secretary of State. These figures had to be prepared by the end of July 2011, since new maps would be developed between the 2011 and 2012 sessions. If the plans had been approved during the 2012 session, they would have been published in the Kansas Register and the Attorney General would have 15 days to petition the Kansas Supreme Court for a constitutionally mandated review. The court would then have 30 days to render its judgment. If the court rejected the plan, the legislature would have 15 days to enact another based on court's judgment and apply for review. The court would have an additional 10 days to render a second judgment. If the plan was again rejected, the legislature would have an additional 15 days to pass a plan "in compliance with the direction of and conforming to the mandate" of the court.[1]
Partisan registration by district
Congressional districts in November 2010
| Partisan registration and representation by congressional district, 2010 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Congressional district | Republicans | Democrats | Other | District total | Party advantage* | 111th Congress | 112th Congress | |
| 1 (Western and Central Kansas) | ||||||||
| 2 (Topeka & Eastern Kansas) | ||||||||
| 3 (Kansas City Metropolitan Area, Lawrence) | ||||||||
| 4 (South-Central Kansas, including Wichita) | ||||||||
| State Totals | 744,975 | 460,318 | 501,504 | 1,706,798 | 61.84% Republican | 1 D, 3 R | 0 D, 4 R | |
| *The partisan registration advantage was computed as the gap between the two major parties in registered voters. | ||||||||
History
The 1859 Kansas Constitution set up a legislature which could have up to 33 senators and 100 representatives, with each chamber determining its own size and reapportioning itself every 5 years. Each county was entitled to at least one representative. Growth soon lead to an amendment in 1873 to raise the limits to the current 40 senators and 125 representatives. However, the legislature often exceeded these limits while also failing to reapportion every 5 years. State courts kept a hands off approach and did not enforce reapportionment or provide a check of unequal representation.
By the 1960s, both state chambers had great disparities from district to district, with urban areas being the most underrepresented. The state senate made attempts to address this, but saw their plans in 1964 challenged in federal court and found to be in violation of Equal Protection Clause. Further attempts by the legislature in 1968 were struck down due to variances in district populations. Following the case, the court would put its own plan into place and would do so again in 1972. The change to districts based on equal population saw a rise in the election of urban and suburban legislators and more or less ended the rural bias.
Kansas is unique in that, up until 1989, they used the state Agricultural Census as the basis for redistricting rather than the federal census. The Agricultural Census, conducted annually, differed in from the national census in how military personnel and students were counted. In 1974 voters approved a constitutional article to hold the legislature responsible for redistricting every 10 years beginning in 1979. This end of decade redistricting was intended to make Agricultural Census figures more defensible since newer federal data would not be available. However, in 1978, the Agricultural Census was abolished and used for the final time in 1979.
In the 1980s, the constitution was again modified to account for elimination of the Agricultural Census and make the switch to the U.S. Census. The changes provided for a special state census to guide 1989 redistricting and mandated that redistricting be conducted every ten years based on U.S. Census data, starting in 1992. However, much like the Agricultural Census, the Kansas constitution mandated that federal data be adjusted to account for students, military personnel, and inmates.[65][66]
2001 redistricting
Deviation from Ideal Districts
| 2000 population deviation[67] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Office | Percentage | ||||||
| Congressional districts | 0.00% | ||||||
| State House districts | 9.95% | ||||||
| State Senate districts | 9.27% | ||||||
| Under federal law, districts could vary from an Ideal District by up to 10%, though the lowest number achievable was preferred. Ideal Districts were computed through simple division of the number of seats for any office into the population at the time of the Census. | |||||||
There was one lawsuit related to the Kansas 2000 census redistricting process.[68]
- Graham v. Thornburgh, No. 02-4087-JAR (D. Kan. July 3, 2002) : The Kansas Attorney General filed a complaint in federal district court, State ex rel. Stovall v. Thornburgh, alleging that the newly enacted Kansas congressional districts were unconstitutional. The court found that the Attorney General did not have standing to bring the case, so the case proceded with one of the intervenors substituted as plaintiff. The Attorney General offered an alternative plan, but a three-judge panel upheld the Legislature's plan.
See also
- State Legislative and Congressional Redistricting after the 2010 Census
- State-by-state redistricting procedures
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kansas Legislative Research Dept. "Kansas Legislator Briefing Book 2010"
- ↑ Stateline.org, "Where to count prisoners poses redistricting dilemma," March 21, 2011
- ↑ Fort Scott Tribune, "Tyson tapped for redistricting panel," June 2, 2011
- ↑ Hutchinson News, "Lawmakers launch work on redistricting," June 2, 2011
- ↑ Kansas Legislator Briefing Book 2010, "Redistricting"
- ↑ Marion County Record, "Cuts to arts commission, reapportionment in 2012," June 9, 2011
- ↑ The Kansas City Star, "Meetings set to discuss Kansas redistricting proposals," July 11, 2011 (dead link)
- ↑ Houston Chronicle, "Kan. panel sets 8 more redistricting hearings," August 22, 2011
- ↑ KSAL, "Kansas Senate Panel Taking Up Redistricting Rules," January 13, 2012
- ↑ FOX 4 KC, "Kansas keeps all 4 House seats after census," December 21, 2010 (dead link)
- ↑ US Census Bureau, "Census Bureau Ships Local 2010 Census Data to Kansas," March 2, 2010
- ↑ The Hays Daily News, "Population losses could hit state representation," April 10, 2011
- ↑ Morning Sun, "OUR VIEW: Redistricting key for SEK," July 17, 2011
- ↑ Topeka Capital-Journal, "Analysis: Kan. census figures herald remap battle," March 6, 2011
- ↑ National Journal, "Census Quick Cuts: Kansas, Wyoming," March 3, 2011
- ↑ CJonline, "Republicans, urban areas will gain from redistricting," July 27, 2011
- ↑ The Wichita Eagle, "Kansas is changing," March 6, 2011
- ↑ WIBW, "Secretary of State Kobach Releases Adjusted Census Figures," July 26, 2011 (dead link)
- ↑ LJWorld.com, "Statehouse Live: Readjusted population counts will impact legislative redistricting in Lawrence," July 27, 2011]
- ↑ LJWorld, "Senate committee approves map putting Lawrence in 2nd U.S. House District," February 1, 2012
- ↑ El Dorado Times, "Senate passes Congress map derided by state GOP," February 9, 2012
- ↑ Topeka Capital-Journal, "Ks. House gets flood of redistricting maps," March 2, 2012
- ↑ McPherson Sentinel, "Legislature battles it out over redistricting maps," March 7, 2012
- ↑ The Northwestern, "Kansas House panel settles on Congress remap plan," March 14, 2012
- ↑ Capital-Journal, "Redistricting reversal; Shawnee split could be next," March 21, 2012
- ↑ Kansas City Star, "Kansas Senate panel OKs redistricting map that moves challengers out of incumbents' districts," March 20, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ HTR News, "Key Kan. senators oppose House redistricting plan," March 30, 2012
- ↑ Morning Sun, "Redistricting set for House vote," March 29, 2012
- ↑ The Wichita Eagle, "Kansas House speaker threatens Senate over redistricting," March 29, 2012
- ↑ Hutchinson Kansas, "Kansas House advances congressional remap bill," April 4, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ KAKE, "Kansas Senate Approves Remap Favored By Moderates," May 18, 2012
- ↑ CNBC, "Kansas House approves new congressional map," May 18, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ Kansas City Star, "Kan. lawmakers adjourn still debating tax cuts," May 20, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ Kansas City Star, "Kansas into 'uncharted waters' with redistricting lawsuit," May 27, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas, opinion in Essex v. Kobach, June 7, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012
- ↑ The Wichita Eagle, "Court releases redistricting plans; bad news for two conservative Senate hopefuls," June 8, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012
- ↑ Associated Press, "Kansas AG Responds On Legal Costs In Remap Lawsuit," June 26, 2013 (dead link)
- ↑ The Republic, "Kansas House redistricting committee introduces proposal, shifting 3 districts to KC metro," January 30, 2012
- ↑ Dodge Globe, "Kan. House approves bipartisan redistricting bill," February 10, 2012
- ↑ Real Clear Politics, "Kansas Senate panel advances new districts," April 27, 2012
- ↑ Real Clear Politics, "Kansas House approves new map for state Senate," May 11, 2012
- ↑ Topeka Capital-Journal, "Redistricting process enters 'uncharted territory'," May 13, 2012
- ↑ KAKE, "Kansas Senate Approves Remap Favored By Moderates," May 18, 2012
- ↑ CNBC, "Kansas House approves new congressional map," May 18, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ Kansas City Star, "Kan. lawmakers adjourn still debating tax cuts," May 20, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ Kansas City Star, "Kansas into 'uncharted waters' with redistricting lawsuit," May 27, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas, opinion in Essex v. Kobach, June 6, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012
- ↑ The Wichita Eagle, "Court releases redistricting plans; bad news for two conservative Senate hopefuls," June 8, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012
- ↑ The Huffington Post, "Kansas Redistricting: Federal Court Redraws All Legislative Districts, Pushes 'Re-set Button'," June 8, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012
- ↑ LJ World, "Olathe woman files federal suit over redistricting," May 3, 2012
- ↑ Kansas City Star, "Kobach asks federal court to settle Kansas redistricting issue," May 16, 2012
- ↑ Kansas.com blog, "Kobach proposes courts — or he — redraw legislative districts," May 16, 2012
- ↑ Kansas City Business Journal, "Judge sets hearing in Kansas redistricting case," May 18, 2012
- ↑ Kansas City Star, "Kansas governor may seek to intervene in redistricting lawsuit," May 19, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ Topeka Capital-Journal, "Historic redistricting trial comes to an end," May 30, 2012
- ↑ Topeka Capital-Journal, "Redistricting expert: Judges' timeline daunting," June 2, 2012
- ↑ Kansas City Star, "Federal judges impose new Kansas political lines," June 9, 2012
- ↑ The Hutchinson News, "New boundaries stun lawmakers," June 8, 2012
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 The Hutchinson News, "Summary of judges' order on Kan. Redistricting," June 8, 2012
- ↑ KAKE, "Candidates Scramble To File By Noon Deadline," June 11, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ Associated Press, "Kansas AG Responds On Legal Costs In Remap Lawsuit," June 26, 2013 (dead link)
- ↑ LJWorld.com, "Capitol briefing: News from the Kansas Statehouse," March 6, 2011
- ↑ Hutchnews.com, "Consolidation bill aims to reduce counties to 23," February 18, 2011
- ↑ The Wall Street Journal, "State Lawmakers Aim to Reduce Ranks," March 4, 2011
- ↑ Policy Archive, "Reapportionment Politics: The History of Redistricting in the 50 States," Rose Institute of State and Local Government, January 1981 (pg.118-126)
- ↑ NCSL, "Kansas Population Adjustment for Legislative Redistricting," March 27, 2010
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, “Redistricting 2000 Population Deviation Table”," accessed February 1, 2011
- ↑ Minnesota State Senate, "2000 Redistricting Case Summaries"
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