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Redistricting in Mississippi after the 2010 census

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Public Policy Logo-one line.pngin Mississippi

Note: Redistricting takes place every 10 years after completion of the United States Census. The information here pertains to the 2010 redistricting process. For information on more recent redistricting developments, see this article.


Redistricting in Mississippi
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General information
Partisan control:
Republican
Process:
Legislative
Deadline:
June 1, 2011
Total seats
Congress:
4
State Senate:
52
State House:
122

This article details the timeline of redistricting events in Mississippi following the 2010 census. It also provides contextual information about the redistricting process and census information.

Process

See also: State-by-state redistricting procedures

During the 2010 redistricting cycle, the Standing Joint Reapportionment Committee was responsible for redistricting. If they did not complete a plan on schedule, then the task fell to a backup commission. That commission was composed of:

Then Republican Governor Haley Barbour was only allowed to veto the map of Congressional Districts, as the Assembly would pass the legislative maps not as a general bill, but as a joint resolution.[1]

During the first week of the session, on January 8, 2011, the official redistricting bill was filed.[2]

The Mississippi Constitution provided the Legislature authority over redistricting in Section 254 of Article XIII. However, if the Legislature fails to meet the deadline, Section 254 provides for the creation of an apportionment commission.

Another consideration in Mississippi was the Voting Rights Act, or VRA, which affected the state for the 2011 redistricting. The law banned districts from being drawn in such as a way to exclude minority representation.[3]

Figure 1: This map shows Mississippi's Congressional Districts after the 2000 census.

Leadership

Committee members

The members of the Standing Joint Reapportionment Committee in charge of the redistricting process named after the 2010 census were:[4]

House

Senate

There were 8 Democrats and 1 Republican on the House committee and 4 Democrats and 6 Republicans on the Senate committee.[5]

Congressional redistricting

Legislators were unable to complete new maps before the end of the 2011 session. The 2012 session began on January 3, which was only 10 days before the filing deadline for Congressional candidates. In September 2011, Republican legislators filed court papers asking federal judges to redraw the districts. "There's no time for (legislators) to take it up during the qualifying time, so we thought it was in the best interest of candidates for Congress to have adequate time to know what their districts are going to be," said Arnie Hederman, Republican Party chairman. However, Democratic state Representative Thomas Reynolds, chair of the House elections committee, said he believed that a special session in Fall 2011 would allow legislators to complete the map.[6]

November 2011: Court to draw maps

A panel of three federal judges ruled that it would draw the new Congressional map if legislators could not settle on a compromise before December 4, 2011.[7] "To be practical about it, I don't see any realistic hope that the Legislature will pass a plan," said U.S. Appeals Court Judge E. Grady Jolly.[8]

The judge gave both political parties until December 12, 2011, to comment on redistricting proposals.[9]

December 2011: Judges issue map

On December 20, 2011, judges released a plan to re-draw the four congressional districts. Mississippi Secretary of State Delbert Hosemann said the plan would allow the state to hold 2012 elections without obtaining pre-clearance from the Justice Department. The new map reduced the number of split counties from eight to four.[10] The Clarion Ledger said the map was predominantly unchanged from the one used during the last decade.[11]

Legislative redistricting

State House map

Figure 4: This map shows the proposed Mississippi House Districts after the 2010 census.

On March 3, 2011, the Assembly's standing joint committee on redistricting (SJRC) passed a map addressing only that chamber's districts. The map kept the total numbers of House seats at 122 but reduced more than half the number of precincts bisected by district lines, cutting that number from 449 to 200. Additionally, majority-minority seats, a mandate of the Voting Rights Act, rose by five, bringing the total number of House seats with a majority Black population to 44.

With an ideal population for each seat of 24,322, the maps brought each seat into the 95 percent - 105 percent tolerance allowed; effectively meaning all seats were within 10 percent of one another.[12]

On March 4, 2011, the Democratic chair of the SJRC, Tom Reynolds, offered a Joint Resolution that asked "to reapportion the House of Representatives of the State of Mississippi in accordance with Section 254, Mississippi Constitution of 1890; and for related purposes."[13][14]

The bill passed on a motion to reconsider, 65-56, largely on a party-line vote. As it was passed on a motion to reconsider, the legislature was ordered to reconvene the following morning for a final vote. The following morning, the House approved the map again, and the map went to the Senate for approval.[15][16]

April 2012: New map passed

Mississippi’s Republican House members passed a redistricting plan on April 26, 2012.[17] House members voted 70-49 in favor of the plan, with 63 Republicans and 7 Democrats supporting it.[18]

Republicans, who held a House majority for the first time since Reconstruction following the 2011 elections, drew a map matching five pairs of representatives, pitting incumbents against each other in those districts.[18]

State Senate map

Figure 5: This map shows the proposed Mississippi Senate Districts after the 2010 census.

The first draft of the new map was released in March 2011. DeSoto County, whose population increased in recent years, gained a third Senate seat, complimenting the two Representative districts the area had already picked up.[19] The Senate was also set to expand, from 12 to 15, the number of majority Black districts and to cut split precincts from 129 down to 17. To that end, two competing plans emerged. One placed the new majority-minority seat in Hattiesburg. An opposing plan, backed by Lt. Governor Bryant, sought to locate the seat in Jackson.[20]

Bryant told reporters he was working with political consultant Josh Gregory to draw his own Senate map.[21] In explaining his work on a competing map, the Lieutenant Governor cited Democratic attempts to redraw three seats, centered around Hattiesburg, in the Pine Belt. All three were Republican held and whites had the voter registration edge. Bryant argued that what was presented as adding a majority-minority seat to the area was actually an improper bid to create a safe seat for Democrats.

On Tuesday, March 8, 2011, the Senate Elections Committee passed Bryant's map with his preference for locating majority-minority seats. The same Committee also voted down the House's map, citing improper distribution of seats.[22]

In the full chamber vote, Senate Democrats were joined by 11 Republicans to defeat the bill 35-16.[23] In its place, the original Senate plan, the map backed by Senator Burton, passed. After the vote, Bryant and Burton held a joint press conference and insisted there were no hurt feelings.[24][25]

The vote to pass Burton's plan for Senate seats was 44-7.[26][27][28]

The Senate agreed to hold its approved bill, JR 201, over the weekend in order to allow the House, in particular the Republican caucus, to go back to work on its own districts before asking them to take up the Senate map.[29]

The House passed its own version of the bill again on March 16. Speaker McCoy said, "As far as I am concerned, the matter is settled. The Senate has approved its plan, and the House has approved its plan."[30] In the same statement, McCoy explicitly stated he would refuse to conference with the Senate.

March 17, the Senate voted 29-18 to seek conference with the House.[31]

Conference

Figure 2: This map shows the Mississippi House Districts after the 2000 census.
Figure 3: This map shows the Mississippi Senate Districts after the 2000 census.

Almost immediately following the invitation to conference, black members of the Senate criticized Lt. Governor Bryant for his choice of three white Republicans to represent the upper chamber in the conference.[32]

Bryant answered that his selections had been based on those lawmakers who had already invested time and developed expertise in understanding redistricting.[33]

On April 5, 2011, the Senate passed a resolution, SC 692, that would allow Lieutenant Governor Bryant and Speaker McCoy to sit down and directly work out the differences.[34] The resolution would also allow the two men to call the legislature back as late as April 11.[35]

The legislature convened and adjourned several times on April 6. The day's session had been devoted to a series of meetings seeking a way to resolve redistricting without resorting to the federal courts.[36]

At the conclusion of the session, JR 201, the conference resolution, was listed as DEAD on the legislature's official website.

Publication of maps

On, March 3, 2011, maps of the proposed new districts for the entire state were posted on the floor of the House.[37]

Department of Justice approval

On September 14, 2012, the U.S. Department of Justice approved Mississippi's new legislative districts, but noted that legal action could still be taken against them. Assistant U.S. Attorney General Thomas E. Perez said, "The Attorney General does not interpose any objection to the specified changes. However, we note that Section 5 expressly provides that the failure of the Attorney General to object does not bar subsequent litigation to enjoin enforcement of the changes."[38]

Legal issues

March 2011: NAACP state lawsuit

The NAACP filed Mississippi's first 2011 redistricting lawsuit on March 1, 2011, in an effort to push the qualifying deadline for candidates in the 2011 off-year elections back 90 days to June 1.[39] Such a move would provide the 12 counties named in the lawsuit with time to draw county-level district boundaries.[40]

March 2011: NAACP federal lawsuit

In response to the failure to pass a House plan, the NAACP filed Mississippi's first federal lawsuit on March 17, 2011.[41] Representing the NAACP and three other plaintiffs was Hazelhurst-based attorney Carol Rhodes, along with one of the lead plaintiffs from a 1991 lawsuit.[42] Hours before Rhodes brought suit, the Mississippi State Senate had voted 29-18 to invite conference from the House.[43] Speaking to media, Rhodes echoed House Speaker's McCoy central argument, that the tradition of each house signing off on the other's map is itself reason enough for the Senate to acquiesce to the House map.[44]

Named as defendants were the Governor (who sent an open letter to legislative Republicans urging them to fight McCoy's bill), Attorney General, and Mississippi Secretary of State, along with election commission officials. On top of seeking the removal of redistricting to the courts, the NAACP wanted an immediate restraining order to prevent any other plan from being implemented. Southern District U.S. District Judge Dan Jordan, a George W. Bush appointee, was originally set to hear the case, ultimately ruling on the NAACP petition to have a federal judge take over the entire redrawing process. The NAACP also indicated it would have its own maps ready to submit to the court within days of filing.

The lawsuit came as Speaker William McCoy told media, "We're going to the Justice Department. We have nothing further to talk about with the Senate."[45] McCoy also said he already has attorneys for the House working on a way to bypass the Senate and send his map directly to the Justice Department.

On Monday, March 21, House leaders voted to join the lawsuit, with Tommy Reynolds and his House Apportionment and Elections Committee voting 10-4 along party lines to join..[46]

The following week, Senate Democrats fell in line, voting in their Caucus to join the lawsuit.[47]

The lawsuit had been moved to a new judge after Daniel Jordan recused himself when a family member filed to run for the state legislature.[48][49] Named to replace him was Carlton Reeves. Notably, Reeves was the lead attorney for the state's Democratic Party in the aftermath of the 2000 Census, which that caused Republicans to immediately call for the new judge to recuse himself.[50][51]

Governor Haley Barbour released a public statement saying he was playing no official or unofficial role in redistricting, and that his sole objection to the legislative plans was over a failure to consider population growth in some counties.[52]

Secretary of State Delbert Hosemann filed papers in federal court on April 1 asking a federal judge to dismiss to NAACP case, arguing that the Mississippi Constitution allowed the state to wait until 2012 to complete redistricting.[53] The state Republican Party partially backed Hosemann in an April 8 brief, which conceded the court had jurisdiction to hear the case but asked that Hosemann's argument, based on Section 254 of the state's Constitution, be given full consideration.[54]

On April 11, Reeves recused himself.[55]

Tom Lee became the third judge to preside over the case. Lee, a 1984 appointee under Ronald Reagan, was on the 1991 panel that ordered Mississippi to hold back-to-back elections.[56]

In recusing himself, Reeves cited not his previous work as an attorney for Democrats in redistricting but his own lifetime NAACP membership and the need to maintain an appearance of impartiality, saying, "a reasonable suspicion of partiality is too great a possibility to risk." He also stressed that he had no financial interest in the NAACP and had not held any actual office in the organization since heading his college chapter a quarter century earlier.[57]

Hosemann and Bryant backed a special session in 2012, interpreting the state Constitution to allow and even mandate that.

The state's Republican Party, however, came out in favor on allowing the judicial action to proceed. Attorney General Jim Hood drafted an open response to Hosemann, saying running under current boundaries after Census data were available would violate federal law, and that two elections would be an unacceptable waste of money.

Rhodes challenged Bryant's take on the Constitution, saying, "The Constitution says the Legislature may redistrict at any time, which they did, February through March." Through Rhodes, the NAACP asked the court to order the Attorney General to submit the maps, including the technically unapproved House map, to the Justice Department.

On June 7, the NAACP filed notice that it would take its suit to the U.S. Supreme Court. The organization argued that the 2011 elections should be blocked because district populations were unbalanced.[58]

April 2011: Federal court panel

The legislative failure to settle on maps left the process in the hands of a panel of three federal judges. In addition to Tom Lee, also presiding over NAACP v. Haley Barbour et al, sat on the panel. Joining him were Grady Jolly and Louis Guirola. Jolly and Lee were both Reagan appointees and Guirola was named to the bench by George W. Bush.

All three judges were named by Chief Justice of the 5th Circuit Court, Edith Jones.[59]

Senator Terry Burton filed a motion asking for Senate candidates to be allowed to run under the new map, which did pass both maps, leaving only the contested House map up to the court.[60]

Judge Lee ordered all parties involved in the lawsuit to appear before him on April 22.[61] At the same time, Barbour had expressed continued willingness to recall legislators and some leaders were working on a compromise. After the day's hearing, Judge Lee offered no immediate indication of his ruling.[62]

At that status hearing, Robert McDuff, attorney for the House Republicans, and Democratic Attorney General Jim Hood both argued for placeholder elections in 2011; McDuff pressed for special elections under new maps in 2012 while Hood suggested drawing new maps for use in 2015 or even 2019. Hood added that paying for two elections would ultimately cost taxpayers less than paying for a protracted court battle.[63] By the day of the hearing, the state had already covered $200,000 in legal costs.

Two other options were put forward; first, to approve the contested maps on an interim basis, a position primarily supported by Democrats, and secondly to turn the project over to an expert, a special master, something sought by the state's Republican Party and by Gov. Barbour.[64][65] Hosemann proposed doing nothing at all judicially and allowing the legislature to resume the matter in 2012.[66][67]

The first hint of where the panel might come down was a statement issued on April 29 saying the judges were inclined to issue an order compelling Mississippi to hold its 2011 elections under the maps each chamber had created for its own districts.[68] Such a ruling was explained as the best possible interim solution given that all parties agreed the existing maps were inadequate and given the looming June 1, 2011 qualifying deadline for primaries.

That same wee, Hosemann reiterated his preference for allowing the legislature to resume the task in 2012 in an open editorial.[69] In part, he said, "The decision does not pass constitutional muster, is short-sighted and sets a bad precedent for future redistricting."[70]

The court, meanwhile, wanted an interim plan in place by June.[71][72]

The second hearing was set for May 10 and had a May 5 deadline to submit evidence. Republicans continued to push for maps drawn by an outside expert.[73]

Immediately after the hearing, the panel released no decision.[74] The court, while working on its ruling, continued to stress that it would minimize intrusion into state politics.[75]

The ruling was handed down on May 16.[76] The judges gave the state two choices.[77] The ruling stipulated that any new maps would have to earn pre-clearance from the Justice Department by June 1. It also specifically said the legislature could craft new maps in their 2012 session.[78] The ruling also affected county-level elections.[79] Attorney General Jim Hood was also ordered to act as a liaison and keep the panel apprised of the legislature's progress going forward.

In ruling, the panel noted they had indeed changed their position from the aftermath of the first hearing, when they publicly shared that they were inclined to order elections be held under the newly drawn but not passed maps. In part, they said:

"We observe that our order seems to comport with everyone's 'second choice.' That — perhaps irrelevant — point aside, we are certain that it is the most respectful of all proposals to the principles of federalism, to the unchallenged laws of the State of Mississippi, to the holdings of the Supreme Court of the United States, and to the proper placement of responsibility for reapportionment — the Legislature of the State of Mississippi."

Lt. Gov. Bryant, Secretary of State Hosemann, State Treasurer Tate Reeves, and Sen. Billy Hewes publicly supported the decision.[80]

The practical implication of the decision was, first, a special session sometime in late 2011 to address legislative districts and the state's four Congressional seats.[81] Constitutionally, the legislature was allowed to address redistricting anytime before the end of 2012.[82]

The ruling allowed 2011 elections to go forward but did not settle what would happen in 2012 or after. The panel reserved the privilege of deciding if a special election would be held in 2012, though it was also possible someone would bring a lawsuit seeking to force just such an outcome.[83]

June 2011: NAACP appeal

On June 7, 2011, Mississippi's NAACP filed notice of its intention to appeal the decision before the U.S. Supreme Court.[84]

In October 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the lower court ruling that old districts could be used in 2011 elections.[85]

In October 2012, the state NAACP filed a federal lawsuit asking for the results of the 2011 election to be thrown out, and for special elections to be held under a court-drawn map. Lower courts ruled against the NAACP, and on May 20, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the ruling without comment.[86][87]

History

Deviation from Ideal Districts

2000 Population deviation[88]
Office Percentage
Congressional Districts 0.00%
State House Districts 9.98%
State Senate Districts 9.30%
Under federal law, districts may vary from an Ideal District by up to 10%, though the lowest number achievable is preferred. Ideal Districts are computed through simple division of the number of seats for any office into the population at the time of the Census.

See also

External links

  • Mississippians for Fair Redistricting

Footnotes

  1. ↑ UPI, "Four states, four redistricting scenarios," March 6, 2011
  2. ↑ The Desoto Times Tribune, "Redistricting bill filed," January 8, 2011
  3. ↑ Sun Herald, "Legislators start session with loan of $75M," January 4, 2011
  4. ↑ Official Committee Membership
  5. ↑ Official Committee Membership Page
  6. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Miss. GOP asks judges to set U.S. House districts," September 26, 2011
  7. ↑ The Republic, "Three-judge panel will draw new federal lines, if Legislature fails to act by Dec. 4," November 22, 2011
  8. ↑ Sun Herald, "Judges say they will draw congressional districts," November 22, 2011
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bloom
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named jud
  11. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Redistricting: No radical changes," December 21, 2011
  12. ↑ The Memphis Commercial Appeal, "Mississippi House approves redistricting plan -- sort of," March 4, 2011
  13. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Mississippi House passes its redistricting proposal," March 4, 2011
  14. ↑ WLBT.com, "House Redistricting Passes," March 4, 2011
  15. ↑ The Columbus Republic, "Mississippi House advances its redistricting plan without another round of debate," March 5, 2011
  16. ↑ MPB News, "Redistricting Focus Moves To The Senate," March 5, 2011
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ap
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Sun Herald, "House OKs GOP's redistricting plan" April 30, 2012
  19. ↑ WREG, "Redistricting to Give DeSoto More Representation at Capitol," March 7, 2011 (dead link)
  20. ↑ Commercial Appeal, "Redistricting plan adds senator in Southaven," March 8, 2011
  21. ↑ The Sun Herald, "Panel unveils Mississippi Senate redistricting map," March 7, 2011
  22. ↑ The Columbia Republic, "Miss. Senate panel kills House redistricting plan, then passes lt. gov's plan for Senate," March 8, 2011
  23. ↑ Jackson Free Press, "Bryant’s Redistricting Plan Fails," March 10, 2011
  24. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Bryant's alternative map nixed by Senate," March 11, 2011
  25. ↑ Hattiesburg American, "Bryant stumbles in Senate redistricting showdown," March 13, 2011
  26. ↑ Real Clear Politics, "Miss. Senate roll call on Senate redistricting map," March 10, 2011
  27. ↑ Washington Examiner, "Miss. Senate OKs redistricting plan from committee," March 10, 2011
  28. ↑ Hattiesburg American, "Bryant stumbles in Senate redistricting showdown," March 12, 2011
  29. ↑ The Commercial Appeal, "Mississippi redistricting plan gets a breather," March 12, 2011
  30. ↑ Majority in MS, "McCoy Statement on Redistricting," March 16, 2011
  31. ↑ The Clarion Ledger, "Mississippi Senate votes to continue redistricting negotiations," March 17, 2011
  32. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Senators: Panel is too white, too GOP," March 18, 2011
  33. ↑ The Clarion Ledger, "Black Mississippi senators: Diversity needed in redistricting," March 18, 2011
  34. ↑ WTOK "Proposal Made to End Redistricting Flap," April 5, 2011
  35. ↑ Majority in Mississippi, "Why Even Bring Up This Resolution?" April 6, 2011
  36. ↑ Commercial Appeal, "Mississippi lawmakers make little progress in redistricting," April 6, 2011
  37. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Mississippi officials eyeing proposed new district lines," March 4, 2011
  38. ↑ Gulf Live, "Justice Department approves Mississippi Senate, House redistricting maps (updated)," September 14, 2012
  39. ↑ Hattiesburg American, "Suit filed over redistricting," March 17, 2011
  40. ↑ my601.com, "NAACP Files Redistricting Lawsuit," March 1, 2011
  41. ↑ NAACP.com, "NAACP sues MS Gov, Barbour over legislative redistricting impasse to protect minority voting rights," March 18, 2011
  42. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Watkins redistricting plaintiff for 2nd time," May 8, 2011
  43. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Federal court to review remap," March 17, 2011
  44. ↑ New Orleans Times Picayune, "NAACP files suit over Mississippi redistricting," March 18, 2011
  45. ↑ The Memphis Commercial Appeal, "Mississippi legislators still at odds over redistricting plan," March 17, 2011
  46. ↑ The Clarion Ledger, "Miss. House leaders to join redistricting suit," March 21, 2011
  47. ↑ Hattiesburg American, "Redistricting lawsuit grows," April 1, 2011
  48. ↑ Stamford Advocate, "Miss. redistricting suit moved to new US judge," March 30, 2011
  49. ↑ Jackson Jambalaya, "Judge Jordan Recuses Himself," March 30, 2011
  50. ↑ Picayune Item, "Reeves confirmed as US judge for south Mississippi," December 21, 2010
  51. ↑ Stamford Advocate, "Miss. redistricting suit moved to new US judge," March 30, 2011
  52. ↑ Jackson Free Press, "Reeves to Rule on Redistricting," March 31, 2011 (dead link)
  53. ↑ Natchez Democrat, "NAACP argues for court to dive in," April 8 2011
  54. ↑ Madison County Journal, "GOP sides with NAACP on state redistricting," April 20, 2011
  55. ↑ Y'all Politics, "Redistricting Game Changer - Carlton Reeves recuses himself from case - UPDATE Tom Lee will preside," April 11, 2011
  56. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Remap suit assigned to Lee," April 12, 2011
  57. ↑ The Republic, "US Judge Reeves recuses himself from NAACP lawsuit filed over Mississippi redistricting," April 12, 2011
  58. ↑ Natchez Democrat, "NAACP to appeal in election suit," June 21, 2011
  59. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "3-judge panel chosen in Mississippi redistricting lawsuit," April 14, 2011
  60. ↑ Majority in MS, "Thursday Morning Redistricting Notes," April 14, 2011
  61. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Remap talks, suit proceed," April 18, 2011
  62. ↑ The Republic, "Hood argues to hold Miss. legislative elections with maps proposed in '11 session; GOP says no," April 22, 2011
  63. ↑ WTOK "Status Update on Miss. Redistricting," April 22, 2011
  64. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Mississippi redistricting battle moves to court," April 22, 2011
  65. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "3 options presented to court in conference on NAACP's redistricting suit," April 22, 2011
  66. ↑ MBPNews, "Mississippi Redistricting Hits the Federal Court," April 22, 2011
  67. ↑ Desoto Times, "Remap lawmakers' domain," April 27, 2011
  68. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "3-judge panel proposes elections be held using maps drawn in session," April 29, 2011
  69. ↑ Mississippi Press, "It's a terrible idea to turn to the federal courts (letter)," May 1, 2011
  70. ↑ Memphis Commercial Appeal, "Mississippi Secretary of State unhappy with judges’ redistricting plan," May 2, 2011
  71. ↑ Jackson Free Press, "Court Prefers Democrat-endorsed House Redistricting," May 2, 2011
  72. ↑ Clairon Ledger, "Redistricting: A neutral panel?" May 5, 2011
  73. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "GOP pushes to have expert redraw district maps," May 8, 2011
  74. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "No immediate ruling in Miss. redistricting case," May 10, 2011
  75. ↑ MBPNews, "Federal Court Hears Arguments on Redistricting Battle," May 10, 2011
  76. ↑ DeSoto Times, "Judges rule to postpone redistricting," May 17, 2011
  77. ↑ The Neshoba Democrat, "Legislature running on existing lines," May 18, 2011
  78. ↑ Daily Journal, "Panel: Mississippi lawmakers can run in current districts or immediately draw new maps," May 16, 2011
  79. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Existing county maps OK'd for elections," May 17, 2011
  80. ↑ Majority in MS, "Republican Reaction To Redistricting Ruling," May 16, 2011
  81. ↑ The Republic, "Congressional redistricting likely to need extra session," May 17, 2011
  82. ↑ WLOX13, "Court rules on Mississippi's redistricting battle," May 16, 2011
  83. ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Redistricting: Status quo of inequity," May 17, 2011
  84. ↑ Jackson Clarion Ledger, "NAACP taking Mississippi redistricting fight to U.S. Supreme Court," June 8, 2011
  85. ↑ The Republic, "Court won't get involved in fight over redistricting in Mississippi," October 31, 2011
  86. ↑ Associated Press, "Supreme Court Declines To Get Involved In Mississippi Redistricting," May 20, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2013
  87. ↑ Associated Press, "High court lets Mississippi election districts stand," May 20, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2013 (dead link)
  88. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, “Redistricting 2000 Population Deviation Table”," accessed February 1, 2011
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