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State Ballot Measure Monthly: January 2024

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January 10, 2024

By Ballot Measures Project Staff

This edition of the State Ballot Measure Monthly covers the certifications of state ballot measures, as well as notable ballot measure news, from December 13 through January 9.

HIGHLIGHTS
  • Signatures verified for an initiative to provide a constitutional right to abortion in Florida.
  • In California, the first veto referendum to be withdrawn under a new law occurred before the New Year.
  • Legislatures enacted 45 bills related to direct democracy in 2023—exceeding the previous 5-year average of 32.

    • 2024 ballot measures

    Overview: Nationally, 55 ballot measures have been certified in 25 states for elections in 2024.

    Signatures submitted: Signatures have been submitted and are pending verification for the following citizen-initiated ballot measures:

    Certified to the legislature: Signatures have been verified for the following indirect initiatives. The legislature has the option to approve them before certification:

    Changes in 2024 ballot measure numbers

    Comparison to earlier years

    So far, 55 state ballot measures have been certified for 2024. From 2012 through 2022, an average of 55 state ballot measures through the second week of January of a general election year. An average of 157 total ballot measures were certified for odd-numbered year ballots from 2012 through 2022.

    2024 certifications

    See also: Ballotpedia's Tuesday Count for 2024

    From December 13 through January 9, one statewide measure was removed from the ballot in California.

    December 29, 2023

    • Removed—California Fast Food Restaurant Minimum Wage and Labor Regulations Referendum: The Save Our Local Restaurants PAC withdrew the veto referendum from the ballot for November 5, 2024. The veto referendum would have repealed California Assembly Bill 257 (AB 257), a law designed to establish a 10-member fast food council authorized to adopt a minimum wage for fast food restaurant employees not to exceed $22 per hour. This is the first veto referendum withdrawn under a new law, Assembly Bill 421, passed in September 2023. This law allows veto referendum proponents to withdraw their qualified referendum at least 131 days before the election or, when a referendum qualifies with less than 131 days before the election, when a petition is certified. A similar law has existed for initiatives since 2014. Save Our Local Restaurants announced on Sept. 11, 2023, that a compromise was reached with state legislators. That legislation will set a minimum wage of $20 per hour for limited-service restaurants that are part of a chain with more than 60 locations beginning on April 1, 2024.

    Headlines

    Legislatures enacted 45 bills related to direct democracy in 2023—exceeding the previous 5-year average of 32

    Legislatures enacted more pieces of legislation related to direct democracy—ballot initiatives, referendums, and recall petitions—in 2023 than the previous five years. In 2023, 45 bills and resolutions were enacted, which exceeds the annual average of 32 for this period. The previous largest number of bills enacted was 44 in 2019.

    While there was an increase in the number of bills enacted, there was a decrease in bills designed to make the initiative process more difficult. In 2023, five such pieces of legislation were enacted, which is less than the average of seven.

    There was an increase in bills designed to make the initiative process less difficult. In 2023, four such pieces of legislation were enacted, which is higher than the average of two. In Maine and South Dakota, two of this year’s changes to make the initiative process less difficult were in response to court rulings.

    You can learn more about our ballot measure legislation coverage here:

    Summary of 2023

    In 2023, there was an increase in the number of proposed and enacted bills and resolutions related to ballot initiatives, referendums, and recall petitions.

    • Proposed Legislation: In 2023, 385 bills and resolutions related to ballot initiatives, referendums, and recall petitions were introduced nationwide. This number marks an increase from the annual average of 286 proposals. Lawmakers approved 45 (11.7%) of the 385 pieces of legislation introduced in 2023.
      • 234 (60.8%) were introduced in the 26 states with a statewide citizen-initiated ballot measure process.
      • 195 (50.7%) were introduced in the 22 states with Republican trifectas, 139 (36.1%) were introduced in the 17 states with Democratic trifectas, and 51 (13.2%) were introduced in the 11 states with divided governments.
      • Missouri, which has an initiative and referendum process, saw the most introduced bills at 42; however, none of these bills were passed and enacted.
    • Enacted Legislation: 45 bills and resolutions were enacted in 2023. The state that enacted the most changes in 2023 was California, with seven pieces of legislation. Maine had the second most with six, and Arkansas and Montana each had five.
    • Partisanship: 24 of the 45 enacted bills (53.3%) received bipartisan backing, 13 (28.9%) were passed with Republican majorities, and eight (17.8%) with Democratic majorities. In 2023, Republicans had trifectas in 13 (50.0%) of the 26 states that provide for statewide initiative and referendum. Democrats had trifectas in 10 (38.5%), and three (11.5%) states had divided governments.
      • The five bills to make the ballot initiative process more difficult were passed with Republican majorities.
      • Of the four bills passed to make the process less difficult, three received bipartisan support, and one was passed with a Democratic majority.
      • In 2023, John Matsusaka, Director of the Initiative & Referendum Institute, published an analysis of state constitutional amendments that increase the cost of proposing or approving ballot initiatives. He found that from 1960 to 2022, “proposals to restrict initiative and referendum rights were common throughout the period.”[1]
    • Constitutional Amendments: Of the legislation enacted in 2023, seven were constitutional amendments needing voter approval. Three appeared on ballots in 2023, while four are scheduled for 2024. Seven is the highest number of constitutional amendments referred to the ballot during a single year since at least 2018. The annual average is three.
      • In 2023, voters rejected Ohio Issue 1, which would have required a 60% vote to approve constitutional amendments, and Maine Question 7, which would have removed language from the state constitution requiring that an initiative petition signature gatherer must be a resident and registered voter of Maine. Question 7 would have repealed language that was ineffective due to a federal court ruling. Voters approved Maine Question 5, which changed the judicial review period for initiatives from within 100 days of a petition being filed to within 100 business days from the deadline for filing a petition.
      • In 2024, voters will decide on Arizona SCR 1015, which would establish a signature distribution requirement for citizen initiatives, and North Dakota Measure 2, which would make several changes, including enacting a single-subject requirement, increasing the signature requirement for initiated constitutional amendments, and requiring initiated amendments to be approved at two elections.
      • Voters in California will also decide on two constitutional amendments in Nov. 2024. California ACA 1 would reduce the vote threshold from two-thirds to 55% for local special tax and bond ballot measures that fund public infrastructure, affordable housing, or supportive housing for persons at risk of chronic homelessness. As of 2023, a two-thirds (66.67%) vote of the electorate was required to approve a local special tax ballot measure or general obligation bond, except for school district bond measures. ACA 13 would require that initiatives to adopt or increase supermajority requirements for ballot measures must pass by the same supermajority vote requirement being proposed. ACA 13 was also designed to allow local governments to refer non-binding questions to the ballot.
    • Readability: Both New York and North Dakota enacted legislation designed to enhance the readability of ballot measure language.
      • In New York, the legislature passed SB 1381, which requires that state ballot measure questions be written in plain language and at no higher than an eighth-grade reading level.
      • In North Dakota, the legislature passed SB 2163, which requires summaries of ballot measures to be written in "plain, clear, understandable language using words with common, everyday meaning."
      • Ballotpedia publishes an annual report on the readability of ballot measure language. In 2023, the average grade-level score was 19 years of education, and the average for 2017 through 2023 was 18 years of education, according to the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) formula.
    • Advisory votes: In 2023, Washington and Wisconsin passed legislation eliminating certain non-binding advisory votes.
      • Washington enacted SB 5082, which repealed mandatory advisory votes on tax increases, a practice initially approved by voters in 2007 through Initiative 960.
      • In Wisconsin, an omnibus bill concerning local shared revenue and taxes was passed, including a provision that prohibits local governments from placing non-binding advisory questions on ballots, except for specific fiscal or utility issues.

    In 2024, Ballotpedia will provide comprehensive coverage of ballot measure legislation here. Typically, more pieces of legislation are proposed and enacted during odd-numbered years, like 2023, than even-numbered years, like 2024. This is likely because many state legislative sessions are two years long, starting in the odd-numbered year, and more bills are introduced at the start of the two-year session.

    Enacted legislation by year

    Of the 207 pieces of legislation enacted from 2018 to 2023:

    • 78 (37.7%) passed with Republican majorities, including 67 with Republican and 11 with lean Republican legislative vote margins.
    • 34 (16.4%) passed with Democratic majorities, including 29 with Democratic and five with lean Democratic legislative vote margins.
    • 95 (45.9%) passed with bipartisan legislative majorities.

    The following chart illustrates the number of bills and resolutions enacted and legislative vote margins for each year from 2018 to 2023:

    Proposed legislation by year

    From 2018 to 2023, 1,814 pieces of legislation related to the initiative, referendum, and recall were introduced in state legislatures. More bills were introduced during odd-numbered years (366), such as 2023, than even-numbered years (239), such as 2022, on average. Of the 1,814 proposals, 1,180 (65.1%) were introduced in the 26 states with a statewide citizen-initiated ballot measure process.

    Based on a state's trifecta status during a given year from 2018 to 2023, 910 (50.2%) bills were proposed in states with Republican trifectas, 597 (32.9%) were proposed in states with Democratic trifectas, and 307 (16.9%) were proposed in states with divided governments.

    The following graph illustrates the number of bills and resolutions introduced each year and the state's trifecta status from 2018 to 2023:

    See also

    Related articles

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Matsusaka, John. (2023). "Direct Democracy Backsliding? Quantifying the Prevalence and Investigating Causes 1960-2022." SSRN. Posted: August 1, 2023.
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