State employment rates by citizenship status
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The economic impact of immigration is one of the most contested aspects of immigration policy. While the effects of immigration on a state's economy are unclear, immigration can impact the composition of a state's workforce. The following chart provides data on employment rates for different populations in the United States.
The term native-born citizen refers to anyone born in the United States, Puerto Rico, or a U.S. territory or born abroad to citizen parents. The foreign-born population refers to "anyone who is not a U.S. citizen at birth," including naturalized citizens. Naturalized citizen refers to anyone born as a citizen of another country who fulfilled the requirements to become a U.S. citizen. Non-citizen refers to anyone residing in the U.S. who is not a citizen. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, "[n]oncitizens include legal permanent residents, temporary migrants, unauthorized immigrants and other resident statuses."[1][2][3]
Note: This page provides data from the American Community Survey (ACS), conducted annually by the United States Census Bureau, on demographics, economic factors, and social factors for the native, naturalized, and non-citizen populations. The ACS refers to immigrants, both naturalized citizens and non-citizens, as the "foreign-born population." The ACS defines those labeled as "non-citizens" as "respondents who indicated that they were not U.S. citizens at the time of the survey." The term "non-citizens" does not distinguish between those who are residing in the country with or without legal permission.[4]
Employment rates
In 2014, the total nationwide unemployment rate was 5.8 percent. North Dakota had the lowest unemployment rate at 2.2 percent, while Nevada's unemployment rate was the highest at 7.6 percent. Nationwide, the unemployment rate was 5.9 percent for native-born individuals, while 6.5 percent of non-citizens were unemployed. About 57.7 percent of individuals were employed, 0.4 percent were in the armed forces, and 36.1 percent were not in the labor force at all.[5]
| Employment status of residents by citizenship status, 2014 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Category | Employed | Unemployed | Armed forces | Not in labor force |
| Alabama | Total | 52.5% | 6.0% | 0.4% | 41.2% |
| Native | 52.0% | 6.0% | 0.4% | 41.6% | |
| Naturalized | 60.8% | 3.8% | 0.6% | 34.8% | |
| Non-citizen | 64.9% | 5.5% | 0.1% | 29.6% | |
| Alaska | Total | 62.1% | 5.7% | 3.0% | 29.2% |
| Native | 61.4% | 5.9% | 3.1% | 29.5% | |
| Naturalized | 68.2% | 3.2% | 2.3% | 26.3% | |
| Non-citizen | 69.7% | 3.5% | 0.3% | 26.5% | |
| Arizona | Total | 53.8% | 5.9% | 0.3% | 39.9% |
| Native | 53.5% | 6.0% | 0.4% | 40.2% | |
| Naturalized | 58.6% | 4.9% | 0.2% | 36.2% | |
| Non-citizen | 53.5% | 6.0% | 0.0% | 40.5% | |
| Arkansas | Total | 54.1% | 5.0% | 0.2% | 40.8% |
| Native | 53.4% | 5.0% | 0.2% | 41.3% | |
| Naturalized | 66.6% | 3.2% | 0.1% | 30.0% | |
| Non-citizen | 64.0% | 4.5% | 0.1% | 31.5% | |
| California | Total | 56.4% | 7.0% | 0.4% | 36.2% |
| Native | 54.9% | 7.3% | 0.6% | 37.1% | |
| Naturalized | 59.8% | 5.0% | 0.2% | 35.1% | |
| Non-citizen | 59.2% | 7.3% | 0.0% | 33.5% | |
| Colorado | Total | 62.5% | 5.4% | 0.8% | 31.3% |
| Native | 62.4% | 5.4% | 0.8% | 31.4% | |
| Naturalized | 64.7% | 4.2% | 0.7% | 30.4% | |
| Non-citizen | 63.0% | 5.9% | 0.1% | 31.0% | |
| Connecticut | Total | 61.0% | 6.4% | 0.3% | 32.2% |
| Native | 60.4% | 6.5% | 0.3% | 32.8% | |
| Naturalized | 63.2% | 5.2% | 0.2% | 31.4% | |
| Non-citizen | 65.0% | 7.4% | 0.0% | 27.6% | |
| Delaware | Total | 58.0% | 5.4% | 0.4% | 36.2% |
| Native | 57.3% | 5.5% | 0.5% | 36.8% | |
| Naturalized | 62.7% | 4.1% | 0.2% | 32.9% | |
| Non-citizen | 66.0% | 5.4% | 0.0% | 28.7% | |
| District of Columbia | Total | 60.7% | 7.2% | 0.6% | 31.5% |
| Native | 59.2% | 7.5% | 0.7% | 32.6% | |
| Naturalized | 67.2% | 5.4% | 0.6% | 26.8% | |
| Non-citizen | 69.5% | 5.6% | 0.0% | 24.9% | |
| Florida | Total | 52.7% | 6.5% | 0.3% | 40.5% |
| Native | 51.3% | 6.5% | 0.4% | 41.8% | |
| Naturalized | 56.6% | 5.1% | 0.1% | 38.2% | |
| Non-citizen | 58.5% | 8.1% | 0.0% | 33.4% | |
| Georgia | Total | 55.9% | 6.7% | 0.6% | 36.7% |
| Native | 54.8% | 6.9% | 0.7% | 37.7% | |
| Naturalized | 65.5% | 5.3% | 0.5% | 28.7% | |
| Non-citizen | 63.4% | 6.2% | 0.1% | 30.3% | |
| Hawaii | Total | 57.7% | 4.1% | 3.5% | 34.6% |
| Native | 56.9% | 4.3% | 4.2% | 34.6% | |
| Naturalized | 61.8% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 34.2% | |
| Non-citizen | 59.5% | 4.6% | 0.3% | 35.6% | |
| Idaho | Total | 57.8% | 5.1% | 0.2% | 36.8% |
| Native | 57.6% | 5.0% | 0.3% | 37.1% | |
| Naturalized | 62.1% | 5.0% | 0.2% | 32.7% | |
| Non-citizen | 61.1% | 6.0% | 0.1% | 32.9% | |
| Illinois | Total | 59.3% | 6.6% | 0.2% | 33.9% |
| Native | 58.6% | 6.8% | 0.2% | 34.5% | |
| Naturalized | 62.8% | 5.1% | 0.1% | 32.0% | |
| Non-citizen | 63.1% | 6.3% | 0.0% | 30.6% | |
| Indiana | Total | 58.4% | 5.7% | 0.1% | 35.9% |
| Native | 58.2% | 5.7% | 0.1% | 36.1% | |
| Naturalized | 61.6% | 4.1% | 0.1% | 34.2% | |
| Non-citizen | 61.1% | 6.5% | 0.0% | 32.4% | |
| Iowa | Total | 64.2% | 3.7% | 0.1% | 32.1% |
| Native | 64.1% | 3.6% | 0.1% | 32.2% | |
| Naturalized | 68.2% | 3.9% | 0.0% | 27.9% | |
| Non-citizen | 63.8% | 5.2% | 0.0% | 31.0% | |
| Kansas | Total | 62.2% | 4.4% | 0.8% | 32.6% |
| Native | 62.0% | 4.3% | 0.8% | 32.9% | |
| Naturalized | 67.2% | 3.8% | 1.0% | 28.0% | |
| Non-citizen | 63.7% | 5.9% | 0.0% | 30.4% | |
| Kentucky | Total | 53.8% | 5.5% | 0.4% | 40.2% |
| Native | 53.4% | 5.5% | 0.4% | 40.6% | |
| Naturalized | 63.1% | 4.5% | 1.2% | 31.2% | |
| Non-citizen | 64.0% | 6.7% | 0.2% | 29.0% | |
| Louisiana | Total | 55.5% | 5.3% | 0.4% | 38.9% |
| Native | 55.0% | 5.3% | 0.4% | 39.2% | |
| Naturalized | 62.4% | 3.0% | 0.6% | 34.1% | |
| Non-citizen | 65.2% | 4.9% | 0.1% | 29.8% | |
| Maine | Total | 59.0% | 4.7% | 0.2% | 36.1% |
| Native | 59.2% | 4.8% | 0.2% | 35.9% | |
| Naturalized | 53.7% | 3.4% | 0.3% | 42.7% | |
| Non-citizen | 57.7% | 5.4% | 0.0% | 36.9% | |
| Maryland | Total | 62.8% | 5.5% | 0.6% | 31.1% |
| Native | 61.4% | 5.6% | 0.6% | 32.3% | |
| Naturalized | 70.1% | 4.0% | 0.3% | 25.6% | |
| Non-citizen | 69.2% | 6.0% | 0.1% | 24.7% | |
| Massachusetts | Total | 61.8% | 5.7% | 0.1% | 32.4% |
| Native | 61.6% | 5.6% | 0.1% | 32.7% | |
| Naturalized | 63.5% | 4.8% | 0.0% | 31.7% | |
| Non-citizen | 62.1% | 7.3% | 0.0% | 30.6% | |
| Michigan | Total | 54.4% | 7.0% | 0.0% | 38.5% |
| Native | 54.3% | 7.1% | 0.0% | 38.5% | |
| Naturalized | 55.0% | 4.6% | 0.0% | 40.3% | |
| Non-citizen | 55.1% | 6.8% | 0.0% | 38.2% | |
| Minnesota | Total | 65.5% | 4.5% | 0.0% | 29.9% |
| Native | 65.5% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 30.1% | |
| Naturalized | 67.2% | 4.8% | 0.0% | 28.1% | |
| Non-citizen | 64.7% | 7.1% | 0.0% | 28.2% | |
| Mississippi | Total | 51.6% | 6.3% | 0.5% | 41.6% |
| Native | 51.4% | 6.4% | 0.5% | 41.8% | |
| Naturalized | 63.5% | 3.4% | 1.2% | 32.0% | |
| Non-citizen | 57.2% | 5.8% | 0.2% | 36.8% | |
| Missouri | Total | 58.1% | 5.3% | 0.4% | 36.1% |
| Native | 57.9% | 5.4% | 0.4% | 36.3% | |
| Naturalized | 64.3% | 3.7% | 0.5% | 31.5% | |
| Non-citizen | 61.2% | 4.8% | 0.3% | 33.8% | |
| Montana | Total | 59.6% | 4.4% | 0.4% | 35.7% |
| Native | 59.8% | 4.4% | 0.4% | 35.4% | |
| Naturalized | 49.7% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 46.7% | |
| Non-citizen | 51.0% | 3.9% | 0.2% | 44.9% | |
| Nebraska | Total | 66.4% | 3.8% | 0.3% | 29.5% |
| Native | 66.5% | 3.6% | 0.3% | 29.6% | |
| Naturalized | 68.1% | 4.2% | 0.2% | 27.5% | |
| Non-citizen | 63.7% | 7.9% | 0.0% | 28.3% | |
| Nevada | Total | 57.0% | 7.6% | 0.4% | 34.9% |
| Native | 55.4% | 7.8% | 0.5% | 36.3% | |
| Naturalized | 63.9% | 5.7% | 0.1% | 30.2% | |
| Non-citizen | 61.3% | 8.0% | 0.0% | 30.7% | |
| New Hampshire | Total | 64.1% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 31.3% |
| Native | 64.3% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 31.1% | |
| Naturalized | 62.1% | 3.6% | 0.0% | 34.3% | |
| Non-citizen | 62.0% | 5.6% | 0.0% | 32.4% | |
| New Jersey | Total | 59.8% | 6.4% | 0.1% | 33.7% |
| Native | 58.2% | 6.6% | 0.1% | 35.1% | |
| Naturalized | 64.3% | 5.0% | 0.0% | 30.6% | |
| Non-citizen | 64.7% | 6.6% | 0.0% | 28.7% | |
| New Mexico | Total | 53.9% | 5.7% | 0.5% | 39.8% |
| Native | 53.6% | 5.6% | 0.6% | 40.2% | |
| Naturalized | 56.3% | 5.0% | 0.4% | 38.3% | |
| Non-citizen | 55.8% | 7.6% | 0.1% | 36.6% | |
| New York | Total | 57.7% | 5.6% | 0.2% | 36.5% |
| Native | 56.9% | 5.7% | 0.2% | 37.2% | |
| Naturalized | 59.4% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 36.1% | |
| Non-citizen | 60.7% | 6.6% | 0.0% | 32.7% | |
| North Carolina | Total | 55.6% | 6.6% | 1.1% | 36.8% |
| Native | 54.6% | 6.6% | 1.2% | 37.6% | |
| Naturalized | 63.5% | 4.9% | 1.4% | 30.2% | |
| Non-citizen | 65.6% | 6.5% | 0.1% | 27.8% | |
| North Dakota | Total | 67.4% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 29.5% |
| Native | 67.5% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 29.4% | |
| Naturalized | 66.5% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 31.0% | |
| Non-citizen | 63.0% | 3.8% | 0.1% | 33.1% | |
| Ohio | Total | 57.7% | 5.8% | 0.1% | 36.4% |
| Native | 57.6% | 5.9% | 0.1% | 36.4% | |
| Naturalized | 59.8% | 3.6% | 0.1% | 36.4% | |
| Non-citizen | 58.2% | 5.6% | 0.0% | 36.2% | |
| Oklahoma | Total | 57.1% | 4.2% | 0.6% | 38.1% |
| Native | 56.5% | 4.2% | 0.6% | 38.7% | |
| Naturalized | 65.6% | 3.2% | 1.0% | 30.2% | |
| Non-citizen | 65.6% | 3.7% | 0.1% | 30.6% | |
| Oregon | Total | 55.8% | 6.6% | 0.1% | 37.5% |
| Native | 54.9% | 6.6% | 0.1% | 38.4% | |
| Naturalized | 62.4% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 33.0% | |
| Non-citizen | 63.2% | 7.2% | 0.0% | 29.6% | |
| Pennsylvania | Total | 57.4% | 5.4% | 0.1% | 37.1% |
| Native | 57.2% | 5.4% | 0.1% | 37.3% | |
| Naturalized | 60.7% | 4.6% | 0.0% | 34.7% | |
| Non-citizen | 59.3% | 6.6% | 0.0% | 34.1% | |
| Rhode Island | Total | 59.3% | 6.2% | 0.4% | 34.1% |
| Native | 59.2% | 6.1% | 0.4% | 34.3% | |
| Naturalized | 61.0% | 5.0% | 0.2% | 33.9% | |
| Non-citizen | 58.6% | 9.1% | 0.1% | 32.1% | |
| South Carolina | Total | 53.9% | 6.4% | 0.9% | 38.8% |
| Native | 53.4% | 6.5% | 0.9% | 39.2% | |
| Naturalized | 59.3% | 4.0% | 1.1% | 35.7% | |
| Non-citizen | 65.2% | 5.5% | 0.4% | 29.0% | |
| South Dakota | Total | 65.4% | 3.3% | 0.5% | 30.9% |
| Native | 65.3% | 3.2% | 0.5% | 31.0% | |
| Naturalized | 68.8% | 4.0% | 0.3% | 26.9% | |
| Non-citizen | 64.2% | 7.9% | 0.0% | 27.9% | |
| Tennessee | Total | 55.3% | 5.8% | 0.3% | 38.6% |
| Native | 54.8% | 5.9% | 0.3% | 39.0% | |
| Naturalized | 64.2% | 3.7% | 0.5% | 31.6% | |
| Non-citizen | 65.2% | 5.0% | 0.1% | 29.7% | |
| Texas | Total | 59.5% | 4.9% | 0.5% | 35.1% |
| Native | 58.7% | 5.1% | 0.6% | 35.6% | |
| Naturalized | 64.9% | 3.5% | 0.3% | 31.3% | |
| Non-citizen | 61.1% | 4.9% | 0.0% | 34.0% | |
| Utah | Total | 63.2% | 4.7% | 0.2% | 32.0% |
| Native | 62.9% | 4.6% | 0.2% | 32.3% | |
| Naturalized | 66.5% | 3.8% | 0.1% | 29.6% | |
| Non-citizen | 65.3% | 5.7% | 0.0% | 29.0% | |
| Vermont | Total | 62.9% | 4.2% | 0.1% | 32.8% |
| Native | 63.1% | 4.2% | 0.1% | 32.6% | |
| Naturalized | 53.9% | 3.1% | 0.2% | 42.7% | |
| Non-citizen | 65.7% | 3.3% | 0.0% | 31.0% | |
| Virginia | Total | 60.3% | 4.5% | 1.7% | 33.6% |
| Native | 59.0% | 4.5% | 1.8% | 34.6% | |
| Naturalized | 69.2% | 3.7% | 1.0% | 26.2% | |
| Non-citizen | 67.3% | 4.9% | 0.2% | 27.6% | |
| Washington | Total | 58.2% | 5.6% | 0.9% | 35.3% |
| Native | 57.5% | 5.7% | 1.0% | 35.8% | |
| Naturalized | 61.6% | 4.4% | 0.6% | 33.4% | |
| Non-citizen | 61.8% | 6.3% | 0.0% | 31.9% | |
| West Virginia | Total | 49.8% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 45.7% |
| Native | 49.7% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 45.8% | |
| Naturalized | 54.6% | 3.8% | 0.0% | 41.6% | |
| Non-citizen | 52.3% | 4.7% | 0.0% | 43.0% | |
| Wisconsin | Total | 62.5% | 4.9% | 0.1% | 32.6% |
| Native | 62.5% | 4.9% | 0.1% | 32.6% | |
| Naturalized | 60.5% | 3.9% | 0.0% | 35.5% | |
| Non-citizen | 65.1% | 4.8% | 0.0% | 30.1% | |
| Wyoming | Total | 64.3% | 3.5% | 0.6% | 31.6% |
| Native | 64.3% | 3.5% | 0.5% | 31.6% | |
| Naturalized | 62.2% | 1.5% | 1.9% | 34.5% | |
| Non-citizen | 67.9% | 4.5% | 0.0% | 27.6% | |
| United States | Total | 57.7% | 5.8% | 0.4% | 36.1% |
| Native | 57.0% | 5.9% | 0.5% | 36.7% | |
| Naturalized | 61.3% | 4.6% | 0.2% | 33.8% | |
| Non-citizen | 61.1% | 6.5% | 0.0% | 32.3% | |
| Source: United States Census Bureau, "Selected Characteristics of the Native and Foreign-Born Populations" | |||||
See also
Footnotes
- ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Foreign Born: About this Topic," accessed October 3, 2016
- ↑ U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, "Citizenship Through Naturalization," accessed October 4, 2016
- ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Newsroom: Census Bureau Highlights Young Noncitizen Population in the U.S.," February 26, 2014
- ↑ United State Census Bureau, "American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey 2014: Subject Definitions," accessed September 29, 2016
- ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Selected Characteristics of the Native and Foreign-Born Populations," accessed September 8, 2016
