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State supreme court vacancies, 2019

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In 2019, there were 22 supreme court vacancies across 14 of the 29 states where replacement justices are appointed instead of elected. Retirements caused 14 of the vacancies. Two former justices took jobs in the private sector. One vacancy occurred when a justice was elevated to chief justice of the court, one occurred when a chief justice died, and four vacancies occurred when the justices were elevated to federal judicial positions.

The following judicial vacancies are covered on this page. Click the state name next to each to read more about that specific vacancy. Know of a vacancy that should be covered here? Click here to let us know.

Of those 22 vacancies, 15 are in states where a Republican governor appoints the replacement. Six vacancies occurred in a state where a Democratic governor fills vacancies, while another occurred in a state where a Republican-controlled legislature appoints replacements.

Parties responsible for filling vacancies (2019)
Party Number of vacancies
Electiondot.png Democratic 6
Ends.png Republican 15

Judicial vacancies covered on this page are filled in one of three ways: the governor alone appoints justices, a nominating commission provides the governor a list of potential nominees, or the state legislature selects supreme court justices.

For a list of states where a judicial vacancy triggered an election in 2019, click here.

2019 vacancies

The table below highlights each instance where a judge vacated their seat and a replacement was chosen via appointment. It shows the court the vacancy occurred in, the date of the vacancy, the outgoing justice, why they vacated their seat, the date the vacancy was filled, and the name of the successor.

2019 judicial vacancies filled by appointment
Court Date of Vacancy Justice Reason Date Vacancy Filled Successor
Florida Supreme Court January 7, 2019 Fred Lewis Retirement January 9, 2019 Barbara Lagoa
Florida Supreme Court January 7, 2019 Barbara Pariente Retirement January 14, 2019 Robert J. Luck
Florida Supreme Court January 7, 2019 Peggy Quince Retirement January 22, 2019 Carlos Muñiz
Kentucky Supreme Court January 31, 2019 Bill Cunningham Retirement March 27, 2019 David Buckingham
Mississippi Supreme Court January 31, 2019 William Waller Retirement December 19, 2018 Kenny Griffis
North Carolina Supreme Court February 28, 2019 Mark Martin Private sector[1] March 1, 2019 Cheri Beasley
North Carolina Supreme Court March 1, 2019 Cheri Beasley Apppointed to new post[2] March 11, 2019 Mark Davis
Arizona Supreme Court March 1, 2019 John Pelander Retirement April 26, 2019 James Beene
Oklahoma Supreme Court April 10, 2019 Patrick Wyrick Elevation to a federal judgeship[3] November 20, 2019 Dustin Rowe
Oklahoma Supreme Court April 30, 2019 John Reif Retirement September 17, 2019 M. John Kane IV
Arizona Supreme Court July 3, 2019 Scott Bales Private sector[4] September 4, 2019 Bill Montgomery
Texas Supreme Court July 31, 2019 Jeff Brown Elevation to a federal judgeship[5] August 26, 2019 Jane Bland
New Hampshire Supreme Court August 23, 2019 Robert Lynn Retirement January 7, 2021 Gordon MacDonald
Virginia Supreme Court September 1, 2019 Elizabeth McClanahan Retirement February 15, 2019 Teresa M. Chafin
Vermont Supreme Court September 1, 2019 Marilyn Skoglund Retirement December 5, 2019 William Cohen
Kansas Supreme Court September 8, 2019 Lee Johnson Retirement December 16, 2019 Evelyn Z. Wilson
Delaware Supreme Court October 30, 2019 Leo E. Strine Jr. Retirement November 7, 2019 Collins Seitz Jr.
Iowa Supreme Court November 15, 2019 Mark Cady Death January 28, 2020 Dana Oxley
Florida Supreme Court November 19, 2019 Robert J. Luck Elevation to a federal judgeship[6] September 14, 2020 Jamie Rutland Grosshans
Florida Supreme Court November 20, 2019 Barbara Lagoa Elevation to a federal judgeship[7] May 26, 2020 John D. Couriel
Kansas Supreme Court December 17, 2019 Lawton Nuss Retirement March 11, 2020 Keynen Wall
Maine Supreme Court December 2019 Jeffrey Hjelm Retirement January 6, 2020 Catherine Connors

Arizona

March 2019

See also: Arizona Supreme Court justice vacancy (March 2019)

Gov. Doug Ducey (R) appointed James Beene to the Arizona Supreme Court on April 26, 2019, to fill the seat vacated by former Justice John Pelander.[8] Beene was Ducey's fourth appointment to the seven-member court.

Under Arizona law, in the event of a supreme court vacancy, the governor appoints a justice from a list of names compiled by the Arizona Commission on Appellate Court Appointments. The final list of five individuals from which Ducey chose Beene included three sitting members of the Arizona Court of Appeals, one judge from a superior court, and an attorney. They were three Republicans and two Democrats. Click here to read more about the potential nominees.

At the time of the nomination, the Commission on Appellate Court Appointments was a 15-member body. It was chaired by Chief Justice Scott Bales and had seven Republican members, three Democratic members, and four registered independents. Although Bales' party registration was not listed in official materials, he was the sole member of the court to be appointed by a Democratic governor. Click here to read more about the nominating commission.

Ducey had a deadline of May 1 to appoint a new judge. If Ducey had not meet that deadline, Chief Justice Scott Bales would have appointed the court's new justice. At the time this vacancy was filled, a chief justice appointing a new justice had never happened in Arizona history.[9]

Former Justice Pelander retired on March 1, 2019. In a press release announcing his retirement, Chief Justice Bales said Pelander was "an exemplary judge – a model for his wisdom, collegiality, and commitment to fairly upholding the law."[10]

July 2019

See also: Arizona Supreme Court justice vacancy (July 2019)

Arizona Gov. Doug Ducey appointed Bill Montgomery (R) to the Arizona Supreme Court on September 4, 2019.[11] Montgomery replaced former Chief Justice Scott Bales, who retired on July 31, 2019.[10] After leaving office, Bales became executive director of the Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System at the University of Denver.[12] Montgomery was Ducey's fifth appointment on the seven-member court.

Eleven individuals applied to fill the vacancy. The list of applicants includes five judges from the Arizona Court of Appeals, two judges from county superior courts, a public defender, a county attorney, and two private attorneys. There were seven Republican, two Democratic, one Libertarian, and one independent applicant. To see a full list of applicants, click here.

In a press release about his peer's retirement, Vice Chief Justice Robert Brutinel said, "Chief Justice Bales' commitment to the rule of law and the improvement of our courts have made Arizona’s courts more accessible, efficient and fair."[10]

Delaware

See also: Delaware Supreme Court justice vacancy (Fall 2019)

Delaware Supreme Court Chief Justice Leo Strine retired on October 30, 2019. In his retirement letter to the governor, Strine said, "I intend to resign as Chief Justice this autumn, upon the nomination, confirmation, and swearing in of my successor."[13]

At the time of the vacancy, under Delaware law, the governor selected supreme court justices from a list submitted by a judicial nominating commission. The appointee was also required to receive confirmation from the Delaware State Senate.

Governor John Carney (D) nominated Associate Justice Collins Seitz Jr. to replace Strine as the chief justice of the Delaware Supreme Court. Carney also nominated Tamika Montgomery-Reeves to serve as a new associate justice, replacing Seitz. The Delaware State Senate confirmed the nominees on November 7, 2019. Seitz and Montgomery-Reeves were Carney's second and third nominees to the five-member supreme court.

Florida

January 2019

See also: Florida Supreme Court justice vacancies (January 2019)

Florida Supreme Court Justices Fred Lewis, Barbara Pariente, and Peggy Quince retired January 7, 2019. The justices were required to leave the court because they reached the mandatory retirement age of 70.[10]

On January 9, 2019, Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) appointed Judge Barbara Lagoa to succeed Lewis. Lewis' seat was reserved for a resident of the state's Third Appellate District. Lagoa was DeSantis' first appointment to the seven-member court.[14][15]

DeSantis appointed Robert J. Luck to the state supreme court on January 14, 2019, effective immediately.[16] Luck was DeSantis' second appointment to the court.

DeSantis appointed Carlos G. Muñiz to the state supreme court on January 22, 2019, effective immediately.[17] Muñiz was DeSantis' third appointment to the court.

November 2019

See also: Florida Supreme Court justice vacancies (November 2019)

Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) appointed John Couriel and Jamie Grosshans to the Florida Supreme Court to succeed Justices Robert J. Luck and Barbara Lagoa. Couriel and Grosshans joined one other DeSantis nominee, Justice Carlos Muñiz, on the seven-member supreme court.[14][18] The state supreme court seats became vacant after Luck and Lagoa were confirmed to the United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit in November 2019.

The governor had originally appointed Couriel and Renatha Francis, but a five-member Florida Supreme Court ruled against Francis' appointment due to a constitutional requirement of the office and ordered the governor to select a different nominee. Under Florida law, state supreme court justices were chosen through a process of assisted appointment, where the governor chose a nominee from a list of potential candidates provided by a judicial nominating commission.

Iowa

See also: Iowa Supreme Court justice vacancy (November 2019)

Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds (R) appointed Dana Oxley to the Iowa Supreme Court on January 28, 2020. Oxley succeeded Chief Justice Mark Cady, who died of a heart attack on November 15, 2019.[14][19] Oxley was Gov. Reynolds' third nominee to the seven-member supreme court.

Under Iowa law, the governor appoints supreme court justices with help from the Iowa Judicial Nominating Commission, a 17-member body responsible for recommending potential nominees to the governor. The commission is chaired by the senior associate justice—other than the chief justice—of the state supreme court.[20]

Kansas

September 2019

See also: Kansas Supreme Court justice vacancy (September 2019)

Kansas Supreme Court Justice Lee Johnson retired on September 8, 2019.[21]

Under Kansas law, the governor selects supreme court justices from a list submitted by the Kansas Supreme Court Nominating Commission.[22]

December 2019

See also: Kansas Supreme Court justice vacancy (December 2019)

Kansas Supreme Court Chief Justice Lawton Nuss retired on December 17, 2019.[10] Gov. Laura Kelly (D) said of Nuss, "As a Marine, a lawyer, a jurist and a Kansan, Chief Justice Nuss has taken challenges head on and never shied from struggle or duty. He’s been in the arena, doing difficult work on behalf of Kansans. And he has done it well."[23]

Governor Laura Kelly (D) appointed Keynen Wall to succeed Nuss on March 11, 2020.[24] Wall was Gov. Kelly's second nominee to the seven-member supreme court. Under Kansas law, the governor selected supreme court justices from a list submitted by the Kansas Supreme Court Nominating Commission.


Kentucky

See also: Kentucky Supreme Court justice vacancy (January 2019)

Governor Matt Bevin (R) appointed David Buckingham to the Kentucky Supreme Court on March 27, 2019, following the retirement of Justice Bill Cunningham on January 31.[24][10] Buckingham was Bevin's first appointment to the seven-member court.

Bevin was critical of the state's highest court in late 2018 after a unanimous ruling struck down Senate Bill 151, which was an attempt to overhaul the state's pension system. Bevin said before that he wanted the state constitution amended to allow for the appointment rather than election of judges, and said that the justices of the court "don’t have the competence even to be a private practice attorney who can bill at a rate that people would not pay." Responding to the criticism of the court and calls for a change in the selection process, Cunningham said, "[I]t concerns me when we have governors and legislators who have such thin and shallow understanding of our constitutional system, and the separation of powers and the roles judges and courts play."[25]

Under Kentucky law, if there is a midterm vacancy on the state supreme court, the governor appoints a successor from a list of three names provided by the Kentucky Judicial Nominating Commission. The newly-appointed justice needed to run in the next statewide general election, which took place in 2019 to remain on the court.

Maine

See also: Maine Supreme Court justice vacancy (2019)

On September 20, 2019, Gov. Janet Mills (D) announced Maine Supreme Judicial Court Justice Jeffrey Hjelm was retiring, effective upon the confirmation of his successor.[26][27] Hjelm ultimately retired in December 2019.[28]

On January 6, 2020, Gov. Mills appointed attorney Catherine Connors to succeed Hjelm on the state supreme court. Mills also appointed Maine Superior Court Justice Andrew Horton to succeed Justice Donald Alexander, who retired in January 2020. Connors and Horton were the governor's first and second nominees to the seven-member supreme court.[28]

Under Maine law, when a vacancy occurred on the supreme court, the governor appointed a replacement, dependent on confirmation by the Maine State Senate.

Mississippi

See also: Mississippi Supreme Court justice vacancy (January 2019)

Mississippi Supreme Court Chief Justice William Waller retired on January 31, 2019. A press release from the Mississippi Judiciary said, "At age 66, [Waller] enjoys good health. 'It’s just time,' he said."[10]

Gov. Phil Bryant (R) appointed Judge Kenny Griffis to succeed Waller. Griffis was Bryant's fourth nominee to the nine-member supreme court. Under Mississippi law, the governor names a temporary judge to replace a judge who retires in the middle of his or her term.

New Hampshire

See also: New Hampshire Supreme Court justice vacancy (August 2019)

New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu (R) first appointed Gordon MacDonald to the New Hampshire Supreme Court on June 5, 2019. In July 2019, the executive council rejected nominee Gordon MacDonald by a 3-2 vote. On January 7, 2021, Gov. Sununu renominated MacDonald. He was confirmed in a 4-1 vote by the executive council on January 22, 2021.[29] MacDonald succeeded Chief Justice Robert J. Lynn, who retired on August 23, 2019, after having reached the mandatory retirement age of 70 years old. MacDonald was Gov. Sununu's third nominee to the five-member court.[14]

Under New Hampshire law, when a vacancy occurred on the court, the governor nominated a successor from a list submitted by the New Hampshire Judicial Selection Commission. The executive council then voted to approve the nomination and make the appointment.[30]


North Carolina

See also: North Carolina Supreme Court justice vacancy (February 2019)

North Carolina Supreme Court Chief Justice Mark Martin retired on February 28, 2019. Martin left the court to become the dean of Regent University Law School in Virginia Beach, Virginia.[31]

Justice Cheri Beasley succeeded Martin as chief justice of the court effective March 1, 2019. Gov. Roy Cooper (D) appointed Beasley to the position on February 12.[32] To remain in this position, Beasley was required to run for election in 2020.[10] Click here for more information.

On March 11, 2019, Gov. Cooper appointed North Carolina Court of Appeals Judge Mark Davis to replace Beasley as an associate justice on the state supreme court. He replaced Beasley, due to her elevation as chief justice. Davis was Cooper's first associate justice nominee to the seven-member North Carolina Supreme Court.[10][33]

Oklahoma

See also: Oklahoma Supreme Court justice vacancy: Patrick Wyrick (April 2019) and Oklahoma Supreme Court justice vacancy: John Reif (April 2019)

Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice Patrick Wyrick vacated his seat on the state supreme court on April 10, 2019, when he received commission to become a federal judge on the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma.

Justice John Reif retired on April 30, 2019. He announced his retirement in a statement on March 15, 2019.[34]

Gov. Kevin Stitt (R) appointed Dustin Rowe and M. John Kane IV to fill each of the respective seats.

Under Oklahoma state law, the Oklahoma Judicial Nominating Commission submits three names to the governor, who then appoints one to the court. The justice serves until the next general election. If the governor does not appoint a replacement within 60 days, the chief justice is responsibile for selecting a replacement.[35]

Texas

See also: Texas Supreme Court justice vacancy (July 2019)

Texas Supreme Court Justice Jeff Brown vacated his seat on the state supreme court after he was elevated to be a federal judge on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas. The U.S. Senate confirmed Brown to the federal district court on July 31, 2019.[36]

On August 26, 2019, Gov. Greg Abbott (R) nominated Jane Bland to fill the vacancy. Because the legislature was out of session at the time of the appointment, it did not require confirmation by the Texas State Senate. As a result, however, Bland needed to stand for election in 2020 to remain on the bench.

Under Texas law, the governor appointed a replacement in the event of a midterm vacancy on the supreme court. Bland was Greg Abbott's (R) third nominee to the nine-member supreme court.

Vermont

See also: Vermont Supreme Court justice vacancy (September 2019)

Vermont Supreme Court Justice Marilyn Skoglund retired on September 1, 2019.[37]

Under Vermont law, the governor appoints state supreme court justices from a list of names provided by a judicial nominating commission. Skoglund's replacement will be Gov. Phil Scott's (R) second nominee to the five-member supreme court.[38]

Virginia

See also: Virginia Supreme Court justice vacancy (September 2019)

Virginia Supreme Court Justice Elizabeth McClanahan retired on September 1, 2019.[39] Under Virginia law, the Virginia General Assembly selects the justices of the supreme court. The Republican-controlled Virginia General Assembly chose Teresa M. Chafin as a successor.[10][40]

Selection methods

The governor alone appoints judges in four states, while a nominating commission provides the governor a list of potential nominees in 23 states. In two other states, South Carolina and Virginia, the state legislature elects supreme court judges. The following table shows how judges are chosen in state supreme courts across the country. It uses the following abbreviations: AA (assisted appointment), GA (gubernatorial appointment), LE (legislative elections), PE (partisan elections), and NPE (nonpartisan elections).

Assisted appointment

See also: Assisted appointment (judicial selection)

The assisted appointment method usually involves a nominating commission which reviews the résumés of candidates for judicial office. This commission—composed of both lawyers and non-lawyers chosen by the state bar and/or executive branch—interviews and screens candidates for judicial positions. The commission then sends a short list of qualified candidates, usually between three and five names, to the governor for consideration.[41]

Within a pre-determined period of time, the governor must select and nominate a candidate from the list. Failure to nominate in the prescribed time period will put the decision back to the commission or, in some cases, to the chief justice of the state's supreme court. Some states require additional confirmation from the legislature.[41]

Nominating commissions

States vary in the composition of their nominating commissions and the application of them.[42] These variations may include:

Composition

  • Number of commissions
  • Size of commissions
  • Commissioner qualifications (lawyer, non-lawyer, judge)
  • How commissioners are appointed and by whom

Application

  • Type of judicial vacancies filled
  • Confidentiality of selections
  • Whether the governor is bound to the commission's recommendations
  • Whether legislative confirmation is required

Tables detailing these state-by-state variations can be found in this document prepared by the American Judicature Society.

Gubernatorial appointment

See also: Gubernatorial appointment of judges

There are three primary ways states use a gubernatorial appointment method in the selection of judges. They are:

  • to choose a judge for an initial term
  • to select a judge to fill an interim or midterm vacancy
  • to retain a judge to serve an additional term

Many states use more than one method to select judges or a combination of methods. In states using a gubernatorial appointment method, the process can work in a variety of ways. In almost every state, the governor is involved in the process to appoint a judge to fill a vacancy occurring in the middle of a term. There are states where the governor is permitted to make initial appointments. In other states, a governor may only make an appointment after a candidate has been approved by a judicial nominating commission. Once a nomination is made by a governor, consent from another entity may be required before a judge can begin serving on a court.

Legislative elections

See also: Legislative election of judges

Judges of South Carolina and Virginia are elected by public vote of each state's general assembly. In South Carolina, both chambers of the assembly come together for a joint vote, while the chambers of Virginia's assembly vote separately, giving the judgeship to the candidate who receives a majority vote in each chamber.[43][44]

Before the assembly votes on a particular judicial candidate, he or she must be approved by the state's nominating commission or evaluation committee, making the system somewhat similar to the assisted appointment method.[43][44] In the case of Virginia, hearings by the evaluation committee are open to the public, and members of the public may even appear before the committee if desired.[44]

Visit Judicial selection in South Carolina and Judicial selection in Virginia for more details about each state's selection processes.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Martin left the court to become the dean of Regent University Law School in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
  2. ↑ Beasley was appointed chief justice of the court.
  3. ↑ Wyrick was confirmed to a seat on the Western District of Oklahoma on April 9, 2019.
  4. ↑ Bales left the court to become executive director of the Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System at the University of Denver.
  5. ↑ Brown was confirmed to a seat on the Southern District of Texas on July 31, 2019.
  6. ↑ Luck was confirmed to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit on November 19, 2019.
  7. ↑ Lagoa was confirmed to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit on November 20, 2019.
  8. ↑ Office of the Governor Doug Ducey, "Governor Ducey Appoints James P. Beene To The Supreme Court Of Arizona," April 26, 2019
  9. ↑ Arizona Capitol Times, "Commission narrows field of Supreme Court applicants," February 6, 2019
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Arizona Supreme Court, "Justice John Pelander Announces Retirement," December 11, 2018 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "retire" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "retire" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "retire" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "retire" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "retire" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "retire" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "retire" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ The Wichita Eagle, "Ducey appoints Montgomery to Arizona Supreme Court," September 4, 2019
  12. ↑ KTAR, "Retiring Arizona Supreme Court Chief Justice Bales to lead research center," March 8, 2019
  13. ↑ Supreme Court of Delaware, "Letter of resignation, Chief Justice Leo Strine," July 8, 2019
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Ron DeSantis, 46th Governor of Florida, "Governor Ron DeSantis Appoints Barbara Lagoa to the Florida Supreme Court," January 9, 2019 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "appt" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "appt" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "appt" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ Florida Politics, "Ron DeSantis selects Miami’s Robert Luck as next Supreme Court justice," January 14, 2019
  16. ↑ Ron DeSantis, 46th Governor of Florida, "Governor Ron DeSantis Appoints Robert Luck to the Florida Supreme Court," January 14, 2019
  17. ↑ Courthouse News Service, "Florida Governor Makes Final Pick for High Court," January 22, 2019
  18. ↑ WESH, "DeSantis appoints state Supreme Court justice with ties to Central Florida," September 14, 2020
  19. ↑ Des Moines Register, "'He leaves behind a legacy of service and dedication that we should never forget': Iowa's leaders remember Chief Justice Mark Cady," updated November 17, 2019
  20. ↑ Iowa Judicial Branch, "Judicial Nominating Commission begins process for selecting nominees for Supreme Court vacancy," December 13, 2018
  21. ↑ KSHB, "Kansas Supreme Court justice targeted by right to retire," July 10, 2019
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Nuss
  23. ↑ Leavenworth Times, "Supreme Court Chief Justice Lawton Nuss to retire in December," July 26, 2019
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Kansas, Office of the Governor, "Governor appoints Kenyen J. (K.J.) Wall to fill vacancy on the Kansas Supreme Court," March 11, 2020 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "appoint" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ↑ Louisville Courier Journal, "Matt Bevin could pick next Supreme Court justice to fill vacant seat," December 28, 2018
  26. ↑ Office of Governor Janet T. Mills, "Governor Mills Thanks Justice Hjelm For His Service," September 20, 2019
  27. ↑ Sara Reynolds, "Email communication with Press Secretary Lindsay Crete," September 24, 2019
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Maine.gov, "Governor Mills Nominates Candidates to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court & Superior Court," January 6, 2020
  29. ↑ NHPR.org, "Second Time's The Charm For MacDonald, As Council Okays His Bid For N.H. Chief Justice," January 22, 2021
  30. ↑ American Judicature Society, "Methods of Judicial Selection: New Hampshire," archived October 2, 2014
  31. ↑ North Carolina Judicial Branch, "Chief Justice Mark Martin to Become Dean of Regent University School of Law," January 25, 2019
  32. ↑ The Hill, "North Carolina names first black woman to lead state supreme court," February 12, 2019
  33. ↑ NC Governor Roy Cooper, "Gov. Cooper Names Supreme Court Associate Justice," March 11, 2019
  34. ↑ KOAM News, "OK Supreme Court justice announces retirement," March 17, 2019
  35. ↑ The Supreme Court of the State of Oklahoma, "The Justices of the Oklahoma Supreme Court," accessed April 12, 2019
  36. ↑ Congress.gov, "PN510 — Jeffrey Vincent Brown — The Judiciary," accessed April 10, 2019
  37. ↑ VT Digger, "Justice Skoglund stepping down from Vermont Supreme Court," May 1, 2019
  38. ↑ American Judicature Society, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Vermont," archived October 3, 2014
  39. ↑ The Washington Post, "Virginia Supreme Court Justice McClanahan to retire," January 25, 2019
  40. ↑ The Roanoke Times, "Judge Teresa Chafin, sister of Sen. Ben Chafin, elected to Virginia Supreme Court," February 15, 2019
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 American Judicature Society, "Merit Selection: The Best Way to Choose Judges," archived October 2, 2014
  42. ↑ American Judicature Society, "Judicial Merit Selection: Current Status," 2011
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 South Carolina General Assembly, "How Judges Are Selected in South Carolina," January 11, 2010
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Commonwealth of Virginia: Division of Legislative Services, "Judicial Selection Overview," accessed December 20, 2014
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