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Arizona Supreme Court

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Arizona Supreme Court
State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia-template.png
Court Information
Justices: 7
Founded: 1912
Location: Phoenix
Salary
Associates: $205,000[1]
Judicial Selection
Method: Assisted appointment (governor-controlled commission)
Term: 6 years
Active justices
James P. Beene, Clint Bolick, Maria Elena Cruz, Kathryn Hackett King, John Lopez IV, Bill Montgomery, Ann Timmer

Founded in February 1912, the Arizona Supreme Court is the state's court of last resort. The current chief of the court is Ann Timmer. Seven justices serve on the court. It has administrative supervision over all the other courts, and it hears appeals of decisions from the Court of Appeals, as well as appeals in special cases from the Superior Court. Special cases include those involving the death penalty and some involving elected officials or disputes between counties.[2][3]

As of November 2024, all six judges on the court were appointed by a Republican governor.

The court meets at the Arizona State Courts Building in Phoenix.[4]

In Arizona, state supreme court justices are selected through assisted appointment with a governor-controlled judicial nominating commission. Justices are appointed by the governor with the assistance of a commission with a majority of members selected by the governor. There are 10 states that use this selection method. To read more about the assisted appointment of judges, click here.

Jurisdiction

Under Article 6, Section 5 of the Arizona Constitution, the supreme court has discretionary jurisdiction to review the decisions reached by lower courts within the state. Discretionary jurisdiction allows the court to refuse to review a lower court case unless the defendant in the case is sentenced to death, in which case the supreme court must hear the case. The court has a supervisory role over the Arizona Bar Association, other courts in the state, and the Commission on Judicial Conduct and is responsible for making rules governing administration, practice, and procedure in all courts. Under Article 8, Part 2, Section 1 of the constitution, the chief justice of the court also has a role in the impeachment process of public officials who are accused of crimes. The chief presides over senate impeachment trials but does not offer a decision on guilt or innocence of the official.[5]

The following text from Article 6, Section 5 of the Arizona Constitution covers the organization and jurisdiction of the court:

“

Supreme Court; Jurisdiction; Writs; Rules; Habeas Corpus

The supreme court shall have:

1. Original jurisdiction of habeas corpus, and quo warranto, mandamus, injunction and other extraordinary writs to state officers.

2. Original and exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine causes between counties concerning disputed boundaries and surveys thereof or concerning claims of one county against another.

3. Appellate jurisdiction in all actions and proceedings except civil and criminal actions originating in courts not of record, unless the action involves the validity of a tax, impost, assessment, toll, statute or municipal ordinance.

4. Power to issue injunctions and writs of mandamus, review, prohibition, habeas corpus, certiorari, and all other writs necessary and proper to the complete exercise of its appellate and revisory jurisdiction.

5. Power to make rules relative to all procedural matters in any court.

6. Such other jurisdiction as may be provided by law. Each justice of the supreme court may issue writs of habeas corpus to any part of the state upon petition by or on behalf of a person held in actual custody, and may make such writs returnable before himself, the supreme court, appellate court or superior court, or judge thereof. [6]

”
—Arizona Constitution, Article 6, Section 5

Justices

The table below lists the current judges of the Arizona Supreme Court, their political party, when they assumed office, and the appointing governor.

Arizona State Courts Building


Office Name Party Date assumed office Appointed by
Arizona Supreme Court James P. Beene Nonpartisan 2019 Doug Ducey (R)
Arizona Supreme Court Clint Bolick Nonpartisan January 5, 2016 Doug Ducey (R)
Arizona Supreme Court Maria Elena Cruz Nonpartisan February 3, 2025 Katie Hobbs (D)
Arizona Supreme Court Kathryn Hackett King Nonpartisan July 8, 2021 Doug Ducey (R)
Arizona Supreme Court John Lopez IV Nonpartisan 2017 Doug Ducey (R)
Arizona Supreme Court Bill Montgomery Nonpartisan September 9, 2019 Doug Ducey (R)
Arizona Supreme Court Ann Timmer Nonpartisan 2012 Janice Kay Brewer (R)


Judicial selection

See also: Judicial selection in Arizona

The seven justices on the Arizona Supreme Court are each appointed by the governor from a list of names compiled by the Arizona Commission on Appellate Court Appointments. The commission is composed of 16 members who serve staggered four-year terms. The membership includes 10 non-attorneys, five attorneys, and the chief justice of the supreme court, who chairs the commission.[7]

The initial term of a new justice is at least two years, after which the justice stands for retention in an uncontested yes-no election. Subsequent terms last six years.[8] For more information on these retention elections, visit the Arizona judicial elections page.

Qualifications

To serve on this court, a justice:[9]

“
  • Must be admitted to the practice of law in Arizona and be a resident of Arizona for the 10 years immediately before taking office;
  • May not practice law while a member of the judiciary;
  • May not hold any other political office or public employment;
  • May not hold office in any political party;
  • May not campaign, except for him/herself; and,
  • Must retire at age 70.[6]
 ”

Chief justice

The court's chief justice is selected by peer vote. He or she serves in that capacity for five years.[10]

Vacancies

See also: How vacancies are filled in state supreme courts

If a midterm vacancy occurs on the court, the seat is filled as it normally would be if the vacancy occurred at the end of a justice's term. Potential justices submit applications to the Arizona Commission on Appellate Court Appointments, and once the commission has chosen a slate of nominees, the governor picks one from that list. After occupying the seat for two years, the newly appointed justice stands for retention in the next general election. The justice then serves a full six-year term if he or she is retained by voters.[11]

The map below highlights how vacancies are filled in state supreme courts across the country.


Elections

See also: Arizona Supreme Court elections

2024

See also: Arizona Supreme Court elections, 2024

Candidates and results

Bolick's seat

Arizona Supreme Court

Clint Bolick was retained to the Arizona Supreme Court on November 5, 2024 with 58.2% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
✔
Yes
 
58.2
 
 1,534,635
No
 
41.8
 
 1,102,423
Total Votes
 2,637,058

It has been certified. Source

King's seat

Arizona Supreme Court

Kathryn Hackett King was retained to the Arizona Supreme Court on November 5, 2024 with 59.3% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
✔
Yes
 
59.3
 
 1,561,227
No
 
40.7
 
 1,069,335
Total Votes
 2,630,562

It has been certified. Source



2022

See also: Arizona Supreme Court elections, 2022

Candidates and results

Beene's seat

Arizona Supreme Court, James Beene's seat

James P. Beene was retained to the Arizona Supreme Court on November 8, 2022 with 70.5% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
✔
Yes
 
70.5
 
 1,305,293
No
 
29.5
 
 545,434
Total Votes
 1,850,727

It has been certified. Source

Montgomery's seat

Arizona Supreme Court, Bill Montgomery's seat

Bill Montgomery was retained to the Arizona Supreme Court on November 8, 2022 with 55.5% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
✔
Yes
 
55.5
 
 1,042,134
No
 
44.5
 
 834,653
Total Votes
 1,876,787

It has been certified. Source

Timmer's seat

Arizona Supreme Court, Ann Timmer's seat

Ann Timmer was retained to the Arizona Supreme Court on November 8, 2022 with 71.1% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
✔
Yes
 
71.1
 
 1,301,858
No
 
28.9
 
 529,551
Total Votes
 1,831,409

It has been certified. Source



2020

See also: Arizona Supreme Court elections, 2020

Candidates and results

Brutinel's seat

Arizona Supreme Court

Robert Brutinel was retained to the Arizona Supreme Court on November 3, 2020 with 75.1% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
✔
Yes
 
75.1
 
 1,865,552
No
 
24.9
 
 617,429
Total Votes
 2,482,981

It has been certified. Source

Gould's seat

Arizona Supreme Court

Andrew W. Gould was retained to the Arizona Supreme Court on November 3, 2020 with 68.1% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
✔
Yes
 
68.1
 
 1,683,460
No
 
31.9
 
 790,095
Total Votes
 2,473,555

It has been certified. Source

Lopez's seat

Arizona Supreme Court

John Lopez IV was retained to the Arizona Supreme Court on November 3, 2020 with 72.7% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
✔
Yes
 
72.7
 
 1,806,530
No
 
27.3
 
 679,989
Total Votes
 2,486,519

It has been certified. Source



2018

See also: Arizona Supreme Court elections, 2018

Candidates and results

Pelander's seat

Arizona Supreme Court

John Pelander was retained to the Arizona Supreme Court on November 6, 2018 with 71.8% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
✔
Yes
 
71.8
 
 1,188,576
No
 
28.2
 
 467,934
Total Votes
 1,656,510

It has been certified. Source

Bolick's seat

Arizona Supreme Court

Clint Bolick was retained to the Arizona Supreme Court on November 6, 2018 with 70.0% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
✔
Yes
 
70.0
 
 1,187,184
No
 
30.0
 
 507,800
Total Votes
 1,694,984

It has been certified. Source


2016

Justices who faced retention

■ Green check mark transparent.png Ann Timmer

Election results

November 8 general election

Ann Timmer was retained in the Arizona Supreme Court retention election with 76.71% of the vote.

Arizona Supreme Court, Timmer's seat, 2016
Name Yes votes
Green check mark transparent.pngAnn Timmer76.71%
Source: Arizona Secretary of State

Appointments

2024

See also: Arizona Supreme Court justice vacancy (October 2024)

Governor Katie Hobbs (D) appointed Maria Elena Cruz to the Arizona Supreme Court to replace justice Robert Brutinel, who retired on October 31, 2024.[16] Brutinel was the chief justice of the court from July 1, 2019 until July 1, 2024, when the Arizona Supreme Court elected Associate Justice Ann Timmer to a five-year term to succeed him as chief justice.

Cruz is Governor Hobbs' first nominee to the seven-member supreme court, and the first judicial appointee named to the court by a Democratic governor in Arizona for over a decade. Cruz was sworn in on February 3, 2025.

In Arizona, state supreme court justices are selected through assisted appointment with a governor-controlled judicial nominating commission. Justices are appointed by the governor with the assistance of a commission with a majority of members selected by the governor. There are 10 states that use this selection method. To read more about the assisted appointment of judges, click here.

If a midterm vacancy occurs on the court, the seat is filled as it normally would be if the vacancy occurred at the end of a justice's term. Potential justices submit applications to the Arizona Commission on Appellate Court Appointments, and once the commission has chosen a slate of nominees, the governor picks one from that list. After occupying the seat for two years, the newly appointed justice stands for retention in the next general election. The justice then serves a full six-year term if he or she is retained by voters.[17]

2021

See also: Arizona Supreme Court justice vacancy (April 2021)

Arizona Governor Doug Ducey (R) appointed Kathryn Hackett King to the Arizona Supreme Court on July 8, 2021.[18] King succeeded Justice Andrew W. Gould, who retired on April 1, 2021.[19][20] King was Gov. Ducey's sixth nominee to the seven-member supreme court.

At the time of the vacancy, justices on the Arizona Supreme Court were selected through the assisted appointment method for six-year renewable terms, under Arizona law. Following the initial appointment, judges would be subject to a retention election in the next general election which would occur more than two years after the appointment.

2019

Justice Bales vacancy

See also: Arizona Supreme Court justice vacancy (July 2019)

Arizona Gov. Doug Ducey appointed Bill Montgomery (R) to the Arizona Supreme Court on September 4, 2019.[21] Montgomery replaced former Chief Justice Scott Bales, who retired on July 31, 2019.[22] After leaving office, Bales became executive director of the Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System at the University of Denver.[23] Montgomery was Ducey's fifth appointment on the seven-member court.

Eleven individuals applied to fill the vacancy. The list of applicants includes five judges from the Arizona Court of Appeals, two judges from county superior courts, a public defender, a county attorney, and two private attorneys. There were seven Republican, two Democratic, one Libertarian, and one independent applicant. To see a full list of applicants, click here.

In a press release about his peer's retirement, Vice Chief Justice Robert Brutinel said, "Chief Justice Bales' commitment to the rule of law and the improvement of our courts have made Arizona’s courts more accessible, efficient and fair."[22]

Justice Pelander vacancy

See also: Arizona Supreme Court justice vacancy (March 2019)

Gov. Doug Ducey (R) appointed James Beene to the Arizona Supreme Court on April 26, 2019, to fill the seat vacated by former Justice John Pelander.[24] Beene was Ducey's fourth appointment to the seven-member court.

Under Arizona law, in the event of a supreme court vacancy, the governor appoints a justice from a list of names compiled by the Arizona Commission on Appellate Court Appointments. The final list of five individuals from which Ducey chose Beene included three sitting members of the Arizona Court of Appeals, one judge from a superior court, and an attorney. They were three Republicans and two Democrats. Click here to read more about the potential nominees.

At the time of the nomination, the Commission on Appellate Court Appointments was a 15-member body. It was chaired by Chief Justice Scott Bales and had seven Republican members, three Democratic members, and four registered independents. Although Bales' party registration was not listed in official materials, he was the sole member of the court to be appointed by a Democratic governor. Click here to read more about the nominating commission.

Ducey had a deadline of May 1 to appoint a new judge. If Ducey had not meet that deadline, Chief Justice Scott Bales would have appointed the court's new justice. At the time this vacancy was filled, a chief justice appointing a new justice had never happened in Arizona history.[25]

Former Justice Pelander retired on March 1, 2019. In a press release announcing his retirement, Chief Justice Bales said Pelander was "an exemplary judge – a model for his wisdom, collegiality, and commitment to fairly upholding the law."[22]

Caseloads

The table below details the number of cases filed with the court and the number of dispositions (decisions) the court reached each year.[26]

Arizona Supreme Court caseload data
Year Filings Dispositions
2023 866 900
2022 888 933
2021 1,126 1,169
2020 1,071 1,047
2019 1,106 1,244
2018 1,311 1,226
2017 1,177 1,109
2016 1,038 1,057
2015 1,014 979
2014 1,037 978
2013 1,054 1,145
2012 1,109 1,080
2011 1,018 1,022
2010 1,086 960
2009 1,023 1,082
2008 1,164 1,150
2007 1,256 1,250

Noteworthy cases

The following are noteworthy cases heard before the Arizona Supreme Court. For a full list of opinions published by the court, click here. Know of a case we should cover here? Let us know by emailing us.

Before the U.S. Supreme Court

This section focuses on cases the U.S. Supreme Court heard that originated in this court. To suggest cases we should cover here, email us.

2022-2023 term

See also: Supreme Court cases, October term 2022-2023

The following cases were scheduled for argument before the U.S. Supreme Court during the 2022-2023 term.

2022-2023 U.S. Supreme Court cases from the 5th Circuit
Case Opinion author Decision Vote
Cruz v. Arizona Sonia Sotomayor Vacated and remanded 5-4


Analysis

Ballotpedia Courts: Determiners and Dissenters (2021)

See also: Ballotpedia Courts: Determiners and Dissenters

Ballotpedia Courts Determiners and Dissenters navigation ad.png In 2020, Ballotpedia published Ballotpedia Courts: Determiners and Dissenters, a study on how state supreme court justices decided the cases that came before them. Our goal was to determine which justices ruled together most often, which frequently dissented, and which courts featured the most unanimous or contentious decisions.

The study tracked the position taken by each state supreme court justice in every case they decided in 2020, then tallied the number of times the justices on the court ruled together. We identified the following types of justices:

  • We considered two justices opinion partners if they frequently concurred or dissented together throughout the year.
  • We considered justices a dissenting minority if they frequently opposed decisions together as a -1 minority.
  • We considered a group of justices a determining majority if they frequently determined cases by a +1 majority throughout the year.
  • We considered a justice a lone dissenter if he or she frequently dissented alone in cases throughout the year.

Summary of cases decided in 2020

  • Number of justices: 7
  • Number of cases: 52
  • Percentage of cases with a unanimous ruling: 92.3% (48)
  • Justice most often writing the majority opinion: Justice Robert Brutinel (13)
  • Per curiam decisions: 0
  • Concurring opinions: 4
  • Justice with most concurring opinions: Justice Clint Bolick (3)
  • Dissenting opinions: 5
  • Justice with most dissenting opinions: Justice Clint Bolick (2)

For the study's full set of findings in Arizona, click here.

Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship (2020)

See also: Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship

Ballotpedia Courts State Partisanship navigation ad.png Last updated: June 15, 2020

In 2020, Ballotpedia published Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship, a study examining the partisan affiliation of all state supreme court justices in the country as of June 15, 2020.

The study presented Confidence Scores that represented our confidence in each justice's degree of partisan affiliation, based on a variety of factors. This was not a measure of where a justice fell on the political or ideological spectrum, but rather a measure of how much confidence we had that a justice was or had been affiliated with a political party. To arrive at confidence scores we analyzed each justice's past partisan activity by collecting data on campaign finance, past political positions, party registration history, as well as other factors. The five categories of Confidence Scores were:

  • Strong Democrat
  • Mild Democrat
  • Indeterminate[27]
  • Mild Republican
  • Strong Republican

We used the Confidence Scores of each justice to develop a Court Balance Score, which attempted to show the balance among justices with Democratic, Republican, and Indeterminate Confidence Scores on a court. Courts with higher positive Court Balance Scores included justices with higher Republican Confidence Scores, while courts with lower negative Court Balance Scores included justices with higher Democratic Confidence Scores. Courts closest to zero either had justices with conflicting partisanship or justices with Indeterminate Confidence Scores.[28]

Arizona had a Court Balance Score of 8.00, indicating Republican control of the court. In total, the study found that there were 15 states with Democrat-controlled courts, 27 states with Republican-controlled courts, and eight states with Split courts. The map below shows the court balance score of each state.

SSC by state.png


Bonica and Woodruff campaign finance scores (2012)

See also: Bonica and Woodruff campaign finance scores of state supreme court justices, 2012

In October 2012, political science professors Adam Bonica and Michael Woodruff of Stanford University attempted to determine the partisan outlook of state supreme court justices in their paper, "State Supreme Court Ideology and 'New Style' Judicial Campaigns." A score above 0 indicated a more conservative-leaning ideology while scores below 0 were more liberal. The state Supreme Court of Arizona was given a campaign finance score (CFscore), which was calculated for judges in October 2012. At that time, Arizona received a score of 0.10. Based on the justices selected, Arizona was the 19th most conservative court. The study was based on data from campaign contributions by judges themselves, the partisan leaning of contributors to the judges, or—in the absence of elections—the ideology of the appointing body (governor or legislature). This study was not a definitive label of a justice but rather an academic gauge of various factors.[29]

Ethics

The judges in Arizona must follow the state's judicial code of conduct. It has four canons.

“
  • Canon 1 - A judge shall uphold and promote the independence, integrity, and impartiality of the judiciary and shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety.
  • Canon 2 - A judge shall perform the duties of judicial office impartially, competently, and diligently.
  • Canon 3 - A judge shall conduct the judge’s extrajudicial activities so as to minimize the risk of conflict with the obligations of judicial office.
  • Canon 4 - A judge or candidate for judicial office shall not engage in political or campaign activity that is inconsistent with the independence, integrity, or impartiality of the judiciary.[6]
 ”
—Arizona judiciary[30]

Removal of judges

In Arizona, there are three ways to remove a judge from the bench.


History of the court

The first supreme court was established with the creation of the territory of Arizona in the Arizona Organic statute Act of 1863. The supreme court initially consisted of three judges appointed by the President of the United States to four-year terms. The first judge to be appointed who was a resident of the territory was Richard Elihu Sloan in 1889. When the territory achieved statehood on February 14, 1912, the constitution required judges to be elected.[32]

The court increased in size to five justices in 1949 and increased judicial terms to six years. These changes were officially ensconced into law in 1960 as Arizona Proposition 101, Modern Courts Amendment (1960) by a referendum passed by 66% of voters. The law requires that there always be at least five justices on the supreme court bench, regardless of legislation that may increase or decrease the number of justices at any given time.[33] The 1960 amendment also gave the supreme court administrative supervision over all courts in the state, authorized the court to make rules governing court procedural matters, authorized the creation of the court of appeals, prohibited judges from practicing law or holding other public office or employment during their judicial terms, prohibited judges from holding office in a political party or campaign other than their own, and required justices to retire at 70 years of age.[34]

From 1912 to 1974, judges of all levels were elected to their respective courts (except in the case of unscheduled vacancies). In 1974, Proposition 108 was passed, introducing merit-based judicial appointments to the court. Proposition 108 provided for "retention elections of merit-selected justices or judges after their appointments."[3]

The Arizona State Legislature passed a bill in May 2016 to increase the number of justices from five to seven.[35] Gov. Doug Ducey (R) signed the bill May 18, 2016.[36] In November 2016, Ducey appointed Arizona State Solicitor General John Lopez IV and Arizona Court of Appeals Judge Andrew W. Gould to these two expansion seats.[37] They took the bench on January 6, 2017.

Notable firsts

  • Former Chief Justice Lorna Lockwood was the first woman to serve on the supreme court—first as an associate justice, then as vice chief justice, and finally as chief justice. She was the first woman in any state to hold that position.[38][39]

Courts in Arizona

See also: Courts in Arizona

In Arizona, there is one federal district court, a state supreme court, a state court of appeals, trial courts, and tribal courts with both general and limited jurisdiction. These courts serve different purposes. The image below depicts the flow of cases through Arizona's state court system. Cases typically originate in the trial courts and can be appealed to courts higher up in the system.

The structure of Arizona's state court system.

Party control of Arizona state government

A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. A state supreme court plays a role in the checks and balances system of a state government.

Arizona has a divided government where neither party holds a trifecta. The Democratic Party controls the office of governor, while the Republican Party controls both chambers of the state legislature.

Arizona Party Control: 1992-2025
No Democratic trifectas  •  Twenty-two years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Governor R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D
Senate R R R R R R R R R S S R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
House R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

See also

Arizona Judicial Selection More Courts
Seal of Arizona.png
Judicialselectionlogo.png
BP logo.png
Courts in Arizona
Arizona Court of Appeals
Arizona Supreme Court
Elections: 2025 • 2024 • 2023 • 2022 • 2021 • 2020 • 2019 • 2018 • 2017
Gubernatorial appointments
Judicial selection in Arizona
Federal courts
State courts
Local courts

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The salary of the chief justice may be higher than an associate justice.
  2. ↑ Arizona Judicial Branch, "AZ Courts," accessed September 11, 2015
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Policy Report, "Judging the Justices: A Review of the Arizona Supreme Court, 2003-2004," April 8, 2005 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "history" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Arizona Courts, "Office Locations," accessed August 13, 2021
  5. ↑ Arizona Judicial Branch, "Supreme Court," accessed September 24, 2014
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  7. ↑ Arizona Judicial Branch, "Article 6, Section 36: Commission on appellate court appointments and terms, appointments and vacancies on commission," accessed March 24, 2023
  8. ↑ Arizona Judicial Branch, "Article 6, Section 37: Judicial vacancies and appointments; initial terms; residence; age," accessed March 24, 2023
  9. ↑ Arizona Judicial Branch, "AZ Supreme Court," accessed March 24, 2023
  10. ↑ Arizona Judicial Branch, "Meet The Justices," accessed March 24, 2023
  11. ↑ Brennan Center for Justice, "Judicial Selection: An Interactive Map," accessed March 23, 2023
  12. ↑ Arizona Secretary of State, ""2012 General Election Results,"" December 3, 2021
  13. ↑ Arizona Secretary of State, ""2010 Generral Election Results,"" November 29, 2021
  14. ↑ Arizona Secretary of State, ""2008 Generral Election Results,"" December 1, 2008
  15. ↑ Arizona Secretary of State, ""2004 Generral Election Results,"" December 4, 2006
  16. ↑ Office of the Governor, "Governor Katie Hobbs Appoints Judge Maria Elena Cruz to the Arizona Supreme Court," January 29, 2025
  17. ↑ Brennan Center for Justice, "Judicial Selection: An Interactive Map," accessed March 23, 2023
  18. ↑ Office of the Governor - Doug Ducey, "Governor Ducey Appoints Kathryn Hackett King To The Arizona Supreme Court," July 8, 2021
  19. ↑ AZCentral, "Arizona Supreme Court Justice Andrew Gould announces retirement," March 12, 2021
  20. ↑ Associated Press, "Arizona Supreme Court Justice Andrew Gould to retire," March 12, 2021
  21. ↑ The Wichita Eagle, "Ducey appoints Montgomery to Arizona Supreme Court," September 4, 2019
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Arizona Supreme Court, "Chief Justice Scott Bales Announces Retirement," March 5, 2019 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "retire" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ KTAR, "Retiring Arizona Supreme Court Chief Justice Bales to lead research center," March 8, 2019
  24. ↑ Office of the Governor Doug Ducey, "Governor Ducey Appoints James P. Beene To The Supreme Court Of Arizona," April 26, 2019
  25. ↑ Arizona Capitol Times, "Commission narrows field of Supreme Court applicants," February 6, 2019
  26. ↑ Arizona Judicial Branch, "Appellate Courts Fiscal Year 2023 Case Activity," accessed September 17, 2024
  27. ↑ An Indeterminate score indicates that there is either not enough information about the justice’s partisan affiliations or that our research found conflicting partisan affiliations.
  28. ↑ The Court Balance Score is calculated by finding the average partisan Confidence Score of all justices on a state supreme court. For example, if a state has justices on the state supreme court with Confidence Scores of 4, -2, 2, 14, -2, 3, and 4, the Court Balance is the average of those scores: 3.3. Therefore, the Confidence Score on the court is Mild Republican. The use of positive and negative numbers in presenting both Confidence Scores and Court Balance Scores should not be understood to that either a Republican or Democratic score is positive or negative. The numerical values represent their distance from zero, not whether one score is better or worse than another.
  29. ↑ Stanford University, "State Supreme Court Ideology and 'New Style' Judicial Campaigns," October 31, 2012
  30. ↑ Arizona Courts, "Arizona Code of Judicial Conduct (2014)," accessed July 18, 2023
  31. ↑ National Center for State Courts, "Removal of Judges in Alabama," accessed May 8, 2015
  32. ↑ Arizona Historical Society,"MS979 Arizona. Supreme Court Records, 1896-1937," accessed June 7, 2024
  33. ↑ League of Arizona Cities and Towns,"Legal Corner: Arizona Supreme Court," accessed June 7, 2024
  34. ↑ AZcourts.gov Arizona Judicial Branch,"Arizona Courts: The Historical Perspective," accessed June 7, 2024
  35. ↑ Tucson.com, "Senate OKs expanding AZ Supreme Court by two," May 3, 2016
  36. ↑ The Arizona Republic, "Gov. Doug Ducey signs legislation to expand Arizona Supreme Court," May 18, 2016
  37. ↑ Office of the Governor Doug Ducey, "Two New Appointments To The Supreme Court Of Arizona," November 28, 2016
  38. ↑ Arizona State Library, "Arizona Women's Hall of Fame, Lorna Lockwood," accessed September 24, 2014
  39. ↑ Arizona Judicial Branch, "Legends of the Judiciary, Lorna Lockwood," accessed September 24, 2014

Arizona courts

Federal courts:

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals • U.S. District Court: District of Arizona • U.S. Bankruptcy Court: District of Arizona

State courts:

Arizona Supreme Court • Arizona Court of Appeals • Arizona Superior Court • Arizona Justice Courts • Arizona Municipal Courts

State resources:

Courts in Arizona • Arizona judicial elections • Judicial selection in Arizona


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