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Texas' 27th Congressional District election (March 6, 2018 Republican primary)

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Texas' 27th Congressional District
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Democratic primary
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Election details
Filing deadline: December 11, 2017
Primary: March 6, 2018
Primary runoff: May 22, 2018 (if needed)
General: November 6, 2018
Pre-election incumbent:
Vacant
How to vote
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Voting in Texas
Race ratings
Cook Political Report: Solid Republican
Inside Elections: Solid Republican
Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Republican
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U.S. Senate battlegrounds
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Federal and state primary competitiveness
Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018
See also
Texas' 27th Congressional District
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Texas elections, 2018
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Republican activist Michael Cloud defeated former Texas Water Development Board Chairman Bech Bruun in the runoff for Blake Farenthold's (R) former congressional seat.

Bruun and Cloud were the top two vote-getters in the primary election on March 6 for Texas' 27th Congressional District. Since no candidate received more than 50 percent of the vote, a runoff election was held on May 22, 2018. For more information about the primary runoff election, click here.

On December 14, 2017, Farenthold, who was facing sexual misconduct allegations, announced that he would not seek re-election in 2018, creating an open race. Farenthold later resigned from the seat.[1][2] Read more by clicking here.

Heading into the final weeks of the primary campaign, Bruun led Cloud in fundraising. He had raised about $272,000, spent about $187,000, and had about $85,000 in cash on hand. Cloud raised about $83,000, spent about $71,000, and had about $12,000 in cash on hand.

This seat was rated Safe Republican by three outlets as of December 27, 2017.[3]

Texas voter? Dates you need to know.
Primary electionMarch 6, 2018
Candidate filing deadlineDecember 11, 2017
Registration deadlineFebruary 5, 2018
Absentee application deadlineFebruary 23, 2018
General electionNovember 6, 2018
Voting information
Primary typeOpen
Early voting deadlineMarch 2, 2018
Polling locations: Go to this page to find early voting locations and your assigned precinct for election day.


For more on related elections, please see:



Candidates and election results

The following candidates ran in the Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 27 on March 6, 2018.

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 27

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Bech Bruun
Bech Bruun
 
36.1
 
15,919
✔
Image of Michael Cloud
Michael Cloud
 
33.8
 
14,920
Image of Chris Mapp
Chris Mapp
 
12.1
 
5,356
Image of Jerry Hall
Jerry Hall
 
8.3
 
3,649
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Submit photo
John Grunwald
 
6.9
 
3,027
Image of Eddie Gassman
Eddie Gassman
 
2.8
 
1,237

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 44,108
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Top candidates

Republican Party Bech Bruun (R)

Bech Bruun

Previously the chairman of the Texas Water Development Board, Bruun resigned on December 7, 2017, in order to challenge incumbent Blake Farenthold (R) in the primary. His announcement came after the House Ethics Committee announced it was launching an investigation into Farenthold, who ended up dropping out of the race on December 14, 2017.[4] He was appointed as chairman by Gov. Greg Abbott (R).

His candidacy was endorsed by U.S. Secretary of Energy and former Texas Gov. Rick Perry (R) and U.S. Rep. Roger Williams (R-Tex.), who issued his endorsement before Farenthold had left the race.[5][6]

He previously worked for Gov. Perry and state Rep. Todd Hunter (R) and served as the executive director of Texas Victory 2008. He received his B.A. and his J.D. from the University of Texas.


Republican Party Michael Cloud (R)

Michael Cloud

Republican activist Michael Cloud announced that he would challenge incumbent Blake Farenthold in the Republican primary in October 2017, two months before Farenthold dropped out of the race. Cloud served on the State Executive Republican Committee and served as chairman of the Victoria County Republican Party.

Cloud's candidacy was endorsed by former District 27 Congressman and 2012 presidential candidate Ron Paul (R).[7]

Cloud's professional experience includes owning Bright Ideas Media and serving as the media and communications director at Faith Family Church in Victoria, Texas. He attended Oral Roberts University.[8]


List of all Republican candidates


Republican Party Republican primary candidates

Republican Party factional conflict

See also: Republican Party factional conflict in U.S. House primaries, 2018

Disputes between potential members of the House Freedom Caucus and other members of the Republican Party occurred in U.S. House primaries in 2018.

In 2015, conservative Republicans formed the Freedom Caucus and began opposing House Republican leaders on fiscal policy, chamber procedures, and caucus leadership, among other things.[9] Members of the Freedom Caucus broke away from the Republican Study Committee, which, along with the Republican Main Street Partnership, was more closely aligned with House Republican leaders.[10]

In this primary, Michael Cloud affiliated with the Freedom Caucus.[11][12]

The chart below shows a scorecard for how the Freedom Caucus performed in competitive Republican primaries that featured at least one Freedom Caucus candidate and one Republican opponent not affiliated with the group.

U.S. House Republican factions
Faction Primary victories in 2018 Seats held prior to primaries Performance
Affiliated with the House Freedom Caucus 8 6 +2
Not affiliated with the House Freedom Caucus[13] 10 12 -2

Political analysis

Reactions to the March 6 Republican primary generally focused on Michael Cloud's performance against Bech Bruun, who was the frontrunner heading into the night.

  • The Daily Kos: "We had another frontrunner who didn't do so well in his primary. Bech Bruun, who resigned as chair of the state Water Development Board to run, did take first place, but he led former Victoria County GOP Chair Michael Cloud just 36-34 in the first round of the primary for this safely red Corpus Christi-area seat...Until Tuesday, it appeared that Bruun was on a glide path to Congress. Bruun outspent Cloud $180,000 to $36,000 during the pre-primary period, and GOP power players seemed to prefer him. Cloud did have the support of former Rep. Ron Paul, who used to represent a portion of this seat and is very much not a member of the party establishment, which may have given him an unexpected boost."[14]


Endorsements

See also: Endorsements in the Texas congressional primaries, 2018
Republican candidate endorsements
Endorsement Date Bruun Cloud
Federal officials
U.S. Secretary of Energy and former Texas Gov. Rick Perry (R)[5] January 3, 2018 ✔
U.S. Rep. Roger Williams (R-Tex.)[6] December 13, 2017 ✔
Former federal officials
Former District 27 Congressman Ron Paul (R)[7] December 13, 2017 ✔
State officials
State Rep. John Cyrier (R)[15] February 2, 2018 ✔
State Rep. Dennis Bonnen (R)[16] February 16, 2018 ✔
Local officials
Nueces County Sheriff Jim Kaelin[17] January 30, 2018 ✔
Corpus Christi Mayor Joe McComb[17] January 30, 2018 ✔
Organizations
Texas Alliance for Life[18] January 27, 2018 ✔
Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association[19] January 19, 2018 ✔
Party activists
Suzanne Guggenheim, Tea Party Patriots[20] January 29, 2018 ✔
News organizations
Corpus Christi Caller-Times[21] February 19, 2018 ✔

Campaign finance

The table below contains data from FEC Quarterly January 2018 reports. It includes only candidates who have reported at least $10,000 in campaign contributions as of December 31, 2017.[22]

Republican Party Republicans


Timeline

Noteworthy events

Farenthold withdraws re-election bid after sexual misconduct allegations

Blake Farenthold.jpg

Incumbent Blake Farenthold withdrew his bid for another term in 2018 in December 2017. The announcement came in the wake of sexual misconduct allegations against him and days after Texas' candidate filing deadline, in which Farenthold had filed to run for re-election.[23][24] Read more about the sexual misconduct allegations against Farenthold here. Since his withdrawal came after the filing deadline, the state's Republican Party had to make the decision to omit his name from the ballot. “Our constitutional right of freedom of association allows us to do this,” Texas Republican Party Chairman James Dickey said.

Immediately after Farenthold's name was removed, the Texas Democratic Party sued to try to get his name put back on the ballot. “Texas Democrats will not stand idle while Republicans rig the ballot,” Democratic Party officials said in a statement. “Only voters have the power to choose who leads our state and nation, not politicians and party officers in backroom decisions. Last we checked, this was Texas not Russia.”[23] However, a judge later denied the Democratic Party's request, and the party soon after dropped the suit.

A Republican consultant in Texas told Roll Call that Farenthold's late exit from the race likely resulted in a smaller field of candidates than would have otherwise been expected for an open congressional seat. The consultant said, “There’s probably a lot of folks in that area who are kicking themselves for not at least filing."[25]

Campaign strategies and tactics

Online presence

Campaign themes and policy stances

These are the policy positions listed on the candidates' websites, if available.

Republican Party Michael Cloud

“

Federal Spending and Debt: Over the past ten years, our nation’s debt has exploded, climbing past $20 trillion dollars. The debate between Republicans and Democrats in Congress seems to be over whether it is better to go bankrupt in 10 years or 20 years. Without a serious congressional commitment to responsible spending cuts, our country will remain on a path to fiscal ruin. We need people of courage in Washington if we are going to bring spending under control.

“No pecuniary consideration is more urgent, than the regular redemption and discharge of the public debt.” – George Washington

Economy and Jobs: Freedom leads to prosperity. Michael’s top priorities include fostering job creation and unleashing the innovative potential of the American people by cutting back federal regulations and simplifying our convoluted tax code.

“A wise and frugal government…shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government.” — Thomas Jefferson

National Defense: Providing for the common defense is one of the most important legitimate Constitutional responsibilities of our federal government. Michael Cloud is committed to ensuring that the United States military has the resources necessary to combat terrorism, counter enemy nations, and protect the life and liberty we hold dear.

“To be prepared for war is one of the most effective means of preserving peace.” – George Washington

The 2nd Amendment: Our Founding Fathers knew that the only defense against tyranny was an armed citizenry. Michael Cloud will protect your right to keep and bear arms.

“The Constitution shall never be construed to prevent the people of the United States who are peaceable citizens from keeping their own arms.” – Samuel Adams

Health Care: The federal government has made a wreck of our health insurance system, and Texans are now experiencing skyrocketing premiums with less coverage. Obamacare must be repealed, and health care must be driven by a market-oriented approach that brings down costs and expands access to quality care. We must also ensure taxpayer dollars are not spent on abortion.

“The most terrifying words in the English language are: I’m from the government, and I’m here to help.” – Ronald Reagan

Education: As the father of three children and husband of a public school teacher, Michael understands our urgent need to provide a quality education for all of our nation’s students. Our bureaucratic approach to education is failing our students. We need to free teachers to teach and provide parents greater input in educational choices for their children.

“The philosophy of the school room in one generation will be the philosophy of government in the next.” – Abraham Lincoln

Border Security and Immigration: Our immigration system is in desperate need of reform, beginning with securing the border and upholding the rule of law.

Veterans: Our nation must keep its promise to the men and women who have served. We owe our veterans a tremendous debt and must ensure veterans have access to quality health care and education.

“For it has been said, all that a man hath will he give for his life; and while all contribute of their substance the soldier puts his life at stake, and often yields it up in his country’s cause. The highest merit, then is due to the soldier.” – Abraham Lincoln

Agriculture and Property Rights: Texans are leaders in agriculture and the best stewards of Texas land. Our farmers and ranchers do not need the EPA or other government agencies interfering with property rights or passing unnecessary, intrusive regulations.

“…it is not for the advantage of the public to deprive an individual of his property – or even to retrench the least part of it by a law or a political regulation.” – Charles Montesquieu

Energy: We are blessed as a nation to possess abundant resources. We must continue to pursue energy independence.

Religious Liberty: The Constitution is clear that the free exercise of religion shall not be prohibited. Michael will stand strong against government attempts to discriminate against people of faith.

“Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports.” – George Washington

Family Values: The essential building block of a healthy, productive society is the family. Yet political forces are at work to discriminate against and destroy this sacred institution. We need Representation that recognizes the essential role of the family — and works to enact policies that recognize parental rights, respect marriage and protect life.

“All great change in America begins at the dinner table.” – Ronald Reagan [26]

”
—Michael Cloud’s campaign website (2018)[27]

Race ratings

See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Race ratings: Texas' 27th Congressional District election, 2018
Race tracker Race ratings
October 30, 2018 October 23, 2018October 16, 2018October 9, 2018
The Cook Political Report Solid Republican Solid RepublicanSolid RepublicanSolid Republican
Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales Solid Republican Solid RepublicanSolid RepublicanSolid Republican
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball Safe Republican Safe RepublicanSafe RepublicanSafe Republican
Note: Ballotpedia updates external race ratings every two weeks throughout the election season.

Early voting in Texas primaries, 2018

Click here to learn about historic early voting turnout for both parties in Texas in 2014 and 2018.

District history

2016

See also: Texas' 27th Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Republican. Incumbent Blake Farenthold (R) defeated Raul (Roy) Barrera (D) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Farenthold defeated Gregg Deeb in the Republican primary on March 1, 2016, while Barrera defeated Ray Madrigal and Wayne Raasch to win the Democratic primary.[28][29]

U.S. House, Texas District 27 General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngBlake Farenthold Incumbent 61.7% 142,251
     Democratic Raul (Roy) Barrera 38.3% 88,329
Total Votes 230,580
Source: Texas Secretary of State


U.S. House, Texas District 27 Republican Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngBlake Farenthold Incumbent 55.9% 42,195
Gregg Deeb 44.1% 33,280
Total Votes 75,475
Source: Texas Secretary of State
U.S. House, Texas District 27 Democratic Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngRaul Barrera 50.3% 15,939
Ray Madrigal 35.2% 11,157
Wayne Raasch 14.4% 4,570
Total Votes 31,666
Source: Texas Secretary of State

2014

See also: Texas' 27th Congressional District elections, 2014

The 27th Congressional District of Texas held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. Incumbent Blake Farenthold (R) defeated Wesley Reed (D) and Roxanne Simonson (L) in the general election.

U.S. House, Texas District 27 General Election, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngBlake Farenthold Incumbent 63.6% 83,342
     Democratic Wesley Reed 33.7% 44,152
     Libertarian Roxanne Simonson 2.7% 3,553
Total Votes 131,047
Source: Texas Secretary of State

District analysis

See also: The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index
See also: FiveThirtyEight's elasticity scores

The 2017 Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+13, meaning that in the previous two presidential elections, this district's results were 13 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Texas' 27th Congressional District the 98th most Republican nationally.[30]

FiveThirtyEight's September 2018 elasticity score for states and congressional districts measured "how sensitive it is to changes in the national political environment." This district's elasticity score was 1.03. This means that for every 1 point the national political mood moved toward a party, the district was expected to move 1.03 points toward that party.[31]

State overview

Partisan control

This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Texas heading into the 2018 elections.

Congressional delegation

State executives

State legislature

  • Republicans controlled both chambers of the Texas State Legislature. They had a 93-55 majority in the state House and a 21-10 majority in the state Senate.

Trifecta status

  • Texas was a Republican trifecta, meaning that the Republican Party held the governorship, a majority in the state Senate, and a majority in the state House.

2018 elections

See also: Texas elections, 2018

Texas held elections for the following positions in 2018:

Demographics

Demographic data for Texas
 TexasU.S.
Total population:27,429,639316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):261,2323,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:74.9%73.6%
Black/African American:11.9%12.6%
Asian:4.2%5.1%
Native American:0.5%0.8%
Pacific Islander:0.1%0.2%
Two or more:2.5%3%
Hispanic/Latino:38.4%17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:81.9%86.7%
College graduation rate:27.6%29.8%
Income
Median household income:$53,207$53,889
Persons below poverty level:19.9%11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Texas.
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

As of July 2016, Texas had a population of approximately 27,862,596 people, and its three largest cities were Houston (pop. est. 2.3 million), San Antonio (pop. est. 1.5 million), and Dallas (pop. est. 1.3 million).[32][33]

State election history

This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Texas from 2000 to 2016.

Historical elections

Presidential elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Texas every year from 2000 to 2016.

Election results (President of the United States), Texas 2000-2016[34][35]
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2016 Republican Party Donald Trump 52.23% Democratic Party Hillary Clinton 43.24% 8.99%
2012 Republican Party Mitt Romney 57.17% Democratic Party Barack Obama 41.38% 15.79%
2008 Republican Party John McCain 55.45% Democratic Party Barack Obama 43.68% 11.77%
2004 Republican Party George W. Bush 61.09% Democratic Party John Kerry 38.22% 22.87%
2000 Republican Party George W. Bush 59.30% Democratic Party Al Gore 37.98% 21.32%

U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Texas from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.

Election results (U.S. Senator), Texas 2000-2016[36]
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2014[37] Republican Party John Cornyn 61.56% Democratic Party David Alameel 34.36% 27.20%
2012[38] Republican Party Ted Cruz 56.46% Democratic Party Paul Sadler 40.62% 15.84%
2008[39] Republican Party John Cornyn 54.82% Democratic Party Richard Noriega 42.84% 11.98%
2006[40] Republican Party Kay Bailey Hutchison 61.69% Democratic Party Barbara Ann Radnofsky 36.04% 25.65%
2002[41] Republican Party John Cornyn 55.30% Democratic Party Ron Kirk 43.33% 11.97%
2000[42] Republican Party Kay Bailey Hutchison 65.04% Democratic Party Gene Kelly 32.35% 32.69%

Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2014

This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2014. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Texas.

Election results (Governor), Texas 2000-2016[43]
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2014 Republican Party Greg Abbott 59.27% Democratic Party Wendy Davis 38.90% 20.37%
2010 Republican Party Rick Perry 54.97% Democratic Party Bill White 42.30% 12.67%
2006 Republican Party Rick Perry 39.03% Democratic Party Chris Bell 29.79% 9.24%
2002 Republican Party Rick Perry 57.81% Democratic Party Tony Sanchez 39.96% 17.85%

Congressional delegation, 2000-2016

This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Texas in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.

Congressional delegation, Texas 2000-2016
Year Republicans Republicans (%) Democrats Democrats (%) Balance of power
2016 Republican Party 25 69.4% Democratic Party 11 30.6% R+14
2014 Republican Party 25 69.4% Democratic Party 11 30.6% R+14
2012 Republican Party 24 66.7% Democratic Party 12 33.3% R+12
2010 Republican Party 23 71.9% Democratic Party 9 28.1% R+14
2008 Republican Party 20 62.5% Democratic Party 12 37.5% R+8
2006 Republican Party 19 59.4% Democratic Party 13 40.6% R+6
2004 Republican Party 21 65.6% Democratic Party 11 34.4% R+10
2002 Republican Party 15 46.9% Democratic Party 17 53.1% D+2
2000 Republican Party 13 43.3% Democratic Party 17 56.7% D+4

Trifectas, 1992-2017

A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.

Texas Party Control: 1992-2025
Three years of Democratic trifectas  •  Twenty-three years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Governor D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
Senate D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
House D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R


See also

External links

Bech Bruun

Michael Cloud

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "U.S. Rep. Farenthold of Texas to retire amid sexual harassment scandal," December 14, 2017
  2. ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "2018 March Primary Election Candidate Filings by County," accessed December 12, 2017
  3. ↑ Ratings are based on projections found in Governing, Larry Sabato, The Rothenberg & Gonzales Political Report, Decision Desk HQ, and The Cook Political Report. These ratings are updated periodically throughout the election season.
  4. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Texas water board chairman Bech Bruun resigns ahead of likely challenge to U.S. Rep. Blake Farenthold," December 7, 2017
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Caller Times, "Perry backing Bech Bruun in crowded GOP field to succeed Farenthold," January 3, 2018
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Texas Tribune, "U.S. Rep. Williams endorses Farenthold challenger as sexual harassment scandal grows," December 13, 2017
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Victoria Advocate, "A look at Primary Election 2018," December 19, 2017
  8. ↑ Cloud for Congress, "About Michael Cloud," accessed January 25, 2018
  9. ↑ Pew Research Center, "What is the House Freedom Caucus, and who’s in it?" October 20, 2015
  10. ↑ Politico, "Conservatives split off from Republican Study Committee," January 13, 2015
  11. ↑ House Freedom Fund, "Endorsements," accessed May 15, 2018
  12. ↑ Some candidates were not formally endorsed by the caucus but said they would join if elected. See a list of all Freedom Caucus-affiliated candidates here.
  13. ↑ This includes all seats not held by members of the Freedom Caucus prior to the 2018 elections, including those held by Democrats.
  14. ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections Live Digest: 3/8," March 8, 2018
  15. ↑ Texas Tribune, "The Blast," February 2, 2018
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Blastf16
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Texas Tribune, "The Blast," January 30, 2018
  18. ↑ Twitter, "Bech Bruun," January 27, 2018
  19. ↑ Facebook, "Bech Bruun for Congress," January 19, 2018
  20. ↑ Twitter, "Michael Cloud", January 29, 2018
  21. ↑ Corpus Christi Caller-Times, "Texas Primary Election 2018: Caller-Times endorsements announced with start of early voting," February 19, 2018
  22. ↑ FEC, "Federal Election Commission", accessed February 13, 2018
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Statesman, "Texas GOP pulls Blake Farenthold off primary ballot, Democrats sue," December 20, 2017
  24. ↑ Texas Tribune, "U.S. Rep. Farenthold of Texas to retire amid sexual harassment scandal," December 14, 2017
  25. ↑ Roll Call, "Texas Primaries: What to Watch in the First Contests of 2018," February 6, 2018
  26. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  27. ↑ Michael Cloud’s campaign website, “Issues,” accessed January 25, 2018
  28. ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "2016 March Primary Election Candidate Filings by County," accessed December 15, 2015
  29. ↑ The New York Times, "Texas Primary Results," March 1, 2016
  30. ↑ Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 7, 2017
  31. ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "Election Update: The Most (And Least) Elastic States And Districts," September 6, 2018
  32. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "QuickFacts Texas," accessed December 12, 2017
  33. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "QuickFacts Houston; San Antonio; Dallas," accessed December 13, 2017
  34. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2012 Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives," accessed December 13, 2017
  35. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results," January 30, 2017
  36. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Federal Elections 2014: Election Results for the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives," accessed December 13, 2017
  37. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2014 Official Election Results for United States Senate," accessed December 13, 2017
  38. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2012 Official Election Results for United States Senate," accessed December 13, 2017
  39. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2008 Official Election Results for United States Senate," accessed December 13, 2017
  40. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2006 Official Election Results for United States Senate," accessed December 13, 2017
  41. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2002 Official Election Results for United States Senate," accessed December 13, 2017
  42. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2000 Official Election Results for United States Senate," accessed December 13, 2017
  43. ↑ Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, "Texas Election Results," accessed December 13, 2017
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