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Texas 2025 ballot measures
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As of September 20, 2025, 17 statewide ballot measures were certified to appear on the ballot in Texas in 2025.
On the ballot
| Type | Title | Subject | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proposition 10 | Homestead tax; Tax exemptions | Provide a temporary homestead exemption for improvements made to residences destroyed by fire | |
| Proposition 11 | Homestead tax; Tax exemptions | Increase the property tax exemption from $10,000 to $60,000 of the market value for homesteads owned by elderly or disabled individuals | |
| Proposition 12 | Judiciary | Change the composition of the state Commission on Judicial Conduct, provide for a temporary tribunal to review the commission's recommendations, and change the authority governing judicial misconduct | |
| Proposition 13 | Homestead tax; Tax exemptions | Increase the property tax exemption from $100,000 to $140,000 of the market value of a homestead | |
| Proposition 14 | Healthcare governance; Administrative organization; Spending; Vaccinations and disease | Establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas with $3 billion from the general fund | |
| Proposition 15 | Constitutional rights; Family | Provide that parents have the right "to exercise care, custody, and control of the parent’s child, including the right to make decisions concerning the child’s upbringing" | |
| Proposition 16 | Citizenship voting | Amend the Texas Constitution to provide that "persons who are not citizens of the United States" cannot vote | |
| Proposition 17 | Tax exemptions | Authorize the state legislature to provide for a property tax exemption for the construction of border infrastructure on property located in a county that borders Mexico | |
| Proposition 1 | Higher education funding; Restricted-use funds | Establish the Permanent Technical Institution Infrastructure Fund (Permanent Fund) and the Available Workforce Education Fund (Available Fund) as special funds in the state treasury to support the Texas Technical College System | |
| Proposition 2 | Income taxes | Prohibit a tax on the realized or unrealized capital gains of an individual, family, estate, or trust | |
| Proposition 3 | Bail | Deny bail to individuals accused of certain violent or sexual offenses punishable as a felony | |
| Proposition 4 | Water; Sales taxes; Restricted-use funds | Authorize the state legislature to allocate sales tax revenue that exceeds the first $46.5 billion with a maximum of $1 billion per fiscal year to the state water fund and authorize the state legislature, by a two-thirds vote, to adjust the amount allocated | |
| Proposition 5 | Agriculture; Tax exemptions | Establish a property tax exemption on animal feed held by the owner of the property for retail sale | |
| Proposition 6 | Business taxes | Prohibit the enactment of laws that impose taxes on entities that enter into transactions conveying securities or on certain securities transactions | |
| Proposition 7 | Homestead tax; Tax exemptions; Veterans | Establish a property tax homestead exemption on all or part of the market value of the homestead of a surviving spouse of a veteran who died from a service-connected disease | |
| Proposition 8 | Property taxes | Prohibit the state legislature from enacting laws imposing taxes on a decedent's property or the transfer of an estate | |
| Proposition 9 | Tax exemptions | Authorize the state legislature to exempt $125,000 of the market value of personal tangible property used for income production from taxes |
Getting measures on the ballot
Citizens
In Texas, citizens do not have the power to initiate statewide initiatives or referendums. Voters rejected a constitutional amendment to provide for the initiative and referendum process in 1914. As of 2025, the state allowed charter cities to have an initiative process for local ballot measures.
Legislature
The Texas State Legislature can refer statewide ballot measures, in the form of constitutional amendments, to the ballot in odd-numbered years and even-numbered years. However, as the legislature convenes regular sessions in odd-numbered years but not even-numbered years, most amendments have been referred to ballots in odd-numbered years. Between 1995 and 2023, 189 of 193 (97.9%) statewide ballot measures appeared on odd-numbered year ballots.
Texas is one of 16 states that requires a two-thirds vote in each legislative chamber during one legislative session to refer a constitutional amendment to the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 100 votes in the Texas House of Representatives and 21 votes in the Texas Senate, assuming no vacancies.
2025 proposals
During the regular session, 288 constitutional amendments were filed in the Texas State Legislature for the 2025 ballot.
- Democrats filed 107 (37.2%) of the constitutional amendments.
- Republicans filed 181 (62.8%) of the constitutional amendments.
- In the state Senate, 84 (29.2%) of the constitutional amendments were filed.
- In the state House, 204 (70.8%) of the constitutional amendments were filed.
Gov. Greg Abbott (R) called for a special session beginning July 21. A total of 39 constitutional amendments were filed for the session. No amendments were placed on the ballot from the session. Gov. Abbott called for a second special session beginning on August 14. A total of 39 constitutional amendments were also filed for the second session.
Context of 2024 elections
- See also: Texas elections, 2024
In 2025, Republicans controlled both chambers of the state legislature, as well as the governor's office, making Texas a Republican trifecta. At the general election on November 5, 2024, Republicans retained control of the House and Senate, increased their 88-62 majority in the House, and gained one seat in the Senate. The new majority in the Senate following the election was 20-11. Changes in the state have impacted the prospects of constitutional amendments making the ballot. Republicans held 21 seats in the state Senate in 2018, which was enough to pass a constitutional amendment without support from Democrats. In 2024, Republicans held 20 seats, meaning at least one Democrat was needed to pass a constitutional amendment in the state Senate.
Legislative partisanship of constitutional amendments
Ballotpedia uses a Partisan Direction Index (PDI) to illustrate the level of partisan support behind each referral. The PDI measures the difference between the percentages of Democratic and Republican legislators who voted in favor of a measure. The table below shows the partisanship of the 17 constitutional amendments on the ballot in Texas in 2025. Nine were classified as Bipartisan, seven were classified as Lean Republican, and one was classified as Lean Democratic.
Historical facts
- See also: List of Texas ballot measures
Texas statewide ballot measures
In Texas, a total of 711 ballot measures appeared on statewide ballots between 1876 and 2024. Five hundred thirty (530) ballot measures were approved, and One hundred eighty-one (181) ballot measures were defeated.
| Texas statewide ballot measures, 1876-2024 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number | Annual average | Annual minimum | Annual maximum | Approved | Defeated | ||
| # | % | # | % | ||||
Texas Historical Ballot Measures Factbook
Ballotpedia completed an inventory of Texas ballot measures as part of Ballotpedia's Historical Ballot Measure Factbook, which will document nearly 200 years of direct democracy in the United States. To view a searchable database and analysis of Texas ballot measures, click here.
By the decade
The average number of measures per decade was 44, and the average number of measures approved per decade was 71.2%. The decade with the most ballot measures was the 1980s, which featured 108 ballot measures. Ninety-one measures (84.3%) were approved, and 17 (15.7%) were defeated. The decade with more than one measure that had the highest approval rate was the 2000s, which featured 79 measures—77 (97.5%) were approved and two (2.5%) were defeated. Since the 2000s, the percentage of measures approved each decade has been at least 92%, which was the case between 2010 and 2019. From 2020 to the present, the average approval rate was 95.8%. The decade with the lowest approval rating was the 1910s. The decade featured 32 ballot measures—nine (28.1%) were approved and 23 (71.9%) were defeated.
Turnout
Between 1988 and 2023, the average turnout of registered voters in odd-numbered year elections featuring constitutional amendments was 11.1 percent—40 percentage points lower than the average turnout at general elections in even-numbered years. The lowest turnout for an odd-numbered year election during this period was 5 percent in 2011 when voters decided 10 constitutional amendments. The highest turnout for an odd-numbered year election during this period was 26 percent in 1991 when voters decided 13 constitutional amendments.[1]
Local ballot measures
- See also: Texas 2025 local ballot measures
Click here to read more about 2025 local ballot measures in Texas.
Not on the ballot
| Type | Name | Subject | Description | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LRCA | Denial of Bail for Felony Offenses Committed by Noncitizens Without Lawful Immigration Status Amendment | Civil and criminal trials | Denies bail for felony offenses committed by illegal aliens as defined in the amendment | 
|
| LRCA | Prohibit State Funds From Being Used on Local Retirement Liabilities Amendment | State and local government budgets, spending and finance | Prohibits the use of state funds to pay local retirement liabilities |
|
| LRCA | Parental Right to Direct Child's Education Amendment | Constitutional rights | Establish a right for parents to direct their child's education, including accessing teaching materials and attending governing board meetings within the public school system or choosing an alternative to public school |
|
| LRCA | Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Powers During Emergency Declarations Amendment | State executive powers and duties and State legislative processes and sessions | Provide for state executive, legislative, and judicial powers during certain disaster or emergency declarations |
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| LRCA | Increase Maximum Amount in Economic Stabilization Fund Amendment | Budget stabilization funds | Increase maximum amount in state's economic stabilization fund to from 10% to 15% of the general fund |
|
| LRCA | Authorize State Legislature to Override Veto After Session Amendment | State legislative processes and sessions | Provide for a special session to consider certain bills vetoed by the governor |
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| LRCA | Suspension from Office During Impeachment Process Amendment | Impeachment rules | Provide ordinary pay to officials suspended from office during impeachment proceedings and authorize the state legislature to pass laws related to the impeachment process |
|
| LRCA | Property Tax Exemption For Individuals with Intellectual or Developmental Disabilities Amendment | Property tax exemptions | Establish a property tax exemption for homesteads of individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities |
|
| LRCA | Create Nuclear Development Fund Amendment | Nuclear energy and Restricted-use funds | Create a state nuclear development fund to finance the development, construction, and operation of nuclear reactor projects for energy generation |
|
| LRCA | Authorize Legislature to Define Farm Products for Taxation Purposes Amendment | Property tax exemptions and Agriculture policy | Authorize the state legislature to define farm products for the purposes of applying state property tax exemptions |
|
| LRCA | Health Care Workforce Education Fund Amendment | Restricted-use funds and Healthcare policy | Create a state fund to provide for healthcare workforce education |
|
| LRCA | Rainwater Harvesting or Graywater Systems Property Tax Exemption Amendment | Property tax exemptions and Water storage | Provide for a property tax exemption for the portion of the assessed value of a person's property that is attributable to the installation in or on the property of a rainwater harvesting or graywater system |
|
| LRCA | Right to Monetary Freedom Amendment | Constitutional rights | Provide a constitutional "right to own, hold, and use a mutually agreed upon medium of exchange, including cash, coin, bullion, digital currency, or privately issued scrip when trading and contracting for goods and service" |
|
| LRCA | Permit Local Laws to Form Regional Mobility Authorities Without a Local Notice Amendment | Public transportation and Highways and bridges | Permit the legislature to create a regional mobility authority using local laws, and waive the local requirement |
|
| LRCA | Increase the Outstanding Bond Limit for the Veterans' Land Board Amendment | Veterans policy and Bond issue requirements | Permit the Veterans' Land Board to issue general obligation bonds that total up to $6 billion |
|
See also
- 2025 ballot measures
- Texas 2025 local ballot measures
- List of Texas ballot measures
- Texas State Legislature
External links
Footnotes
