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The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index

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The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index
PVI Color.png
Basic facts
Location:Washington, D.C.
Founder(s):Charles E. Cook Jr.
Year founded:1997
Website:Official website
Connections
The Cook Political Report


See also: The Cook Political Report

The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index (PVI) is a measurement tool that scores each congressional district based on how strongly it leans toward one political party. The index, developed by Charles Cook of the The Cook Political Report (CPR), compares each congressional district's score to that of the nation as a whole. According to Politico, the PVI is designed to "provide a quick overall assessment of generic partisan strength in a congressional district."[1][2][3]

The data in the report is compiled by POLIDATA, a political data analysis company, with assistance from National Journal and The Cook Political Report.[4][5]

Background

The Cook Political Report published its first Partisan Voter Index (PVI) in August 1997. The PVI was developed by Charles Cook, editor and publisher of Cook, and scores each congressional district based on how strongly it leans toward one political party. The PVI is determined by comparing each congressional district's presidential vote to the national presidential election results. According to Cook, the PVI "is an attempt to find an objective measurement of each congressional district that allows comparisons between states and districts, thereby making it relevant in both mid-term and presidential election years."[6]

The Cook Political Report produces an updated PVI for all 50 states and each of the 435 congressional districts following each presidential election and redistricting cycle.[6]

Work

Data and methodology

The Cook Political Report relies on presidential vote data to produce the Partisan Voter Index (PVI) because presidential vote data can be used to compare districts across state lines, unlike data from other federal or state-level elections. The PVI is developed using vote data from the most recent presidential election as well as vote data from the previous presidential election. For example, the 2017 PVI incorporated vote data from the 2016 and 2012 presidential elections.[6]

Inconsistencies among vote data aggregation processes and redistricting cycles can present challenges in determining the PVI. The Cook Political Report observed the following challenges in its 2017 PVI summary:[6]

Following each election and round of redistricting, presidential results are compiled to generate PVI scores for each congressional district. In a few states, these results are aggregated by district by state and/or local election authorities. However, in others they are not, and the reported election results do not account for some votes that are reported centrally and not redirected back to the voter’s registration precinct ... Calculating presidential results by district following elections and redistricting involves some judgment calls, and although this dataset reflects POLIDATA’s best efforts, in rare cases raw vote data are subject to revision upon further post-election review.[6][7]

Sample PVI

The PVI is designed to reflect the unique partisan nature of each congressional district. The Cook Political Report provided the following explanation of a sample PVI in its 2017 PVI summary:

A Partisan Voting Index score of D+2, for example, means that in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, that district performed an average of two points more Democratic than the nation did as a whole, while an R+4 means the district performed four points more Republican than the national average. If a district performed within half a point of the national average in either direction, we assign it a score of EVEN.[6][7]


Cook Partisan Voter Indexes

Click the tabs below to view information about Cook PVI for that particular election year.

Statistics:

Cook Political Report's 2026 Partisan Voter Index
DistrictIncumbentPVI
Alaska's At-LargeNick BegichR+6
Alabama's 1stBarry MooreR+27
Alabama's 2ndShomari FiguresD+5
Alabama's 3rdMike RogersR+23
Alabama's 4thRobert AderholtR+33
Alabama's 5thDale StrongR+15
Alabama's 6thGary PalmerR+20
Alabama's 7thTerri SewellD+13
Arkansas' 1stRick CrawfordR+23
Arkansas' 2ndFrench HillR+8
Arkansas' 3rdSteve WomackR+13
Arkansas' 4thBruce WestermanR+20
Arizona's 1stDavid SchweikertR+1
Arizona's 2ndEli CraneR+7
Arizona's 3rdYassamin AnsariD+22
Arizona's 4thGreg StantonD+4
Arizona's 5thAndy BiggsR+10
Arizona's 6thJuan CiscomaniEVEN
Arizona's 7thRaúl GrijalvaD+13
Arizona's 8thAbe HamadehR+8
Arizona's 9thPaul GosarR+15
California's 1stDoug LaMalfaR+12
California's 2ndJared HuffmanD+24
California's 3rdKevin KileyR+2
California's 4thMike ThompsonD+17
California's 5thTom McClintockR+8
California's 6thAmi BeraD+8
California's 7thDoris MatsuiD+16
California's 8thJohn GaramendiD+24
California's 9thJosh HarderD+1
California's 10thMark DeSaulnierD+18
California's 11thNancy PelosiD+36
California's 12thLateefah SimonD+39
California's 13thAdam GrayR+1
California's 14thEric SwalwellD+20
California's 15thKevin MullinD+26
California's 16thSam LiccardoD+26
California's 17thRo KhannaD+21
California's 18thZoe LofgrenD+17
California's 19thJimmy PanettaD+18
California's 20thVince FongR+15
California's 21stJim CostaD+4
California's 22ndDavid ValadaoR+1
California's 23rdJay ObernolteR+8
California's 24thSalud CarbajalD+13
California's 25thRaul RuizD+3
California's 26thJulia BrownleyD+8
California's 27thGeorge WhitesidesD+3
California's 28thJudy ChuD+15
California's 29thLuz RivasD+20
California's 30thLaura FriedmanD+22
California's 31stGil CisnerosD+10
California's 32ndBrad ShermanD+17
California's 33rdPete AguilarD+7
California's 34thJimmy GomezD+28
California's 35thNorma TorresD+8
California's 36thTed LieuD+21
California's 37thSydney Kamlager-DoveD+33
California's 38thLinda SánchezD+10
California's 39thMark TakanoD+7
California's 40thYoung KimR+1
California's 41stKen CalvertR+2
California's 42ndRobert GarciaD+18
California's 43rdMaxine WatersD+27
California's 44thNanette BarraganD+19
California's 45thDerek TranD+1
California's 46thLou CorreaD+11
California's 47thDave MinD+3
California's 48thDarrell IssaR+7
California's 49thMike LevinD+4
California's 50thScott PetersD+16
California's 51stSara JacobsD+13
California's 52ndJuan VargasD+13
Colorado's 1stDiana DeGetteD+29
Colorado's 2ndJoe NeguseD+20
Colorado's 3rdJeff HurdR+5
Colorado's 4thLauren BoebertR+9
Colorado's 5thJeff CrankR+5
Colorado's 6thJason CrowD+11
Colorado's 7thBrittany PettersenD+8
Colorado's 8thGabe EvansEVEN
Connecticut's 1stJohn B. LarsonD+12
Connecticut's 2ndJoe CourtneyD+4
Connecticut's 3rdRosa DeLauroD+8
Connecticut's 4thJim HimesD+13
Connecticut's 5thJahana HayesD+3
Delaware's At-LargeSarah McBrideD+8
Florida's 1stMatt GaetzR+18
Florida's 2ndNeal DunnR+8
Florida's 3rdKat CammackR+10
Florida's 4thAaron BeanR+5
Florida's 5thJohn RutherfordR+10
Florida's 6thMichael WaltzR+14
Florida's 7thCory MillsR+5
Florida's 8thMike HaridopolosR+11
Florida's 9thDarren SotoD+4
Florida's 10thMaxwell FrostD+13
Florida's 11thDaniel WebsterR+8
Florida's 12thGus BilirakisR+17
Florida's 13thAnna Paulina LunaR+5
Florida's 14thKathy CastorD+5
Florida's 15thLaurel LeeR+5
Florida's 16thVern BuchananR+7
Florida's 17thGreg SteubeR+11
Florida's 18thScott FranklinR+14
Florida's 19thByron DonaldsR+14
Florida's 20thSheila Cherfilus-McCormickD+22
Florida's 21stBrian MastR+7
Florida's 22ndLois FrankelD+4
Florida's 23rdJared MoskowitzD+2
Florida's 24thFrederica WilsonD+18
Florida's 25thDebbie Wasserman SchultzD+5
Florida's 26thMario Díaz-BalartR+16
Florida's 27thMaria Elvira SalazarR+6
Florida's 28thCarlos A. GiménezR+10
Georgia's 1stBuddy CarterR+8
Georgia's 2ndSanford BishopD+4
Georgia's 3rdBrian JackR+15
Georgia's 4thHank JohnsonD+27
Georgia's 5thNikema WilliamsD+36
Georgia's 6thLucy McBathD+25
Georgia's 7thRich McCormickR+11
Georgia's 8thAustin ScottR+15
Georgia's 9thAndrew ClydeR+17
Georgia's 10thMike CollinsR+11
Georgia's 11thBarry LoudermilkR+12
Georgia's 12thRick AllenR+7
Georgia's 13thDavid ScottD+21
Georgia's 14thMarjorie Taylor GreeneR+19
Hawaii's 1stEd CaseD+13
Hawaii's 2ndJill TokudaD+12
Iowa's 1stMariannette Miller-MeeksR+4
Iowa's 2ndAshley HinsonR+4
Iowa's 3rdZach NunnR+2
Iowa's 4thRandy FeenstraR+15
Idaho's 1stRuss FulcherR+22
Idaho's 2ndMike SimpsonR+13
Illinois' 1stJonathan JacksonD+18
Illinois' 2ndRobin KellyD+18
Illinois' 3rdDelia RamirezD+17
Illinois' 4thChuy GarcíaD+17
Illinois' 5thMike QuigleyD+19
Illinois' 6thSean CastenD+3
Illinois' 7thDanny DavisD+34
Illinois' 8thRaja KrishnamoorthiD+5
Illinois' 9thJan SchakowskyD+19
Illinois' 10thBrad SchneiderD+12
Illinois' 11thBill FosterD+6
Illinois' 12thMike BostR+22
Illinois' 13thNikki BudzinskiD+5
Illinois' 14thLauren UnderwoodD+3
Illinois' 15thMary MillerR+20
Illinois' 16thDarin LaHoodR+11
Illinois' 17thEric SorensenD+3
Indiana's 1stFrank J. MrvanD+1
Indiana's 2ndRudy YakymR+13
Indiana's 3rdMarlin StutzmanR+16
Indiana's 4thJim BairdR+15
Indiana's 5thVictoria SpartzR+8
Indiana's 6thJefferson ShreveR+16
Indiana's 7thAndré CarsonD+21
Indiana's 8thMark MessmerR+18
Indiana's 9thErin HouchinR+15
Kansas' 1stTracey MannR+16
Kansas' 2ndDerek SchmidtR+10
Kansas' 3rdSharice DavidsD+2
Kansas' 4thRon EstesR+12
Kentucky's 1stJames ComerR+23
Kentucky's 2ndBrett GuthrieR+20
Kentucky's 3rdMorgan McGarveyD+10
Kentucky's 4thThomas MassieR+18
Kentucky's 5thHal RogersR+32
Kentucky's 6thAndy BarrR+7
Louisiana's 1stSteve ScaliseR+19
Louisiana's 2ndTroy CarterD+17
Louisiana's 3rdClay HigginsR+22
Louisiana's 4thMike JohnsonR+26
Louisiana's 5thJulia LetlowR+18
Louisiana's 6thCleo FieldsD+8
Massachusetts' 1stRichard NealD+8
Massachusetts' 2ndJim McGovernD+13
Massachusetts' 3rdLori TrahanD+11
Massachusetts' 4thJake AuchinclossD+11
Massachusetts' 5thKatherine ClarkD+24
Massachusetts' 6thSeth MoultonD+11
Massachusetts' 7thAyanna PressleyD+34
Massachusetts' 8thStephen LynchD+15
Massachusetts' 9thBill KeatingD+6
Maryland's 1stAndy HarrisR+8
Maryland's 2ndJohnny OlszewskiD+10
Maryland's 3rdSarah ElfrethD+12
Maryland's 4thGlenn IveyD+39
Maryland's 5thSteny HoyerD+17
Maryland's 6thApril McClain DelaneyD+3
Maryland's 7thKweisi MfumeD+31
Maryland's 8thJamie RaskinD+30
Maine's 1stChellie PingreeD+11
Maine's 2ndJared GoldenR+4
Michigan's 1stJack BergmanR+11
Michigan's 2ndJohn MoolenaarR+15
Michigan's 3rdHillary ScholtenD+4
Michigan's 4thBill HuizengaR+3
Michigan's 5thTim WalbergR+13
Michigan's 6thDebbie DingellD+12
Michigan's 7thTom BarrettEVEN
Michigan's 8thKristen McDonald RivetR+1
Michigan's 9thLisa McClainR+16
Michigan's 10thJohn JamesR+3
Michigan's 11thHaley StevensD+9
Michigan's 12thRashida TlaibD+21
Michigan's 13thShri ThanedarD+22
Minnesota's 1stBrad FinstadR+6
Minnesota's 2ndAngie CraigD+3
Minnesota's 3rdKelly MorrisonD+11
Minnesota's 4thBetty McCollumD+18
Minnesota's 5thIlhan OmarD+32
Minnesota's 6thTom EmmerR+10
Minnesota's 7thMichelle FischbachR+18
Minnesota's 8thPete StauberR+7
Missouri's 1stWesley BellD+29
Missouri's 2ndAnn WagnerR+4
Missouri's 3rdBob OnderR+13
Missouri's 4thMark AlfordR+21
Missouri's 5thEmanuel CleaverD+12
Missouri's 6thSam GravesR+19
Missouri's 7thEric BurlisonR+21
Missouri's 8thJason SmithR+27
Mississippi's 1stTrent KellyR+18
Mississippi's 2ndBennie ThompsonD+11
Mississippi's 3rdMichael GuestR+14
Mississippi's 4thMike EzellR+21
Montana's 1stRyan ZinkeR+5
Montana's 2ndTroy DowningR+15
North Carolina's 1stDon DavisR+1
North Carolina's 2ndDeborah RossD+17
North Carolina's 3rdGreg MurphyR+10
North Carolina's 4thValerie FousheeD+23
North Carolina's 5thVirginia FoxxR+9
North Carolina's 6thAddison McDowellR+9
North Carolina's 7thDavid RouzerR+7
North Carolina's 8thMark HarrisR+10
North Carolina's 9thRichard HudsonR+8
North Carolina's 10thPat HarriganR+9
North Carolina's 11thChuck EdwardsR+5
North Carolina's 12thAlma AdamsD+24
North Carolina's 13thBrad KnottR+8
North Carolina's 14thTim MooreR+8
North Dakota's At-LargeJulie FedorchakR+18
Nebraska's 1stMike FloodR+6
Nebraska's 2ndDon BaconD+3
Nebraska's 3rdAdrian SmithR+27
New Hampshire's 1stChris PappasD+2
New Hampshire's 2ndMaggie GoodlanderD+2
New Jersey's 1stDonald NorcrossD+10
New Jersey's 2ndJeff Van DrewR+5
New Jersey's 3rdHerb ConawayD+5
New Jersey's 4thChris SmithR+14
New Jersey's 5thJosh GottheimerD+2
New Jersey's 6thFrank PalloneD+5
New Jersey's 7thThomas Kean Jr.EVEN
New Jersey's 8thRob MenendezD+15
New Jersey's 9thNellie PouD+2
New Jersey's 10thLaMonica McIverD+27
New Jersey's 11thMikie SherrillD+5
New Jersey's 12thBonnie Watson ColemanD+13
New Mexico's 1stMelanie StansburyD+7
New Mexico's 2ndGabe VasquezEVEN
New Mexico's 3rdTeresa Leger FernandezD+3
Nevada's 1stDina TitusD+2
Nevada's 2ndMark AmodeiR+7
Nevada's 3rdSusie LeeD+1
Nevada's 4thSteven HorsfordD+2
New York's 1stNick LaLotaR+4
New York's 2ndAndrew GarbarinoR+6
New York's 3rdTom SuozziEVEN
New York's 4thLaura GillenD+2
New York's 5thGregory MeeksD+24
New York's 6thGrace MengD+6
New York's 7thNydia VelázquezD+25
New York's 8thHakeem JeffriesD+24
New York's 9thYvette ClarkeD+22
New York's 10thDan GoldmanD+32
New York's 11thNicole MalliotakisR+10
New York's 12thJerry NadlerD+33
New York's 13thAdriano EspaillatD+32
New York's 14thAlexandria Ocasio-CortezD+19
New York's 15thRitchie TorresD+27
New York's 16thGeorge LatimerD+18
New York's 17thMike LawlerD+1
New York's 18thPat RyanD+2
New York's 19thJosh RileyD+1
New York's 20thPaul TonkoD+8
New York's 21stElise StefanikR+10
New York's 22ndJohn MannionD+4
New York's 23rdNick LangworthyR+10
New York's 24thClaudia TenneyR+11
New York's 25thJoseph MorelleD+10
New York's 26thTim KennedyD+11
Ohio's 1stGreg LandsmanD+3
Ohio's 2ndDavid TaylorR+24
Ohio's 3rdJoyce BeattyD+21
Ohio's 4thJim JordanR+18
Ohio's 5thBob LattaR+14
Ohio's 6thMichael RulliR+16
Ohio's 7thMax MillerR+5
Ohio's 8thWarren DavidsonR+12
Ohio's 9thMarcy KapturR+3
Ohio's 10thMike TurnerR+3
Ohio's 11thShontel BrownD+28
Ohio's 12thTroy BaldersonR+16
Ohio's 13thEmilia SykesEVEN
Ohio's 14thDavid JoyceR+9
Ohio's 15thMike CareyR+4
Oklahoma's 1stKevin HernR+11
Oklahoma's 2ndJosh BrecheenR+28
Oklahoma's 3rdFrank LucasR+23
Oklahoma's 4thTom ColeR+17
Oklahoma's 5thStephanie BiceR+9
Oregon's 1stSuzanne BonamiciD+20
Oregon's 2ndCliff BentzR+14
Oregon's 3rdMaxine DexterD+24
Oregon's 4thVal HoyleD+6
Oregon's 5thJanelle BynumD+4
Oregon's 6thAndrea SalinasD+6
Pennsylvania's 1stBrian FitzpatrickD+1
Pennsylvania's 2ndBrendan BoyleD+19
Pennsylvania's 3rdDwight EvansD+40
Pennsylvania's 4thMadeleine DeanD+8
Pennsylvania's 5thMary Gay ScanlonD+15
Pennsylvania's 6thChrissy HoulahanD+6
Pennsylvania's 7thRyan MacKenzieR+1
Pennsylvania's 8thRob BresnahanR+4
Pennsylvania's 9thDan MeuserR+19
Pennsylvania's 10thScott PerryR+3
Pennsylvania's 11thLloyd SmuckerR+11
Pennsylvania's 12thSummer LeeD+10
Pennsylvania's 13thJohn JoyceR+23
Pennsylvania's 14thGuy ReschenthalerR+17
Pennsylvania's 15thGlenn ThompsonR+19
Pennsylvania's 16thMike KellyR+11
Pennsylvania's 17thChris DeluzioD+3
Rhode Island's 1stGabe AmoD+12
Rhode Island's 2ndSeth MagazinerD+4
South Carolina's 1stNancy MaceR+6
South Carolina's 2ndJoe WilsonR+7
South Carolina's 3rdSheri BiggsR+21
South Carolina's 4thWilliam TimmonsR+11
South Carolina's 5thRalph NormanR+11
South Carolina's 6thJim ClyburnD+13
South Carolina's 7thRussell FryR+12
South Dakota's At-LargeDusty JohnsonR+15
Tennessee's 1stDiana HarshbargerR+29
Tennessee's 2ndTim BurchettR+17
Tennessee's 3rdChuck FleischmannR+18
Tennessee's 4thScott DesJarlaisR+21
Tennessee's 5thAndy OglesR+8
Tennessee's 6thJohn RoseR+17
Tennessee's 7thMark GreenR+10
Tennessee's 8thDavid KustoffR+21
Tennessee's 9thSteve CohenD+23
Texas' 1stNathaniel MoranR+25
Texas' 2ndDan CrenshawR+12
Texas' 3rdKeith SelfR+10
Texas' 4thPat FallonR+16
Texas' 5thLance GoodenR+13
Texas' 6thJake EllzeyR+14
Texas' 7thLizzie FletcherD+12
Texas' 8thMorgan LuttrellR+16
Texas' 9thAl GreenD+24
Texas' 10thMichael McCaulR+12
Texas' 11thAugust PflugerR+22
Texas' 12thCraig GoldmanR+11
Texas' 13thRonny JacksonR+24
Texas' 14thRandy WeberR+17
Texas' 15thMonica De La CruzR+7
Texas' 16thVeronica EscobarD+11
Texas' 17thPete SessionsR+14
Texas' 18thSylvester TurnerD+21
Texas' 19thJodey ArringtonR+25
Texas' 20thJoaquin CastroD+12
Texas' 21stChip RoyR+11
Texas' 22ndTroy NehlsR+9
Texas' 23rdTony GonzalesR+7
Texas' 24thBeth Van DuyneR+7
Texas' 25thRoger WilliamsR+18
Texas' 26thBrandon GillR+11
Texas' 27thMichael CloudR+14
Texas' 28thHenry CuellarR+2
Texas' 29thSylvia GarciaD+12
Texas' 30thJasmine CrockettD+25
Texas' 31stJohn CarterR+11
Texas' 32ndJulie JohnsonD+13
Texas' 33rdMarc VeaseyD+19
Texas' 34thVicente GonzalezEVEN
Texas' 35thGreg CasarD+19
Texas' 36thBrian BabinR+18
Texas' 37thLloyd DoggettD+26
Texas' 38thWesley HuntR+10
Utah's 1stBlake MooreR+10
Utah's 2ndCeleste MaloyR+10
Utah's 3rdMike KennedyR+10
Utah's 4thBurgess OwensR+14
Virginia's 1stRob WittmanR+3
Virginia's 2ndJen KiggansEVEN
Virginia's 3rdBobby ScottD+18
Virginia's 4thJennifer McClellanD+17
Virginia's 5thJohn McGuireR+6
Virginia's 6thBen ClineR+12
Virginia's 7thEugene VindmanD+2
Virginia's 8thDon BeyerD+26
Virginia's 9thMorgan GriffithR+22
Virginia's 10thSuhas SubramanyamD+6
Virginia's 11thGerry ConnollyD+18
Vermont's At-LargeBecca BalintD+17
Washington's 1stSuzan DelBeneD+15
Washington's 2ndRick LarsenD+12
Washington's 3rdMarie Gluesenkamp PerezR+2
Washington's 4thDan NewhouseR+10
Washington's 5thMichael BaumgartnerR+5
Washington's 6thEmily RandallD+10
Washington's 7thPramila JayapalD+39
Washington's 8thKim SchrierD+3
Washington's 9thAdam SmithD+22
Washington's 10thMarilyn StricklandD+9
Wisconsin's 1stBryan SteilR+2
Wisconsin's 2ndMark PocanD+21
Wisconsin's 3rdDerrick Van OrdenR+3
Wisconsin's 4thGwen MooreD+26
Wisconsin's 5thScott FitzgeraldR+11
Wisconsin's 6thGlenn GrothmanR+8
Wisconsin's 7thTom TiffanyR+11
Wisconsin's 8thTony WiedR+8
West Virginia's 1stCarol MillerR+22
West Virginia's 2ndRiley MooreR+20
Wyoming's At-LargeHarriet HagemanR+23

Recent news

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. Politico, "Charlie Cook's PVI," April 10, 2009
  2. RedState, "New Cook PVIs Show Big Opportunities for Conservatives in the House," October 11, 2012
  3. Swing State Project, "Just what is the Partisan Voter Index (PVI)?" November 16, 2008
  4. 4.0 4.1 Cook Political Report, "Partisan Voting Index Districts of the 113th Congress: 2004 & 2008" accessed October 2012
  5. POLIDATA, "About," accessed July 7, 2017
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 The Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 7, 2017
  7. 7.0 7.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed September 8, 2022
  9. Incumbents in office in 2022 were elected under the post-2010 district lines rather than the post-2020 lines in use for 2022. The incumbents listed in this column are those who ran in general elections in the new districts rather than those elected in 2020 under the old districts. Districts where no incumbent ran are marked "N/A" even if an incumbent represented the district at the time of the 2022 election.
  10. Winner calculated using the results of the 2020 presidential election and the district lines in effect for the 2022 election.
  11. Incumbents Alfred Lawson (D) and Neal Dunn (R) both ran in the 2022 general election in this district.
  12. Incumbents Vicente Gonzalez Jr. (D) and Mayra Flores (R) both ran in the 2022 general election in this district.
  13. 13.0 13.1 The Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2021 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 15, 2021
  14. The Cook Political Report, "2016 National House Popular Vote Tracker," accessed July 7, 2017