The Federal Judicial Vacancy Count 10/1/2021

October 1, 2021

Welcome to the Federal Vacancy Count for September 2021! The Federal Vacancy Count tracks vacancies, nominations, and confirmations to all United States Article III federal courts.

This month's edition covers activity during the month of September through October 1 and compares Article III judicial appointments over time by president and by court type.

HIGHLIGHTS

Vacancies: There have been four new judicial vacancies since the August 2021 report. There are 82 vacancies out of 870 active Article III judicial positions on courts covered in this report. Including the United States Court of Federal Claims and the United States territorial courts, 86 of 890 active federal judicial positions are vacant.

Nominations: There were 18 new nominations since the August 2021 report.

Confirmations: There were five confirmations since the August 2021 report.

What's a vacancy?

A vacancy occurs when a judge resigns, retires, takes senior status, or dies. Article III judges refer to judges who serve on courts authorized by Article III of the Constitution, which created and enumerated the powers of the judiciary. Article III judges are appointed for life terms. Unless a judge is impeached and removed from office—something that has occurred eight times in the history of the federal judiciary—it is the judge's decision how long they remain on the court. When judges decide to leave active duty, they may either retire completely from the court or take senior status.

To take senior status, judges must meet certain age and service requirements. Senior status is a classification for federal judges at all levels who are semi-retired. Senior judges continue to serve on federal courts while hearing a reduced number of cases. Both a decision to retire and a decision to take senior status trigger a vacancy.

The Constitution prescribes the process of filling a vacancy. The president nominates a candidate, who then must be confirmed by the United States Senate. There are multiple steps to the process:

• The president nominates an individual for a judicial seat.
• The Senate Judiciary Committee holds a hearing with the nominee.
• After the hearing, the Senate Judiciary Committee votes to approve or return the nominee.
• If approved, the Senate holds a vote on the candidate.

For more information on this process, click here.

Vacancy count for October 1, 2021

The vacancy level remained at blue in September 2021. The total vacancy percentage was 9.4 percent, and there were 82 vacancies out of 870 Article III judicial positions.

A breakdown of the vacancies at each level can be found in the table below. For a more detailed look at the vacancies on the federal courts, click here.

Key:
(Numbers indicate % of seats vacant.)
0%	1%-9%
10%-24%	25%-40%
More than 40%

Though the United States territorial courts are named as district courts, they are not Article III courts. They are created in accordance with the power granted under Article IV of the U.S. Constitution. Click here for more information.

New vacancies

Four judges left active status, creating Article III life-term judicial vacancies, since the previous vacancy count. As Article III judicial positions, vacancies must be filled by a nomination from the president. Nominations are subject to confirmation on the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate.

• Judge Beverly Martin retired from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit.
• Judge Richard Brooke Jackson assumed senior status on the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado.
• Judge Rosanna Peterson assumed senior status on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Washington.
• Judge Jeffrey Viken assumed senior status on the U.S. District Court for the District of South Dakota.

U.S. Court of Appeals vacancies

Chart

The following chart tracks the number of vacancies on the United States Court of Appeals from the inauguration of President Joe Biden (D) to the date indicated on the chart.

Maps

The following maps show the number of vacancies on the United States Court of Appeals at the inauguration of President Joe Biden (D) and as of October 1, 2021.

U.S. District Court vacancies

The following map shows the number of vacancies in the United States District Courts as of October 1, 2021.

New nominations

President Joe Biden (D) has announced 18 new nominations since the August 2021 report.

• Gabriel Sanchez, to the United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit
• Hernan D. Vera, to the United States District Court for the Central District of California
• Holly Thomas, to the United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit
• Maame Ewusi-Mensah Frimpong, to the United States District Court for the Central District of California
• Lucy H. Koh, to the United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit
• Jennifer L. Thurston, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California
• David Herrera Urias, to the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico
• Katherine Menendez, to the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota
• David A. Ruiz, to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio
• Charles Fleming, to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio
• Bridget Brennan, to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio
• Victoria Calvert, to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia
• Sarah Geraghty, to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia
• Samantha Elliott, to the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire
• Dale Ho, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
• John Chun, to the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington
• Linda Lopez, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of California
• Jinsook Ohta, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of California

New confirmations

As of October 1, 2021, the Senate has confirmed 14 of President Biden's judicial nominees—nine district court judges and five appeals court judges—since January 2021.

• Ketanji Brown Jackson, to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
• Candace Jackson-Akiwumi, to the United States Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit
• Tiffany Cunningham, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Eunice Lee, to the United States Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit
• Deborah Boardman, to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland
• Lydia Kay Griggsby, to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland
• Julien Xavier Neals, to the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
• Zahid Quraishi, to the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
• Regina Rodriguez, to the United States District Court for the District of Colorado
• Angel Kelley, to the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
• Margaret Strickland, to the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico
• Florence Pan, to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
• Veronica Rossman, to the United States Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit
• David G. Estudillo, to the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington

Comparison of Article III judicial appointments over time by president

See also: Federal judicial appointments by president

The chart below details the number of Article III judicial appointments during each president's first term at four specific dates: on their inauguration day (January 20th), October 1 of the first year, December 31 of the first year, and December 31 of the fourth year. It includes Presidents Ronald Reagan (R) through Joe Biden (D).

• The average number of judicial appointees per president through October 1 of the first year is seven.
• President Ronald Reagan (R) made the most appointments through his first year with 41. President Barack Obama (D) made the fewest with 13.
• President Donald Trump (R) made the most appointments through four years with 234. President Ronald Reagan (R) made the fewest through four years with 166.

Comparison of Article III judicial appointments over time by president and court type

See also: Federal judicial appointments by president

The chart below shows the number of Article III judges confirmed by the U.S. Senate under each of the last seven presidents as of October 1 of their first year in office. The confirmations are broken up by court type.

President Biden made the most Article III judicial appointments by this point in a presidency, 14, compared to his predecessors since January 1981. President Barack Obama (D) made the fewest appointments with three.

• The median number of Supreme Court appointees is one. Three presidents (Clinton, Obama, and Trump) made one appointment. Three presidents (H.W. Bush, W. Bush, and Biden) had not appointed any.
• The median number of United States Court of Appeals appointees is two. President Biden appointed the most with five. Presidents Reagan, Clinton, and Obama appointed the fewest with one each.
• The median number of United States District Court appointees is three. President Reagan appointed the most with 11. President Obama appointed the fewest with one.

See also

• United States federal courts
• Current federal judicial vacancies
• Judicial vacancies during the Biden administration
• The Biden administration on federal courts