Virginia General Assembly

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Virginia General Assembly

Seal of Virginia.svg.png
General information
Type:   State legislature
Term limits:   None
Session start:   January 8, 2020
Website:   Official Legislature Page
Leadership
Senate President:   Justin Fairfax (D)
House Speaker:  Eileen Filler-Corn (D)
Majority Leader:   Senate: Dick Saslaw (D)
House: Charniele Herring (D)
Minority Leader:   Senate: Thomas Norment Jr. (R)
House: C. Todd Gilbert (R)
Structure
Members:  40 (Senate), 100 (House)
Length of term:   4 years (Senate), 2 years (House)
Authority:   Art IV, Virginia Constitution
Salary:   $18,000/year (Senate), $17,640/year (House) + per diem
Elections
Last election:  November 5, 2019
Next election:  November 2, 2021
Redistricting:  Virginia Legislature has control

The Virginia General Assembly is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Its existence dates from the establishment of the House of Burgesses at Jamestown in 1619. It became the General Assembly in 1776 with the ratification of the Virginia Constitution.

The General Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, the Virginia House of Delegates, with 100 members, and an upper house, the Virginia State Senate, with 40 members. The House of Delegates is presided over by a speaker of the house, while the State Senate is presided over by the lieutenant governor of Virginia. The House and Senate each elect a clerk and sergeant-at-arms. Unlike the United States Senate, the Virginia's State Senate clerk is known as the "Clerk of the Senate," instead of the title "Secretary of the Senate" used in the U.S. Senate.

The General Assembly meets in Virginia's capital, Richmond. When sitting in Richmond, the General Assembly holds sessions in the Virginia State Capitol, designed by Thomas Jefferson in 1788 and expanded in 1904. The building was renovated in 2005-2006. Senators and Delegates have their offices in the General Assembly Building across the street directly north of the Capitol. The governor of Virginia lives across the street directly east of the Capitol in the Virginia Governor's Mansion.

The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest legislative body in the Western Hemisphere. It previously met in Jamestown, Virginia from 1619 until 1699, when it moved to Williamsburg, Virginia and met in the colonial Capitol. The government was moved to Richmond in 1780 during the administration of Governor Thomas Jefferson, and the General Assembly has met there ever since.

Virginia has a Democratic state government trifecta. A trifecta exists when one political party simultaneously holds the governor’s office and majorities in both state legislative chambers. As of November 5, 2020, there are 21 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 14 divided governments where neither party holds trifecta control.

See also: Virginia House of Delegates, Virginia State Senate, Virginia Governor

Elections

2019

See also: Virginia State Senate elections, 2019 and Virginia House of Delegates elections, 2019

Elections for the Virginia State Senate took place in 2019. The primary was on June 11, 2019, and the general election was on November 5. The filing deadline for candidates was March 28, 2019.

Elections for the Virginia House of Delegates took place in 2019. The primary was on June 11, 2019, and the general election was on November 5. The filing deadline for candidates was March 28, 2019.

2017

See also: Virginia House of Delegates elections, 2017

Elections for the Virginia House of Delegates took place in 2017. All 100 house seats were up for election. The general election took place on November 7, 2017. A primary election took place on June 13, 2017. The filing deadline for primary election candidates was March 30, 2017. The filing deadline for non-party candidates and candidates nominated by methods other than a primary was June 13, 2017.[1]

2015

See also: Virginia State Senate elections, 2015 and Virginia House of Delegates elections, 2015

Elections for the Virginia State Senate took place in 2015. A primary election was held on June 9, 2015. The general election took place on November 3, 2015. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was March 26, 2015.[2]

Elections for the Virginia House of Delegates took place in 2015. A primary election was held on June 9, 2015. The general election took place on November 3, 2015. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was March 26, 2015.[3]

2013

See also: Virginia House of Delegates elections, 2013

Elections for the office of Virginia House of Delegates took place in 2013. The primary election was held on June 11, 2013, and the general election was held on November 2, 2013. The candidate filing deadline was March 28, 2013.

2011

See also: Virginia State Senate elections, 2011 and Virginia House of Delegates elections, 2011

Elections for the office of Virginia State Senate took place in 2011. The primary election was held on August 23, 2011, and the general election was held on November 6, 2011. The candidate filing deadline was June 15, 2011.

Elections for the office of Virginia House of Delegates took place in 2011. The primary election was held on August 23, 2011, and the general election was held on November 6, 2011. The candidate filing deadline was June 15, 2011.

Sessions

Article IV of the Virginia Constitution establishes when the General Assembly is to be in session. Section 6 of Article IV states that the General Assembly is to convene annually on the second Wednesday in January. In even-numbered years, regular sessions are limited to sixty days. In odd-numbered years, regular sessions are limited to thirty days. Section 6 allows the General Assembly to extend its regular sessions by thirty days if two-thirds of each house vote to extend the session.

Section 6 allows the Governor of Virginia to convene special sessions of the General Assembly. Section 6 also allows for a special session to be called when it is requested by two-thirds of the members of each house.

2020

See also: 2020 Virginia legislative session and Dates of 2020 state legislative sessions

In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 8, 2020 and adjourn on March 12, 2020.

Impact of coronavirus pandemic

See also: Changes to state legislative session dates in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020
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Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The Virginia General Assembly adjourned its regular session on March 12, 2020. A special session convened on August 18, 2020.

2019

See also: 2019 Virginia legislative session and Dates of 2019 state legislative sessions

In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 9, 2019, through February 24, 2019.

2018

See also: 2018 Virginia legislative session and Dates of 2018 state legislative sessions

In 2018, the legislature was in session from January 10, 2018, through March 10, 2018. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here.

2017

See also: Dates of 2017 state legislative sessions

In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 11, 2017, through February 25, 2017. The legislature held a veto session on April 5.

Role in state budget

See also: Virginia state budget and finances
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The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[12][13]

  1. Budget instruction guidelines are sent to state agencies in April and August.
  2. State agency budget requests are submitted in June and October.
  3. Agency hearings are held in September and October.
  4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the Virginia General Assembly by December 20.
  5. The General Assembly holds public hearings in January.
  6. The General Assembly adopts a budget in March or April. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.
  7. The biennial budget cycle begins in July.

Virginia is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[13]

Though the governor and General Assembly are not required by law to submit or pass a balanced budget, the Virginia Constitution does require the budget to be balanced before the governor signs it into law.[13]

Cost-benefit analyses

See also: Pew-MacArthur Results First Initiative Cost-Benefit Study
Map showing results of the Pew-MacArthur cost-benefit study

The Pew-MacArthur Results First Initiative is a joint project of the Pew Charitable Trusts and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation that works to partner with states in implementing cost-benefit analysis models.[14]. The initiative released a report in July 2013 concluding that cost-benefit analysis in policymaking led to more effective uses of public funds. Looking at data from 2008 through 2011, the study's authors found that some states were more likely to use cost-benefit analysis, while others were facing challenges and lagging behind the rest of the nation. The challenges states faced included a lack of time, money, and technical skills needed to conduct comprehensive cost-benefit analyses. Virginia was one of the 10 states that used cost-benefit analysis more than the rest of the states with respect to determining the return on investment of state programs. In addition, these states were more likely to use cost-benefit analysis with respect to large budget areas and when making policy decisions.[15]

Ethics and transparency

Following the Money report

See also: "Following the Money" report, 2015

The U.S. Public Interest Research Group, a consumer-focused nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., released its annual report on state transparency websites in March 2015. The report, entitled "Following the Money," measured how transparent and accountable state websites were with regard to state government spending.[16] According to the report, Virginia received a grade of B- and a numerical score of 82, indicating that Virginia was "Advancing" in terms of transparency regarding state spending.[16]

Open States Transparency

See also: Open States' Legislative Data Report Card

The Sunlight Foundation released an "Open Legislative Data Report Card" in March 2013. Virginia was given a grade of A in the report. The report card evaluated how adequate, complete, and accessible legislative data was to the general public. A total of 10 states received an A: Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Kansas, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Washington.[17]

Dual employment and financial disclosure requirements

State ethics regulations regarding dual public employment and income disclosure for legislators vary across the United States. A January 2015 report by the National Council of State Legislatures (NCSL) concluded that legislators in 33 states are not permitted to maintain additional paid government employment during their terms in office.[18] The NCSL published a report in June 2014 that counted 47 states with disclosure requirements for outside income, business associations, and property holdings. The exceptions to these disclosure categories were Idaho, Michigan, and Vermont.[19] Click show on the right side of the table below to compare state policies:

Senate

The Senate of Virginia is the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly. It is composed of 40 senators and is presided over by the lieutenant governor of Virginia. Prior to Independence, the other part of government was represented by the Governor's Council, an upper house made up of executive counselors appointed by the governor as advisers. Each member represented an average of 200,026 residents, as of the 2010 Census.[20] After the 2000 Census, each member represented 176,963.[21]

The lieutenant governor, unlike the vice president of the United States in the United States Senate, presides daily over the Virginia Senate. In the lieutenant governor's absence, a president pro tempore presides, usually a powerful member of the majority party. The Senate is coequal with the House of Delegates, the lower chamber of the legislature, except that taxation bills must originate in the House, just like in the U.S. Congress.

Virginia senators are elected every four years by the voters of the several senatorial districts on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November.

Party As of November 2020
     Democratic Party 21
     Republican Party 19
     Vacancies 0
Total 40

Between 1994 and 2015, partisan control of the Virginia State Senate fluctuated, swinging back and forth between the Democratic and Republican parties. The table below shows the partisan history of the Virginia State Senate following every general election from 1991 to 2015. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

Virginia State Senate Party Control: 1991-2015

Party 91 95 99 03 07 11 15
Democrats 22 20 19 16 21 20 19
Republicans 18 20 21 24 19 20 21

As a result of the 1991 elections, Democrats held a 22-18 majority. Elections in 1995 and 2011 resulted in the chamber moving to a split 20-20 partisan balance. Both of those elections followed a Democratic majority in the previous cycle and were followed by a Republican majority in the next cycle. The largest change in partisan balance of the state Senate was between 2003 and 2007, when Democrats gained five seats. The 2015 elections resulted in a 21-19 Republican majority.

House of Delegates

The Virginia House of Delegates is the lower house of the Virginia General Assembly. It has 100 members elected for terms of two years; unlike most states, these elections take place during odd-numbered years. Each member represented an average of 80,010 residents, as of the 2010 Census.[22] After the 2000 Census, each member represented 70,785.[23] The House is presided over by the speaker of the house, who is elected from among the House membership by the delegates. The speaker is almost always a member of the majority party and, as Speaker, becomes the most powerful member of the House. The House shares legislative power with the Senate of Virginia, the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly. The House of Delegates is the modern-day successor to the Virginia House of Burgesses. The House is divided into Democratic and Republican caucuses. In addition to the speaker, there is a majority leader, majority caucus chair, minority leader, minority caucus chair, and the chairs of the several committees of the House. The Virginia House of Delegates is considered the oldest continuous legislative body in the New World, having been formed as the House of Burgesses at Jamestown in 1619.

The House has met in Virginia's Capitol Building, designed by Thomas Jefferson, since 1788. In recent years, the General Assembly members and staff operate from offices in the General Assembly Building, located in Capitol Square.

Party As of November 2020
     Democratic Party 55
     Republican Party 44
     Vacancies 1
Total 100

Between 1991 and 2017, partisan control of the Virginia House of Delegates shifted in favor of the Republican Party and then began moving back toward the Democratic Party. As a result of the 1991 elections, Democrats held a 52-47 majority. Republicans gained control of the chamber in 1999 and, by 2015, expanded their majority to 66-34. In the 2017 elections, the chamber's partisan balance swung back toward the Democrats as they gained 15 seats and narrowed the Republican majority to 51-49.

The table below shows the partisan history of the Virginia House of Delegates following every general election from 1991 to 2017. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

Virginia House of Delegates Party Control: 1991-2017

Year '91 '93 '95 '97 '99 '01 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17
Democrats 52 52 52 50 47 31 37 39 44 39 32 33 34 49
Republicans 47 47 47 49 52 67 61 58 54 59 67 67 66 51

Republicans began making gains in the state House after the 1997 elections, when they picked up two seats. The chamber moved to a 52-47 Republican majority after the 1999 elections. The largest Republican gains in the state House occurred as a result of the 2001 elections, when the party expanded its majority by 15 seats. Democrats gained 13 seats between 2003 and 2007. In 2011, Republicans gained eight seats, moving the chamber to a 67-32 Republican majority.

In the 2017 elections, Democrats picked up 15 seats and nearly forced a 50-50 split in the chamber. The race for District 94 was an exact tie between Delegate David Yancey (R) and Shelly Simonds (D). A random drawing was held to select the winner and Yancey won.

Two-thirds of members present in both chambers must vote to override a veto. If all members are in attendance, this is 67 of the 100 members in the Virginia House of Delegates and 27 of the 40 members in the Virginia State Senate.

Veto overrides

Veto Override Graphic-No party.png

See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Virginia are listed below.

How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members present in both chambers.

Two-thirds of members present in both chambers must vote to override a veto. If all members are in attendance, this is 67 of the 100 members in the Virginia House of Delegates and 27 of the 40 members in the Virginia State Senate. Virginia is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?

According to Article IV, Section 6 of the Virginia Constitution, the legislature shall automatically reconvene in a special veto session six weeks after the adjournment of the regular session to consider veto overrides. The session lasts for three days unless a majority of members in both chambers vote to extend it for a period no longer than seven days.

Authority: Article V, Section 6 of the Virginia Constitution.

"(ii) The Governor may veto the bill if he objects to it by returning the bill with his objections to the house in which the bill originated. The house shall enter the objections in its journal and reconsider the bill. The house may override the veto by a two-thirds vote of the members present, which two-thirds shall include a majority of the members elected to that house. If the house of origin overrides the Governor's veto, it shall send the bill and Governor's objections to the other house where the bill shall be reconsidered. The second house may override the Governor's veto by a two-thirds vote of the members present, which two-thirds shall include a majority of the members elected to that house. If both houses override the Governor's veto, the bill shall become law without his signature."

Redistricting

See also: Redistricting in Virginia

The General Assembly handles redistricting through the passage of maps as regular legislation subject to gubernatorial veto.

2010 census

Virginia received its local census data on February 3, 2011. The state grew by 13 percent from 2000 to 2010; its growth mostly occurred in the northeastern part of the state, while declines ranging up to -13.4 percent occurred in counties along the southern and western edges. Loudoun County stood out with an 84.1 percent increase. Growth in the largest cities was less generous: Virginia Beach grew by 3.0 percent, Norfolk grew by 3.6 percent, Chesapeake grew by 11.6 percent, Richmond grew by 3.2 percent and Newport News grew by 0.3 percent.[24]

The Assembly was split going into redistricting; Republicans controlled the House, and Democrats controlled the Senate. The House set a 1% standard for allowance of deviation from the ideal district size (88,900 people), while the Senate passed a 2% standard (200,000 being the ideal size). The Senate and House reached a verbal agreement that the houses would draw their own lines and not interfere with the other's.

The House and Senate approved their maps on April 6 and 7, 2011, respectively. While the House had an overwhelming 86-8 vote, the Senate went along party lines 22-18. Governor Bob McDonnell vetoed the maps on April 15, citing concerns about the increase in the number of divided communities, the Senate plan's higher deviation standard, and the partisan vote in the Senate.

The House quickly returned and passed revisions that rejoined several divided districts; Senate Democrats initially would not budge, but the chamber eventually worked out a compromise (passing on a 32-5 vote) that split Virginia Beach, reduced the number of splits in Prince William County, and split the College of William & Mary from Thomas Norment's district. McDonnell signed the revised plan on April 29, 2011.

Legislators

Salaries

See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
State legislators
SalaryPer diem
$18,000/year for the Senate; $17,640/year for the House$213/day

When sworn in

Fact check/Would a $33,000 salary for state legislators bring Virginia "more in line" with other states?
We found that statement to be mostly accurate. When you compare the proposed $33,000 salary to the salaries of other legislators throughout the country with comparable workloads, the average is close to $29,000. Right now, Virginia falls well below that average. With the increase, it would be above it by about $4,000.
Read Ballotpedia's fact check »
See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

Virginia legislators assume office the second Wednesday in January after the election.

Joint legislative committees

See also: Public policy in Virginia

The Virginia General Assembly has no joint standing committees. However, the General Assembly does employ many smaller joint commissions.

History

Partisan balance 1992-2013

Who Runs the States Project
See also: Ballotpedia:Who Runs the States and Ballotpedia:Who Runs the States, Virginia
Partisan breakdown of the Virginia legislature from 1992-2013

Virginia Senate: From 1992-2013, the Democratic Party was the majority in the Virginia State Senate for eight years while the Republicans were the majority for 12 years. Virginia was under Republican trifectas for the final two years of the study.

Across the country, there were 541 Democratic and 517 Republican state senates from 1992 to 2013.

Virginia House of Delegates: From 1992-2013, the Democratic Party was the majority in the Virginia State House of Representatives for the first four years while the Republicans were the majority for the last 14 years. Virginia was under Republican trifectas for the final two years of the study.

Across the country, there were 577 Democratic and 483 Republican State Houses of Representatives from 1992 to 2013.

Over the course of the 22-year study, state governments became increasingly more partisan. At the outset of the study period (1992), 18 of the 49 states with partisan legislatures had single-party trifectas and 31 states had divided governments. In 2013, only 13 states had divided governments, while single-party trifectas held sway in 36 states, the most in the 22 years studied.

The chart below shows the partisan composition of the Office of the Governor of Virginia, the Virginia State Senate and the Virginia House of Delegates from 1992 to 2013.

Partisan composition of Virginia state government(1992-2013).PNG

SQLI and partisanship

To read the full report on the State Quality of Life Index (SQLI) in PDF form, click here.

The chart below depicts the partisanship of the Virginia state government and the state's SQLI ranking for the years studied. For the SQLI, the states were ranked from 1-50, with 1 being the best and 50 the worst. During the course of the study, Virginia experienced both Democratic and Republican trifectas as well as divided governments. For over half the years of the study, Virginia was ranked in the top-10. This occurred during a Democratic trifecta, Republican trifectas and divided government. Both its highest ranking, finishing 1st in 2006, and its lowest ranking, finishing 26th in 1997, occurred during divided governments.

  • SQLI average with Democratic trifecta: 11.00
  • SQLI average with Republican trifecta: 7.67
  • SQLI average with divided government: 9.00
Chart displaying the partisanship of the Virginia government from 1992-2013 and the State Quality of Life Index (SQLI).

Constitutional amendments

In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

The methods in which the Virginia Constitution can be amended:

See also: Article XII of the Virginia Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Virginia

The Virginia Constitution can be amended through two different paths:

  • These can be proposed in either house of the Virginia General Assembly.
  • If a proposed amendment is approved by a simple majority vote in one session of the state legislature, it is automatically referred to the next session of the state legislature that occurs after the next general election of members of the Virginia House of Delegates.
  • If, in that second session, the proposed amendment is "agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house," it is then placed before the state's voters.
  • It can go on a special or general election ballot.
  • If approved by a simple majority vote, it becomes part of the state's constitution.
  • A convention can happen if the state's legislature "by a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each house" calls a convention.

Virginia does not feature the power of initiative for either initiated constitutional amendments or initiated state statutes.

Historical context:


Between 1996 and 2018, the following occurred:

  • A total of 31 measures appeared on statewide ballots.
  • An average of 2.6 measures appeared on even-year ballots.
  • The number of measures appearing on statewide ballots ranged from zero to five.
  • Voters approved 87.1 percent (27 of 31) of statewide ballot measures.
  • Voters rejected 12.9 percent (4 of 31) of statewide ballot measures.
Legislatively referred constitutional amendments, 1996-2018
Total number Approved Percent approved Defeated Percent defeated Average Median Minimum Maximum
31 27 87.1% 4 12.9% 2.6 2.0 0 5

2020 measures:

Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2020 ballot by the legislature.

See also: Virginia 2020 ballot measures

Certified:

The following measures were certified for the ballot.
Virginia Question 1, Redistricting Commission AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
Senate:Required: 212121Yes votes: 394038 (97.5010095.00%)No votes: 102 (2.5005.00%)Yes: 191919; No: 002Yes: 202119; No: 100
House:Required: 515151Yes votes: 858354 (85.083.054.00%)No votes: 131546 (13.015.046.00%)Yes: 35339; No: 121446Yes: 505045; No: 110
Virginia Question 2, Motor Vehicle Property Tax Exemption for Disabled Veterans AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
Senate:Required: 2121Yes votes: 4040 (100100.00%)No votes: 00 (00.00%)Yes: 1921; No: 00Yes: 2119; No: 00
House:Required: 5151Yes votes: 9691 (96.091.00%)No votes: 34 (3.04.00%)Yes: 4850; No: 02Yes: 4841; No: 32



See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Virginia Department of Elections, "Candidacy Requirements for the November 7, 2017 General Election," accessed March 21, 2017
  2. ↑ Virginia State Board of Elections, "2015 November Election Calendar," accessed January 2, 2015
  3. ↑ Virginia State Board of Elections, "2015 November Election Calendar," accessed January 2, 2015
  4. ↑ pilotonline.com, "Lawmakers set to return for veto session," accessed April 20, 2016
  5. ↑ David Sherfinski, Washington Times, "Terry McAuliffe’s 2015 Va. agenda includes economics, health care," January 25, 2015
  6. ↑ Daily Press, "Virginia General Assembly opens, lawmakers ease back into action," January 8, 2014
  7. ↑ WRIC, "Virginia General Assembly To Convene For 2013 Session," January 9, 2013
  8. ↑ ncsl.org, "2012 Legislative Session Calendar," accessed April 21, 2015
  9. ↑ Virginia General Assembly
  10. ↑ Post Local, Va. assembly to vote Friday on Supreme Court, appeals judges, July 29, 2011
  11. ↑ 2010 session dates for Virginia legislature
  12. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Experiences with Annual and Biennial Budgeting," updated April 2011
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Summer 2008," accessed February 21, 2014
  14. ↑ Pew Charitable Trusts, "State Work," accessed June 6, 2014
  15. ↑ Pew Charitable Trusts, "States’ Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis," July 29, 2013
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 U.S. Public Interest Research Group, "Following the Money 2015 Report," accessed April 4, 2016
  17. ↑ Sunlight Foundation, "Ten Principles for Opening Up Government Information," accessed June 16, 2013
  18. ↑ National Council of State Legislatures, "Dual employment: regulating public jobs for legislators - 50 state table," January 2015
  19. ↑ National Council of State Legislatures, "Ethics: personal financial disclosure for state legislators: income requirements," June 2014
  20. ↑ census.gov, "Population Distribution and Change: 2000 to 2010," accessed May 15, 2014
  21. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "States Ranked by Population: 2000," April 2, 2001
  22. ↑ census.gov, "Population Distribution and Change: 2000 to 2010," accessed May 15, 2014
  23. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "States Ranked by Population: 2000," April 2, 2001
  24. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Virginia's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting," February 3, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2012
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