Ohio General Assembly
| Ohio General Assembly | |
 | |
| General information | |
| Type: | State legislature |
| Term limits: | 2 terms (8 years) in Senate, 4 terms (8 years) in House |
| Session start: | January 4, 2021 |
| Website: | Official Legislature Page |
| Leadership | |
| Senate President: | Matt Huffman (R) |
| House Speaker: | Bob Cupp (R) |
| Majority Leader: | Senate: Kirk Schuring (R) House: Bill Seitz (R) |
| Minority Leader: | Senate: Kenny Yuko (D) House: Emilia Sykes (D) |
| Structure | |
| Members: | 33 (Senate), 99 (House) |
| Length of term: | 4 years (Senate), 2 years (House) |
| Authority: | Art II, Ohio Constitution |
| Salary: | $67,492/year |
| Elections | |
| Last election: | November 3, 2020 |
| Next election: | November 8, 2022 |
| Redistricting: | Commission |
The Ohio General Assembly is the state legislature of Ohio. It consists of the 99-member Ohio House of Representatives and the 33-member Ohio State Senate. Both houses of the General Assembly meet at the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus.
Ohio has a Republican state government trifecta. A trifecta exists when one political party simultaneously holds the governor’s office and majorities in both state legislative chambers. As of August 11, 2021, there are 23 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 12 divided governments where neither party holds trifecta control.
In the 2020 election, Republicans had a net gain of two trifectas and two states under divided government became trifectas. Prior to that election, Ohio had a Republican trifecta. There were 21 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 14 divided governments.
Elections
2022
Elections for the Ohio State Senate will take place in 2022. The general election is on November 8, 2022.
Elections for the Ohio House of Representatives will take place in 2022. The general election is on November 8, 2022.
2020
Elections for the office of Ohio State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for April 28, 2020. The filing deadline was December 18, 2019.
Elections for the office of Ohio House of Representatives took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for April 28, 2020. The filing deadline was December 18, 2019.
2018
Elections for the Ohio State Senate took place in 2018. The primary election took place on May 8, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The filing deadline for partisan candidates was February 7, 2018. The filing deadline for independent candidates was May 7, 2018.
Elections for the Ohio House of Representatives took place in 2018. The primary election took place on May 8, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The filing deadline for partisan candidates was February 7, 2018. The filing deadline for independent candidates was May 7, 2018.
2016
Elections for the Ohio State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election was held on March 15, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was December 16, 2015.
Elections for the Ohio House of Representatives took place in 2016. The primary election was held on March 15, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was December 16, 2015.
2014
Elections for the Ohio State Senate took place in 2014. A primary election took place on May 6, 2014. The general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was February 5, 2014.
Elections for the Ohio House of Representatives took place in 2014. A primary election took place on May 6, 2014. The general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was February 5, 2014.
2012
Elections for the office of Ohio State Senate took place in 2012. The primary election was held on March 6, 2012, and the general election was held on November 6, 2012. The candidate filing deadline was December 7, 2011.
Elections for the office of Ohio House of Representatives took place in 2012. The primary election was held on March 6, 2012, and the general election was held on November 6, 2012. The candidate filing deadline was December 7, 2011.
2010
Elections for the office of Ohio State Senate took place in 2010. The primary election was held on May 4, 2010, and the general election was held on November 2, 2010. The candidate filing deadline was February 18, 2010.
Elections for the office of Ohio House of Representatives took place in 2010. The primary election was held on May 4, 2010, and the general election was held on November 2, 2010. The candidate filing deadline was February 18, 2010.
Sessions
Article II of the Ohio Constitution establishes when the General Assembly is to meet. Section 8 of Article II states that the regular session is to convene on the first Monday in January of each year, or the following day if that Monday is a legal holiday.
Section 8 also contains rules for convening special sessions of the General Assembly. It empowers the Governor of Ohio or the presiding officers of the General Assembly to convene a special session. For the presiding officers to convene the session, they must act jointly.
2021
In 2021, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 4, 2021, and adjourn on December 31, 2021.
2020
In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 6, 2020, and adjourn on December 31, 2020.
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| Coronavirus pandemic |
| Select a topic from the dropdown below to learn more.
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Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The Ohio State Legislature suspended legislative activity on an uncertain date. The House reconvened on May 6, 2020. The Senate is scheduled to reconvene on May 13, 2020.[1][2]
2019
In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 7, 2019, through December 31, 2019.
2018
In 2018, the legislature was in session from January 2, 2018, through December 31, 2018. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here.
| Click [show] for past years' session dates. |
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2017
In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 2, 2017, through December 31, 2017. 2016
In 2016, the legislature was in session from January 5 through December 31. Major issues in 2016Major issues during the 2016 legislative session included legalizing marijuana for medical and recreational use, anti-abortion legislation, renewable-energy mandates, congressional redistricting, and right-to-work bills.[3] 2015
In 2015, the legislature was in session from January 5 through December 16.[4] Major issues in 2015Major issues during the 2015 legislative session included raising the minimum wage, expanding Medicaid eligibility, and increase accountability for charter schools.[5] 2014
In 2014, the legislature was in session from January 7 through December 31. Major issues in 2014Major issues during the 2014 legislative session included raising taxes on gas and oil drilling, reforming Ohio’s municipal income tax system, changing the state's election and concealed-weapons laws, and reforming Medicaid and other health-care issues. Both chambers also looked to reduce the state's energy efficiency and renewable energy mandates.[6] 2013
In 2013, the legislature was in session from January 7 to December 31. Major issues in 2013Keith Faber (R) took over as president of the Senate and the main focus of the legislature was adopting a new biennial state budget. Additionally, lawmakers addressed casino regulation, state collective-bargaining laws, Medicare expansion, and prison overcrowding.[7] 2012
In 2012, the legislature was in session from January 3 to December 31. 2011
In 2011, the legislature was in session from January 3 through December 31.[8] 2010
In 2010, the legislature was in session from January 4 through December 31.[9] |
Role in state budget
- See also: Ohio state budget and finances
Ohio on 
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The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[10]
- Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in July of the year preceding the start of the new biennium.
- State agencies submit their requests to the governor between September and October.
- The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in February (the deadline is extended to March 15 for a newly elected governor).
- The legislature typically adopts a budget in June. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The biennium begins July 1 of odd-numbered years.
Ohio is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[10]
The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. Likewise, the state legislature is legally required to pass a balanced budget.[10]
Redistricting
- See also: Redistricting in Ohio
Congressional redistricting procedures in Ohio
On May 8, 2018, voters in Ohio approved a constitutional amendment establishing new procedures for congressional redistricting. Beginning with the 2020 redistricting cycle, the following provisions were set to take effect:[11][12]
- Following completion of the United States Census, state legislators can adopt a new congressional district map if three-fifths of the legislature's total membership vote to approve, including one-half of the minority party members. This map would apply for 10 years.
- If the legislature proves unable to adopt a new map, a commission will be formed to adopt a map. That commission will include the governor, state auditor, secretary of state, and four legislators, two of whom must come from the legislature's minority party. A majority of the commission's members, including two members belonging to the minority party, must agree on a map. The map would apply for 10 years.
- If the commission proves unable to adopt a map, state legislators will be given a second chance to adopt a map. The map would have to be approved by three-fifths of the legislature's total membership, including one-third of the minority party's members. The map would apply for 10 years.
- If the legislature fails a second time, the majority party of the legislature, without support from the minority party, can adopt a map that would apply for four years.
Maps drawn by the legislature can be vetoed by the governor or a veto referendum campaign. The amendment stipulates that 65 of Ohio's counties cannot be split during redistricting (18 can be split once, and the state's five most populous counties can be split twice).[11][12]
State legislative redistricting procedures in Ohio
On November 3, 2015, voters in Ohio approved a constitutional amendment to create a bipartisan state legislative redistricting commission. The commission comprises seven members: the governor, state auditor, secretary of state, one person appointed by the speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives, one person appointed by the House leader of the largest political party of which the speaker is not a member, one person appointed by the President of the Ohio State Senate, and one person appointed by the Senate leader of the largest political party of which the president is not a member.[13][14]
Maps drawn by the commission are valid for 10 years if at least two commissioners from each major political party vote for them. Should the maps be passed along strictly partisan lines, the maps are valid for four years.[13][14]
A six-member advisory commission is also involved in the congressional and state legislative redistricting processes. The majority leaders of the Ohio House of Representatives and the Ohio State Senate each appoint three members, "at least one of whom must be from a different party, and at least one of whom must not be a legislator."[15]
All legislative districts are required to be compact and made of "contiguous territory." Also, the "boundary of each district [must] be a single nonintersecting continuous line." The amendment forbids district plans from favoring or disfavoring either political party.[13][14]
2020
Upon completion of the 2020 census, Ohio will draft and enact new district maps. On August 2, 2021, Governor Mike DeWine (R) announced the Ohio Redistricting Commission would hold its first meeting on August 6.[16] During its first meeting, the Redistricting Commission announced it would hold nine public hearings on redistricting.[17]
The state legislative map completion deadline is September 1, with the possibility of extension to September 15. The congressional map deadline is September 30. If a congressional map isn't completed by that date, the Ohio Redistricting Commission would have to draw a map by October 31. If the commission is then unable to adopt a map, the General Assembly must draw a map by November 30.[18]
2010
Ohio received its 2010 local census data in early March 2011. Although the state population showed net growth, Ohio's largest cities recorded population loss. Of the state's five largest cities only Columbus had population growth. Cleveland suffered the sharpest decline, losing 17.1% of its population.[19]
The Ohio Legislative Task Force on Redistricting, Reapportionment, and Demographic Research assisted the General Assembly and Ohio Apportionment Board in drafting new maps. Four of the five members of the Board were Republicans. By a vote of 4-1 they gave final approval to a new map on September 28, 2011. The lone Democrat on the Board, Rep. Armond Budish, opposed the map, saying it quarantines Democrats in 1/3 of the legislative districts.[20]
On January 4, 2012, Democrats filed suit against the legislative maps, saying they violated constitutional requirements for compactness and preservation of county and municipal boundaries. The Ohio Supreme Court took the case but, due to proximity to the 2012 elections, ruled the new maps would stand for the 2012 elections, with possible revisions to apply starting in 2014.[21]
Term limits
- See also: State legislatures with term limits
The Ohio legislature is one of 15 state legislatures with term limits. Voters enacted the Ohio Term Limits Act in 1992. That initiative limited Ohio senators to no more than two four-year terms, or a total of eight years. Ohio representatives were limited to no more than four two-year terms, or a total of eight years.[22]
The first year that the term limits enacted in 1992 impacted the ability of incumbents to run for office was in 2000.
Legislators
Salaries
- See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
| State legislators | |
|---|---|
| Salary | Per diem |
| $67,492/year | No per diem is paid. |
When sworn in
Ohio legislators assume office the first day in January after a general election.[23]
Chambers
State Senate
The Ohio State Senate is the upper house in Ohio's legislature. Members of the Ohio Senate are limited to two consecutive four-year elected terms. Service to fill out another member's uncompleted term does not count against the state's term limits. There are 33 members elected from individual districts. The current party distribution is 21 Republicans and 12 Democrats. Each member represented an average of 349,591 residents, as of the 2010 Census.[24] After the 2000 Census, each member represented 344,035.[25] Each Senate district corresponds exactly to 3 of the 99 State House districts.
| Party | As of August 2021 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 8 | |
| Republican Party | 25 | |
| Vacancies | 0 | |
| Total | 33 | |
Click here for a list of members of this chamber.
Between 1992 and 2020, grew their majority in the Ohio State Senate. Republicans held a 20-13 majority as a result of the 1992 elections. As a result of the 2020 elections, the Republican majority was 25-8. The table below shows the partisan history of the Ohio State Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2020. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.
Ohio State Senate Party Control: 1992-2020
| Year | '92 | '94 | '96 | '98 | '00 | '02 | '04 | '06 | '08 | '10 | '12 | '14 | '16 | '18 | '20 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democrats | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 |
| Republicans | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 |
There were few movements in the partisan balance of the state Senate between 1992 and 2020. There was one election, held in 2010, in which Republicans gained two seats. The only gains Democrats made occurred as a result of the 2006 elections, when they gained one seat. All other election cycles saw either Republicans picking up one seat or there being no change in the partisan balance of the chamber.
State House
The Ohio House of Representatives is the lower house of Ohio's legislature. The House first met in Chillicothe on March 3 1803, under the later superseded constitution of that year. The 127th General Assembly convened in January 2007. There are 99 members of the house, elected from single-member districts. Every even-numbered year, all the seats are up for re-election. The current party distribution is 59 Republicans and 40 Democrats. Each member represented an average of 116,530 residents, as of the 2010 Census.[24] After the 2000 Census, each member represented 114,678.[25]
| Party | As of August 2021 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 35 | |
| Republican Party | 64 | |
| Vacancies | 0 | |
| Total | 99 | |
Click here for a list of members of this chamber.
Between 1992 and 2020, partisan control of the Ohio House of Representatives shifted in favor of the Republican Party. As a result of the 1992 elections, Democrats held a 53-46 majority. After the 2020 elections, Republicans held a 64-35 majority. The table below shows the partisan history of the Ohio House of Representatives following every general election from 1992 to 2020. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.
Ohio House of Representatives Party Control: 1992-2020
| Year | '92 | '94 | '96 | '98 | '00 | '02 | '04 | '06 | '08 | '10 | '12 | '14 | '16 | '18 | '20 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democrats | 53 | 43 | 39 | 40 | 39 | 37 | 40 | 46 | 53 | 40 | 39 | 34 | 33 | 38 | 35 |
| Republicans | 46 | 56 | 60 | 59 | 60 | 62 | 59 | 53 | 46 | 59 | 60 | 65 | 66 | 61 | 64 |
Partisan control of the state House changed three times between 1992 and 2020. The first was in 1994, when Republicans picked up 10 seats and gained control of the chamber. Between 2002 and 2008, Democrats went from being a 37-62 minority to holding a 53-46 majority. That Democratic majority ended as a result of the 2010 elections, when Republicans gained 13 seats and retook control of the chamber.
Republicans expanded their majorities between 2010 and 2016. As a result of the 2016 elections, Republicans held a 66-33 majority, up from the 59-40 majority the GOP gained in 2010. Most of the Republicans' gains between 2010 and 2016 occurred as a result of the 2014 elections, when they gained five seats.
Veto overrides
- See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures
State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Ohio are listed below.
How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Three-fifths of members in both chambers.
| Three-fifths of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 60 of the 99 members in the Ohio House of Representatives and 20 of the 33 members in the Ohio State Senate. Ohio is one of seven states that requires a three-fifths vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto. |
Are there other special rules?
| If the governor vetoes an emergency measure, two-thirds of the members in both chambers are required to override the veto, which is 66 of the 99 state representatives and 22 of the 33 state senators.[26] |
Authority: Article II, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution.
| "If the governor approves an act, he shall sign it, it becomes law and he shall file it with the secretary of state. If he does not approve it, he shall return it with his objections in writing, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and may then reconsider the vote on its passage. If three-fifths of the members elected to the house of origin vote to repass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections of the governor, to the other house, which may also reconsider the vote on its passage. If three fifths of the members elected to the second house vote to repass it, it becomes law notwithstanding the objections of the governor, and the presiding officer of the second house shall file it with the secretary of state." |
History
Partisan balance 1992-2013
Ohio State Senate: During every year from 1992-2013, the Republican Party was the majority in the Ohio State Senate. The Ohio State Senate is one of 13 state senates that was Republican for more than 80 percent of the years between 1992-2013. Ohio was under Republican trifectas for the final three years of the study period.
Across the country, there were 541 Democratic and 517 Republican state senates from 1992 to 2013.
Ohio State House of Representatives: From 1992-2013, the Republican Party was the majority in the Ohio State House of Representatives for 17 years while the Democrats were the majority for five years. Ohio was under Republican trifectas for the final three years of the study period.
Across the country, there were 577 Democratic and 483 Republican State Houses of Representatives from 1992 to 2013.
Over the course of the 22-year study, state governments became increasingly more partisan. At the outset of the study period (1992), 18 of the 49 states with partisan legislatures had single-party trifectas and 31 states had divided governments. In 2013, only 13 states had divided governments, while single-party trifectas held sway in 36 states, the most in the 22 years studied.
The chart below shows the partisan composition of the Office of the Governor of Ohio, the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives from 1992 to 2013.
.PNG)
SQLI and partisanship
- To read the full report on the State Quality of Life Index (SQLI) in PDF form, click here.
The chart below depicts the partisanship of the Ohio state government and the state's SQLI ranking for the years studied. For the SQLI, the states were ranked from 1-50, with 1 being the best and 50 the worst. Ohio had Republican trifectas during most of the years of the study, from 1995-2006 and from 2011-2013. The state's highest SQLI ranking, finishing 20th, occurred in 1997 during a Republican trifecta. Its lowest ranking, finishing 38th, occurred from 2008-2010 during a divided government.
Joint legislative committees
Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.
- Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
- Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
- Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.
Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Ohio General Assembly has five joint committees:
- Correctional Institution Inspection Committee, Ohio State Legislature
- Joint Committee on Agency Rule Review, Ohio State Legislature
- Joint Legislative Ethics Committee, Ohio State Legislature
- Legislative Service Commission, Ohio State Legislature
- State Controlling Board, Ohio State Legislature
Constitutional amendments
In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.
The methods in which the Ohio Constitution can be amended:
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| Preamble |
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The Ohio Constitution lays out three different paths, in two different articles, for how to go about changing the state's constitution.
- Section 1a of Article II defines the right of citizens to use initiated constitutional amendments.
- Valid signatures equaling 10 percent of the number of votes cast for all gubernatorial candidates in the most recent gubernatorial election are required to qualify an initiated constitutional amendment for the ballot.
- The constitution says that petitions must have printed on them the words “Amendment to the Constitution Proposed by Initiative Petition to be Submitted Directly to the Electors.”
- The constitution established the Ohio Ballot Board to oversee ballot measures.
- If an initiated constitutional amendment reaches the ballot, a simple majority vote from all state voters voting on the measure is required to approve it.
- The Ohio state legislature can propose amendments for voter approval, according to Article XVI, if 60 percent of both chambers agree to it.
- The constitution established the Ohio Ballot Board to oversee ballot measures.
- Elections on amendments proposed by the legislature can take place on general election days or special election days.
- The Ohio Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over matters relating to legislatively-proposed amendments.
- Lawsuits against legislatively-proposed amendments, for the most part, cannot be filed within 64 days of the election.
- Finally, Ohio can call a constitutional convention in two different ways:
- The Ohio state legislature, if approved by a two-thirds majority of state legislators, can put a question on the ballot about whether to have a convention.
- Every 20 years, starting in 1932, the question "Shall there be a convention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution?" must automatically appear on the state's ballot.
- This 20-year cycle is invariant regardless of whether the state legislature also votes to put a similar question on the ballot from time to time.
Historical context:
Between 1995 and 2019, the following occurred:
- A total of 45 measures appeared on statewide ballots.
- An average of two measures appeared on the ballot during odd-numbered election years.
- The number of measures appearing on statewide ballots ranged from zero to five.
- Voters approved 53.3 percent (24 of 45) and rejected 46.7 percent (21 of 45) of the statewide ballot measures.
| Ohio statewide ballot measures, 1995-2019 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Years | Total number | Approved | Percent approved | Defeated | Percent defeated | Odd-year average | Odd-year median | Odd-year minimum | Odd-year maximum |
| All measures | 45 | 24 | 53.3% | 21 | 46.7% | 1.8 | 2.0 | 0 | 5 |
| Initiatives | 20 | 7 | 35.0% | 13 | 65.0% | 0.8 | 0.00 | 0 | 4 |
| Veto referendums | 3 | 1 | 33.3% | 2 | 66.7% | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0 | 1 |
| Legislative amendments | 20 | 16 | 80.0% | 4 | 20.0% | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0 | 2 |
2021 measures:
Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2021 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2021.
- See also: Ohio 2021 ballot measures
Certified:
- The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
No measures to list
Potential:
- The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2021.
No measures to list
See also
| Elections | Ohio State Government | State Legislatures | State Politics |
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External links
Footnotes
- ↑ Multistate, "2020 Legislative Session Dates," accessed March 20, 2020
- ↑ The Ohio Legislature, "Session Schedule," accessed April 28, 2020
- ↑ News-Herald, "Anti-abortion bills, medical pot on Ohio lawmakers’ 2016 agenda," accessed January 6, 2016
- ↑ Cleveland.com, "Fireworks bill extinguished on last day of Ohio legislative session," accessed January 5, 2016
- ↑ www.stowsentry.com, "Minimum wage, Medicaid among priorities for Ohio Senate Democrats," January 21, 2015
- ↑ www.cleveland.com, "Ohio lawmakers' 2014 agenda includes budget changes, tax overhauls," accessed January 10, 2014
- ↑ The Columbus Dispatch, "Ohio Senate’s new leader brings aggressive style," January 6, 2013
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 19, 2014(Archived)
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2015," accessed February 5, 2021
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cincinnati.com, "Everyone complains about congressional gerrymandering. Ohio just did something about it." February 6, 2018
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 The Ohio Legislature, "Senate Joint Resolution 5," accessed February 6, 2018
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Ohio Secretary of State, "House Joint Resolution Number 12," accessed April 21, 2015
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Ohio Legislative Service Commission, "HJR 12 Final Analysis ," accessed April 21, 2015
- ↑ All About Redistricting, "Ohio," accessed May 8, 2015
- ↑ Spectrum News 1, "Ohio sets date for 1st redistricting commission meeting," August 2, 2021
- ↑ Cincinnati Enquirer, "Ohio Redistricting Commission to hold 9 meetings on legislative maps; other questions remain," August 6, 2021
- ↑ Marietta Times, "Redistricting commission starts work under rushed deadline," August 10, 2021
- ↑ Examiner.com, "4 of 5 big Ohio cities, counties lose people, Whites still dominate, Census says," March 10, 2011
- ↑ The Columbus Dispatch, "Reapportionment: Maps tilt Ohio more to GOP," September 24, 2011
- ↑ Daily Jeffersonian, "No Ohio Redistricting Decision Before Election," February 19, 2012
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Chart of states with term limits," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ Ohio Constitution, "Article 2, Section 02," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 census.gov, "Population Distribution and Change: 2000 to 2010," accessed May 15, 2014
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 U.S. Census Bureau, "States Ranked by Population: 2000," April 2, 2001
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "The Veto Process," accessed June 22, 2017
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