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Federal policy on energy, 2017-2018

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During his presidency, President Donald Trump signed executive orders directing the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to consider formally repealing Clean Power Plan, a federal rule finalized in 2015 aimed at reducing carbon dioxide and similar emissions from coal, oil, and natural gas-fired power plants. In February 2017, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers approved the federal permit allowing the completion of the Dakota Access pipeline, which resumed construction on February 9, 2017. In March 2017, the U.S. State Department under Trump issued a presidential permit approving the Keystone XL pipeline. In addition, Trump signed the repeal of the Stream Buffer Rule, which would have required 100-foot buffer zones between streams and coal mining sites and coal mining companies to restore streams to their pre-mining conditions after mining is completed.

This page tracked major events and policy positions of the Trump administration and the 115th United States Congress on energy from 2017 and 2018. This page was updated through 2018. Think something is missing? Please email us at editor@ballotpedia.org.

August 31, 2018: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers completes impact study of Dakota Access pipeline

On August 31, 2018, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers completed an impact study of the Dakota Access pipeline, finding that the pipeline posed no significant environmental threats. The Corps completed the review after being ordered to do so by Judge James Boasberg in June 2017. Boasberg found that, although the Corps had generally complied with federal environmental law in permitting pipeline construction, it had failed to investigate the potential impact of pipeline construction on the Standing Rock Sioux tribe's fishing and hunting rights along the North Dakota-South Dakota border. In its August 31, 2018, report to the court, the Corps said that impacts on hunting and fishing areas "will be of limited scope and duration." Mike Faith Jr., Standing Rock chairman, criticized the Corps' report: "[We] got a cynical and one-sided document designed to paper over mistakes, not address the tribe's legitimate concerns."[1]

November 30, 2017: EPA rule on the 2018 Renewable Fuel Standard

On November 30, 2017, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized a rule to require gasoline refineries to mix 19.29 billion gallons of renewable biofuels into the 2018 gasoline supply under the federal Renewable Fuel Standard program. The final target is higher than the proposed blending target of 19.25 billion gallons the EPA proposed in July 2017. "Maintaining the Renewable Fuel Standard at current levels ensures stability in the marketplace and follows through with my commitment to meet the statutory deadlines and lead the agency by upholding the rule of law," EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt said in a statement.[2][3]

August 31, 2017: Use of Strategic Petroleum Reserve after Hurricane Harvey

On August 31, 2017, the U.S. Department of Energy authorized the release and shipment of 500,000 barrels of crude oil to Phillips 66's refinery in Lake Charles, Louisiana, following Hurricane Harvey. The department previously released oil from the reserve after Hurricane Isaac hit Louisiana in 2012. As of August 2017, the reserve held approximately 680 million barrels of oil. The release is part of an oil exchange in which Phillips 66 must contribute more oil to the reserve than it received. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve was established by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 as a federally managed emergency supply of petroleum in underground caverns along the Gulf of Mexico.[4]

August 23, 2017: Department of Energy study on electric grid

On August 23, 2017, the U.S. Department of Energy released its four-month study of electricity markets and electric grid reliability. The report cited the low cost of natural gas as the primary cause of coal and nuclear power plant closures in recent years. In addition, the report also referenced low growth in electricity demand, increased electricity from renewable sources, and federal environmental regulations from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as partially responsible for the declining share of electricity from coal and nuclear plants. The report’s authors encouraged the federal government to adopt policies for further maintaining electric grid reliability and preventing any future closings of coal-fired and nuclear plants.[5]

July 28, 2017: Federal court ruling on 2016 Renewable Fuel Standard

See also: Renewable Fuel Standard

On July 28, 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit struck down the Obama Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 2015 decision to waive a congressional requirement for oil refiners to blend a set amount of gasoline with ethanol and other biofuels as part of the federal Renewable Fuel Standard. In 2015, the EPA required oil refiners to include 18.11 billion gallons of biofuel, such as ethanol, into their gasoline and diesel supply for 2016, an amount below what was set by Congress in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. The EPA waived this blend requirement, citing constraints affecting demand for biofuel-blended gasoline, such as lack of biofuel refueling stations and pumps at gas stations. The court rejected this justification as a misinterpretation of the agency’s authority under federal law. As of July 28, the Trump EPA said it is reviewing the decision. In an email to Bloomberg, EPA spokeswoman Liz Bowman said that the ruling would not affect the EPA's enacted renewable fuel target for 2017 and the target proposed for 2018. In addition, Bowman said, "Furthermore, today’s decision upheld a number of methodologies and approaches that EPA used in setting the amount of renewable fuels that refiners and importers are required to use."[6][7]

The First 100 Days

In its first 100 days, the Trump administration made the following executive and legislative actions on energy policy:

  • President Trump issued an executive order directing the Interior Department to end a moratorium on offshore oil and gas production in the Atlantic, Arctic, and Pacific Oceans.
  • Trump authorized two federal permits approving the Keystone XL pipeline and the Dakota Access pipeline.
  • Trump signed the repeal of a regulation that would require coal, oil, and natural gas companies to disclose their payments to foreign governments and the repeal of a regulation that would require 100-foot buffer zones between streams and coal mining sites.

July 25, 2017: Proposed repeal of BLM methane rule

See also: Federal policy on methane regulation, 2017

On July 25, 2017, the U.S. Department of the Interior formally proposed to repeal the methane rule issued by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to limit methane emissions at oil and natural gas production sites on federal land. The rule would have required oil and gas operators to receive BLM approval for fracking on federal land; require BLM verification of well casing for safety and adequacy; and notify the BLM of and make publicly available all non-trade secret chemicals used during fracking. In its proposed repeal, the department argued that the 2015 rule is duplicative of existing federal and state regulations and would cost the oil and gas industry up to $47 million per year.[8]

On June 14, 2017, the U.S. Department of the Interior announced it would postpone compliance for a rule issued in 2016 by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to limit methane emissions at oil and natural gas production sites on federal land. The rule would have required oil and gas operators to comply with the rule beginning on January 17, 2018. However, the Interior Department announced it would postpone the compliance date due to "the regulatory uncertainty created by the pending litigation and the ongoing administrative review."[9]

April 28, 2017: Executive order on offshore drilling

See also: Offshore oil and gas

On April 28, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order directing the U.S. Department of the Interior to revise the Obama administration's 2017-2022 leasing plan for offshore oil and gas drilling in the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific oceans. In December 2016, then-President Barack Obama (D) issued a moratorium on all new oil and gas drilling in approximately 120 million acres in the Arctic and Atlantic oceans. Trump's executive order lifted this moratorium. "Renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent," Trump said at the signing ceremony. Under the order, U.S. Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke instructed the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) to expedite consideration of oil and gas company applications to conduct seismic testing for oil and gas resources and to review existing federal regulations on offshore oil and gas drilling for revision or repeal. On August 17, 2017, the public comment period on the preparation for the leasing plan closed. Proponents of the executive order, such as the American Petroleum Institute, argue that it would create jobs and generate billions of dollars in revenue for the federal government. Opponents of the order, such as the Wilderness Society, argue that it would increase the likelihood of oil spills and primarily benefit oil companies.[10][11][12][13]

Alaska Judge Sharon Gleason reversed Trump's executive order on March 31, 2019. Gleason wrote, “The wording of President Obama’s 2015 and 2016 withdrawals indicates that he intended them to extend indefinitely, and therefore be revocable only by an act of Congress.”[14]

March 28, 2017: Executive order to repeal Clean Power Plan

On March 28, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order directing the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to consider formally repealing the Clean Power Plan, a federal rule finalized in 2015 aimed at reducing carbon dioxide and similar emissions from existing oil, coal, and natural gas-fired power plants. The rule, issued by the Obama administration, is aimed at reducing emissions that may contribute to potentially human-caused global warming. Additionally, Trump's executive order lifted the U.S. Department of the Interior's moratorium on new coal mine leases on federal land.[15]

Trump said that the executive order is aimed at ending the war on coal, a term used by opponents of the Obama administration's climate and energy regulations, which they argue will lead to the closure of coal-fired power plants and eliminate jobs in the coal industry. During the 2016 election, Trump promised to reverse regulations on coal mining and coal-based electricity generation.[16]

Opponents of the Clean Power Plan argue that the rule would lead to higher energy prices and fewer jobs and would have no meaningful effect on rising global temperatures associated with global warming. Proponents of the plan argue that the rule is necessary to reduce coal, oil, and natural gas use, which they argue contributes to potentially human-caused global warming, and would require the U.S. energy system to use wind and solar energy.[17]

February 20, 2018: Two hundred and thirty-three mayors write letter opposing repeal of Clean Power Plan

On February 20, 2018, 233 mayors wrote a letter to EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt expressing their opposition to the Trump administration's proposed repeal of the Clean Power Plan because it "would put our citizens at risk and harm our efforts to address the urgent threat of climate change."[18]

The mayors wrote, "We would benefit from the support and certainty that a federal framework for reducing the power sector’s greenhouse gas emissions could provide. The Clean Power Plan, by providing such a framework, would enhance ongoing local efforts and enable new local initiatives to improve public health, increase air quality, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions through energy innovation."[18]

March 24, 2017: Approval of Keystone XL pipeline

See also: Keystone XL Pipeline

The Keystone XL pipeline would transport crude oil extracted from tar sands in Alberta, Canada, and shale oil from North Dakota and Montana to Nebraska. The Keystone XL pipeline would then connect to existing pipelines and transport oil to refineries along the Gulf Coast. The pipeline would span 875 miles. TransCanada, a Canadian-based company, oversees the project.[19]

On July 28, 2017, Paul Miller, senior executive at TransCanada, said that the company is reviewing whether petroleum companies remain interested in using the pipeline to transfer crude oil to refineries in the Gulf Coast. Miller said that Keystone XL has existing customer support but that the company is seeking new customers before it decides whether to begin construction.[20]

On March 24, 2017, the U.S. State Department issued its presidential permit approving the Keystone XL pipeline, two days before the 60-day timeline established by President Trump in January. The pipeline required State Department approval before it could cross the U.S-Canadian border. President Trump signed the executive order to expedite final approval of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines on January 24, 2017.[21][22][23][24][25]

On November 20, 2017, the Nebraska Public Service Commission voted 3-2 to approve construction of a portion of the Keystone XL pipeline in Nebraska, though the commission rejected TransCanada's preferred route for the pipeline. The commission held several hearings on the pipeline in 2017 and considered more than 500,000 comments on the proposed route. The commission's ruling can be appealed to the Nebraska Supreme Court. The U.S. State Department also announced it would review its presidential permit for the pipeline and decide whether additional permitting actions are needed in light of the Nebraska commission's decision to approve an alternative pipeline route.[26][27][28]

On November 9, 2018, U.S. District Judge Brian M. Morris blocked the permit issued by the Trump administration. Morris ruled that a supplemental environmental review had to be completed before the construction could proceed.[29]

February 16, 2017: Repeal of stream buffer rule

In 2016, the U.S. Interior Department issued the Stream Protection Rule (also known as the Stream Buffer Rule). The rule would require 100-foot buffer zones between streams and coal mining sites. In addition, the rule would require coal mining companies to restore streams to their pre-mining conditions after mining is completed. On February 16, 2017, President Trump signed the repeal of the Stream Buffer Rule into law. The repeal was passed by the U.S. Senate and U.S. House by a vote of 54-45 and 228-194, respectively, in early February 2017.[30]

February 14, 2017: Repeal of energy company disclosure rule

On February 14, 2017, President Trump signed a repeal of a regulation that would require coal, oil, and natural gas companies to disclose their payments to foreign governments. The regulation was issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act and would have required energy companies to disclose payments, such as royalties, made to other governments. The SEC finalized the rule in late 2016 after a federal court vacated a prior version of the rule. The rule's repeal was passed under the Congressional Review Act of 1996, which allows Congress to reverse new federal regulations within 60 legislative days of their finalization. The repeal is the first time the Congressional Review Act has been used to repeal a regulation since 2001 when a rule issued by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration was repealed. Rep. Bill Huizenga (R-Mich.), one of the sponsors of repeal, argued that the regulation would place unnecessary costs on energy companies and hinder the competitiveness of American companies in the global market. Sen. Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), an opponent of repeal, argued that the regulation is meant to prevent potential fraud and corruption and to prevent American dollars from benefiting foreign officials.[31]

February 7, 2017: Approval of Dakota Access pipeline

The Dakota Access pipeline is a 1,172-mile pipeline that would carry approximately 470,000 barrels of crude oil a day from North Dakota to Illinois.[32][33][34][35][36][37]

In June 2017, a federal judge ruled that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers must reconsider its environmental impact study on the Dakota Access pipeline. U.S. District Judge James Boasberg wrote that the federal government had complied substantially with federal environmental laws but “did not adequately consider the impacts of an oil spill on fishing rights, hunting rights, or environmental justice, or the degree to which the pipeline’s effects are likely to be highly controversial.” Further, Boasberg ruled that the U.S. Army Corps, the federal agency that permitted the pipeline, to conduct another environmental review of the above factors. The ruling did not require the pipeline to end its operations, though Boasberg wrote that he would consider the issue in the future. Four Sioux tribes, including the Standing Rock and Cheyenne River Sioux tribes, requested in February 2017 that Boasberg order the pipeline to cease operations, which Boasberg rejected.[38]

Standing Rock Tribal Chairman Dave Archambault II said the ruling would require the U.S. Army Corps to make needed consideration of potential environmental impacts. "The previous administration painstakingly considered the impacts of this pipeline and President Trump hastily dismissed these careful environmental considerations in favor of political and personal interests. We applaud the courts for protecting our laws and regulations from undue political influence, and will ask the Court to shut down pipeline operations immediately," Archambault said.[39]

Proponents of the pipeline, such as the Grow America's Infrastructure Now Coalition, said that the ruling would "do nothing to impact the ongoing operation of the pipeline nor do they undermine the work of the more than 8,000 individuals across the four states who built it," according to Craig Stevens, spokesperson for the Grow America's Infrastructure Now Coalition.[40]

On February 7, 2017, the deputy secretary of the Army announced that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will grant the permit required to complete the Dakota Access pipeline. The Army declared its intention to grant the permit in a court filing and in letters to Congress. In its court filing, the Army wrote to a federal judge that the U.S. Army Corps would not complete a more extensive environmental impact statement on the pipeline. The permit allows Energy Transfer, the pipeline's owner, to complete the pipeline under Lake Oahe, North Dakota, which is federally owned. When fully completed, the pipeline will run through North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, and Illinois. The Army Corps issued the permit on February 8, 2017. Construction on the pipeline resumed on February 9, 2017.[41][42][43]

On January 24, 2017, President Trump signed an executive action to expedite final approval of the Dakota Access pipeline. The action would not officially approve the project, which would require a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers allowing the pipeline to be built under Lake Oahe in North Dakota. In a memorandum to the Secretary of the Army regarding the Dakota Access pipeline, Trump stated that the pipeline was more than 90 percent complete and that the "construction and operation of lawfully permitted pipeline infrastructure serve the national interest."[44]

November 2016: Contract with American voters

In his contract with American voters—entitled the 100-day action plan to Make America Great Again—President Donald Trump said he would "lift the Obama-Clinton roadblocks and allow vital infrastructure projects, like the Keystone Pipeline, to move forward."[45]

Trump said he would work with Congress to introduce and pass the Middle Class Tax Relief and Simplification Act, a plan that would include "regulatory relief and lifting the restrictions on American energy."[45]

In a video on November 21, 2016, Trump said, "On energy, I will cancel job-killing restrictions on the production of American energy – including shale energy and clean coal – creating many millions of high-paying jobs."[46]

115th Congress on energy and the environment

See also: 115th Congress on energy and the environment, 2017-2018

Below are votes on energy policy legislation in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate during the 115th Congress (2017-2018).

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Oil and gas production

  • December 2, 2017: The Senate approved legislation introduced by Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska) that proposed authorizing energy development on 2,000 federal acres in the non-wilderness portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska, known as the 1002 Area. The legislation was included in the Senate's version of HR 1—the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.[47]
  • November 15, 2017: Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) confirmed that he had placed a hold on Bill Northey's nomination for under secretary of agriculture for farm and foreign agricultural services for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) over a dispute concerning the Renewable Fuel Standard. The RFS is a program mandating that transportation fuels contain a minimum amount of biofuel, an amount that increases annually. In a statement, Cruz said that Northey and the USDA would play "a critical role in formulating RFS policy. Accordingly, I have placed a hold on the nomination of Bill Northey … until and unless we secure the aforementioned meeting [with President Donald Trump] where we can bring diverse interests together to try to find meaningful short-term solutions while setting the stage for longer-term policy certainty." Cruz, who represents an oil-refining state, argued that Texas could lose jobs because of the RFS. In February 2018, Cruz had a meeting with Trump, but it was unclear if any changes would be made to the RFS. Cruz then lifted his hold on Northey's nomination, and Northey was confirmed by the Senate.[48][49]

Natural gas pipelines

  • July 19, 2017: The U.S. House of Representatives voted 248-179 to streamline the federal permitting process for approving interstate natural gas pipelines. The bill would allow the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to hold all permitting responsibilities for approving interstate natural gas pipelines and increase coordination among federal and state agencies involved in the process. The bill would also require to finalize decisions on natural gas pipelines 90 days after an environmental impact report is published.[50][51]

Methane regulation

  • January 30, 2017: Sen. John Barrasso (R) introduced a resolution to repeal federal regulations on the venting and flaring of methane at new and existing oil and natural gas operations. The regulations would require oil and gas producers to limit methane emissions from wells, pumps, and compressors as well as along the routes used to transport oil and natural gas. Rep. Rob Bishop (R) introduced a similar resolution in the U.S. House of Representatives.[54]

Stream buffer rule

  • February 3, 2017: The U.S. Senate passed a resolution under the Congressional Review Act to repeal the Stream Protection Rule, which would require 100-foot buffer zones between streams and coal mining sites. In addition, the rule would require coal mining companies to restore streams to their pre-mining conditions after mining is completed. The Senate passed the resolution by a vote of 54 to 45. President Trump signed the repeal into law on February 16, 2017.[55]
  • February 1, 2017: The U.S. House of Representatives voted for a resolution under the Congressional Review Act disapproving of the Interior Department’s Stream Protection Rule, which would require 100-foot buffer zones between streams and coal mining sites. In addition, the rule would require coal mining companies to restore streams to their pre-mining conditions after mining is completed. The resolution passed by a vote of 228 to 194. The Congressional Review Act allows Congress to reverse new federal regulations within 60 legislative days of their finalization.[56]
  • January 30, 2017: Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R) and Sen. Shelley Moore Capito (R) introduced a resolution to repeal the Stream Protection Rule, which would require 100-foot buffer zones between streams and coal mining sites. In addition, the rule would require coal mining companies to restore streams to their pre-mining conditions after mining is completed.[54]

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Des Moines Register, "Corps: No new impacts found in Dakota Access pipeline review," September 1, 2018
  2. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "EPA Finalizes RFS Volumes for 2018 and Biomass Based Diesel Volumes for 2019," November 30, 2017
  3. ↑ The Hill, "EPA to hold biofuels quota steady in 2018," November 30, 2017
  4. ↑ Washington Examiner, "Rick Perry authorizes emergency release of oil reserve amid fears of Hurricane Harvey gas price spike," August 31, 2017
  5. ↑ U.S. Department of Energy, "Staff Report to the Secretary on Electricity Markets and Reliability," August 23, 2017
  6. ↑ The Hill, "Court rejects 2015 EPA biofuels waivers," July 28, 2017
  7. ↑ Bloomberg, "Trump May Have to Boost Biofuel After Court Deals Blow to Oil," July 28, 2017
  8. ↑ Federal Register, "Oil and Gas; Hydraulic Fracturing on Federal and Indian Lands; Rescission of a 2015 Rule," July 25, 2017
  9. ↑ The Hill, "Interior set to delay methane pollution rule," June 14, 2017
  10. ↑ USA Today, "President Trump's executive order could lead to more offshore drilling," April 28, 2017
  11. ↑ White House, "Presidential Executive Order Implementing an America-First Offshore Energy Strategy," April 28, 2017
  12. ↑ Washington Post, "Trump signs executive order to expand drilling off America’s coasts: ‘We’re opening it up.’" accessed April 28, 2017
  13. ↑ Politico, "Obama restricts offshore drilling in latest poke at Trump," December 20, 2016
  14. ↑ Washington Times, "Judge undercuts Trump, reinstates Obama environmental initiatives," April 1, 2019
  15. ↑ The Hill, "Trump signs order to roll back Obama's climate moves," March 28, 2017
  16. ↑ The Hill, "Trump signs order to roll back Obama's climate moves," March 28, 2017
  17. ↑ Washington Post, "Trump to roll back Obama’s climate, water rules through executive action," February 20, 2017
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 ClimateMayors.org, "Climate Mayors Submit Comments on Proposed Repeal of Clean Power Plan," February 20, 2018
  19. ↑ Congressional Research Service, "Keystone XL Pipeline: Overview and Recent Developments," January 5, 2015
  20. ↑ Washington Examiner, "Keystone XL pipeline may not be built after all," July 28, 2017
  21. ↑ The Hill, "Trump takes action to move forward with Keystone, Dakota Access pipelines," January 24, 2017
  22. ↑ Politico, "State Department to approve Keystone pipeline permit," March 23, 2017
  23. ↑ The Hill, "Trump takes action to move forward with Keystone, Dakota Access pipelines," January 24, 2017
  24. ↑ The Hill, "Overnight Energy: TransCanada reapplies to build Keystone XL," January 26, 2017
  25. ↑ Bloomberg, "Keystone Pipeline Gets Trump Approval as New Roadblocks Loom," March 24, 2017
  26. ↑ Omaha World-Herald, "130-plus citizens, groups file to intervene in approval process for Keystone XL route across Nebraska," March 24, 2017
  27. ↑ Washington Examiner, "Nebraska regulators approve in-state route for Keystone XL pipeline," November 20, 2017
  28. ↑ CNN, "Nebraska approves path for controversial Keystone XL pipeline," November 20, 2017
  29. ↑ The Wall Street Journal, "Federal Judge Blocks Keystone XL Pipeline Permit," November 9, 2018
  30. ↑ The Hill, "Trump signs bill undoing Obama coal mining rule," February 17, 2017
  31. ↑ Washington Examiner, "Trump signs bill squashing Obama-era financial rule for fossil fuels," February 14, 2017
  32. ↑ CNN, "5 things to know about the Dakota Access Pipeline," August 31, 2016
  33. ↑ United States District Court for the District of Columbia, "Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, et al., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, et al., Civil Action No. 16-1534 (JEB)," September 9, 2016
  34. ↑ United States District Court for the District of Columbia, "Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, et al., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, et al., Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief," July 27, 2016
  35. ↑ Politico, "Floor time for Flint-aiding WRDA bill," September 8, 2016
  36. ↑ The Atlantic, "The Legal Case for Blocking the Dakota Access Pipeline," September 9, 2016
  37. ↑ Energy Transfer Partners, L.P. "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed September 9, 2016
  38. ↑ Washington Post, "Federal judge orders environmental review of Dakota Access pipeline," June 14, 2017
  39. ↑ Business Insider, "A surprising court ruling could 'reset the clock' on the Dakota Access Pipeline," June 16, 2017
  40. ↑ Washington Examiner, "Judge orders redo of Dakota Access pipeline environmental review," June 15, 2017
  41. ↑ Washington Post, "Trump administration to approve final permit for Dakota Access pipeline," February 7, 2017
  42. ↑ The Hill, "Dakota Access pipeline restarts construction," February 9, 2017
  43. ↑ The Hill, "Feds grant final construction easement for Dakota Access pipeline," February 8, 2017
  44. ↑ The Hill, "Overnight Energy: Trump puts Keystone, Dakota Access pipelines on the fast track," January 24, 2017
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Donald Trump, "Donald Trump’s Contract with the American Voter," accessed November 23, 2016
  46. ↑ Washington Post, "In video address, Trump promises executive action on trade, energy, regulations," November 21, 2016
  47. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Senate tax measure helps President Trump pivot away from clean energy and back to fossil fuels," December 2, 2017
  48. ↑ The Gazette, "Ted Cruz confirms his hold on Northey nomination," November 15, 2017
  49. ↑ Des Moines Register, "Cruz lifts hold; U.S. Senate confirms Bill Northey to USDA post," February 27, 2018
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Bloomberg BNA, "House Votes for More Energy Regulator Authority Over Pipelines," July 19, 2017
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Washington Examiner, "House votes to give FERC new power over pipelines," July 19, 2017
  52. ↑ Washington Post, "Senate unexpectedly rejects bid to repeal a key Obama-era environmental regulation," May 10, 2017
  53. ↑ The Hill, "House votes to overturn Obama drilling rule," February 3, 2017
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Washington Examiner, "GOP lines up to scrap midnight energy rules," January 30, 2017
  55. ↑ The Hill, "Senate votes to block Obama coal rule," February 3, 2017
  56. ↑ The Hill, "House votes to strike down two Obama-era rules," February 1, 2017
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